成人肠套叠（附46例报告）

目的 提高成人肠套叠术前确诊率，减少误诊，提高治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析成人肠套叠46例的诊断及治疗经过。结果 46例中表现为急性肠梗阻9例，恶急性肠梗阻13例，慢性肠梗阻24例；术前确诊19例，误诊27例均在术中确诊。属小肠－小肠肠套叠11例，回肠－结肠型29例，结肠－结肠型6例。46例均经手术治疗，44例痊愈，2例死亡。结论 成人肠套叠临床表现缺乏特异性，容易误诊，但只要医生对该疾病认识及重视，仔细询问病史，了解其发生、发展及演变经过，借助必要的辅助检查，大多数病例术前是可以确诊的。由于成人肠套叠绝大多数继发于肠管的器质性病变或解剖学异常，所以均需手术治疗。     

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原发性小肠肿瘤较少见。我院 1981～ 2 0 0 1年共收治了 15例经手术和病理证实的原发性小肠肿瘤 ,现就该病的临床特点及诊断方法进行初步探讨如下。1　临床资料15例均为经手术及病理证实的原发性小肠肿瘤 ,其中男性 6例 ,女性 9例。年龄 14～ 59岁 ,平均 43 1岁。临床表现 :原发性小肠肿瘤以腹痛、肠梗阻、腹部包块和消化道出血为主要症状。本组 12例出现腹痛 ,8例肠梗阻 ,7例腹部包块 ,3例消化道出血 ,1例合并肠套叠而出现腹痛、肠梗阻、腹部包块和便血 ,1例急性穿孔表现为转移性右下腹痛 ,麦氏点压痛及反跳痛等急性阑尾炎的临床表现 ,1例…     

原发性小肠肿瘤诊治体会

目的：探讨原发性小肠肿瘤的诊治方法。方法对本院11年来16例原发性小肠肿瘤的临床资料及随访结果进行回顾性分析。结果小肠肿瘤常见临床表现为：腹痛、消化道出血、肠梗阻等,以恶性多见。结论原发性小肠肿瘤临床表现不典型．早期诊断较困难,误诊率高,手术是其主要治疗手段,改善病人预后的关键是加强对本病的重视和认识。     

小儿原发性小肠肿瘤诊治分析

目的 为提高小儿原发性小肠肿瘤的诊断率，以获得早期治疗。方法 对28例原发性小肠肿瘤的病理类型、临床表现、误诊原因、治疗情况作一回顾性分析。结果 小儿小肠原发性肿瘤良性15例。恶性13例。恶性肿瘤以淋巴肉瘤为主(92．3％)。术前仅4例确诊(10．7％)，24例术中及术后获得诊断。其中继发性肠套叠而急诊手术16例(64．9％)。良性肿瘤除1例十二指肠血管瘤大出血放弃治疗外，14例全部治愈。恶性肿瘤13例术后虽化疗放疗等治疗，经随访目前仅3例存活1～8年。余分别在2个月至2年内死亡。结论 小儿原发性小肠肿瘤少见，术前诊断困难。误诊率高。常以肠套叠为首发疾病，确诊常在术中及术后获得，恶性肿瘤预后差。     

原发性小肠肿瘤手术治疗分析

目的 :探讨原发性小肠肿瘤的诊断与治疗方法。方法 :回顾性分析 2 0例原发性小肠肿瘤的临床资料。结果 :2 0例均经手术和病理检查证实诊断。肿瘤位于十二指肠 4例 ,空肠 8例 ,回肠 8例 ,其中恶性肿瘤 7例 ,良性肿瘤 13例。常见的症状为腹痛、消化道出血、肠梗阻和腹部肿块等。术前确诊 8例 (4 0 % ) ,误诊 12例 (60 % )。 2 0例均行手术治疗 ,13例良性肿瘤行肿瘤及局部肠管切除 ,恶性肿瘤行根治性切除术 6例 ,姑息性切除术 1例。无手术死亡病例。结论 :小肠肿瘤早期诊断困难 ,综合各项检查可提高术前诊断 ,手术治疗是首选     

成人肠套叠40例临床分析

目的 探讨成人肠套叠的临床特点及诊治措施。方法 对1971—2001年收治的40例成人肠套叠诊治经过进行回顾性分析。结果 成人肠套叠临床表现主要是腹痛、腹胀、呕吐、腹部肿块、血便或便秘。全组病例有腹痛、腹块、血便三联症者仅占17．4％(7／40)。急性肠套叠者易发生肠绞窄，慢性肠套叠者多表现为不全性肠梗阻，早期易于误诊。本组39例行手术治疗，治愈37例，死亡1例；另1例钡灌肠复位成功。结论 B超检查对早期诊断有帮助。肠道肿瘤、息肉、炎症和解剖学异常为本病的主要诱因。肠切除术是根除病因、防止复发的主要手段。     

原发性小肠肿瘤的临床探讨与分析

原发性小肠肿瘤起病隐匿,仅占消化道肿瘤的2％～4.6％和全身肿瘤的0.4％～0.5％[1],由于临床症状和体征缺乏特异性,现有的检查方法诊断小肠肿瘤存在一定的局限性,诊断颇为困难.本文通过我院收治原发性小肠肿瘤病例对原发性小肠肿瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法,现总结如下:1原发性小肠肿瘤临床表现原发性小肠肿瘤临床多数表现为:腹痛,腹部肿块,,肠梗阻,贫血,黑便,梗阻性黄疸,穿孔性腹膜炎等由于原发性小肠肿瘤的临床表现缺乏特异性,多数患者术前确诊困难,手术切除是主的治疗方法.     

原发性小肠恶性肿瘤误诊15例分析

目的 探讨原发型小肠恶性肿瘤的临床特点和误诊原因.方法 回顾性分析误诊的15例原发性小肠恶性肿瘤患者的临床特点和误诊原因.结果 病变位于空肠6例,回肠5例,十二指肠4例.主要临床表现为腹痛、腹部肿块、肠梗阻及便血.病理类型:腺癌7例,平滑肌肉瘤4例,淋巴瘤4例.误诊为小肠平滑肌瘤6例,肠套叠6例,肠结核3例.结论 原发...     

小肠扭转的发病机制及早期诊断探讨（附43例报道）

目的总结成人小肠扭转的病因、发病机制及早期诊断经验。方法对2009年10月至2012年10月期间摩洛哥赛达特省哈桑二世医院收治的43例小肠扭转患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组43例小肠扭转患者中自发性小肠扭转11例,继发性小肠扭转32例,术后腹腔粘连为主要继发原因,有19例（59．4％）。临床表现：早期持续剧烈腹痛40例,频繁呕吐29例,肠型或腹部包块28例。43例小肠扭转均手术,其中22例术前B超确诊。术中见肠坏死16例。治愈37例,死亡6例。结论小肠扭转以继发性为主,术后腹腔粘连是小肠扭转的主要原因;小肠扭转与肠梗阻可互为因果;早期小肠扭转具有腹痛剧烈、呕吐早、症状体征不符等特点,早期诊断以临床为主,B超和CT具有辅助诊断价值;该病起病急,进展快,宜早期手术介入。     

原发性小肠肿瘤58例诊治分析

目的总结原发性小肠肿瘤的病理分类、临床特性及诊治经验。方法对1996年10月至2006年10月间收治的有完整资料的58例原发性小肠肿瘤病例进行回顾性分析。结果本组13例(22.4%)良性肿瘤,45例(77.6%)恶性肿瘤;其主要临床表现为消化道出血(85%)、腹痛(19%)、肠梗阻和腹部包块(16%)。术前确诊10例,胃十二指肠镜检查确诊良性肿瘤1例;另9例均为恶性肿瘤,其中选择性腹腔动脉造影发现3例,小肠镜检查发现4例,核素扫描发现2例;术前误诊率82.8%,48例为腹腔探查确诊。结论原发性小肠肿瘤恶性比例较高,缺乏特征性的临床表现及有效的诊断手段;对原因不明的腹痛、消化道出血及定位不明的腹部包块患者应及早行剖腹探查。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.