蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B、血清淀粉样蛋白A、血浆脂蛋白磷脂酶A2三种炎性因子联合检测对2型糖尿病 合并冠心病的早期风险判断中的作用分析

目的:探究联合检测蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(A-SAA)、血浆脂蛋白磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)在诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病中的价值.方法:选择2016年6月—2018年6月期间在雷州市人民医院检验科就诊的140例2型糖尿病患者为观察对象,依据是否伴有冠心病,分为单纯T2DM组和合并冠心病组.此外,选取50名健康者作为对照组,比较三组人群相关生理指标的差异.采用全自动生化仪测定总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)等4项传统血脂指标.采用酶联免疫吸附法测血清PTP 1 B、血浆Lp-PLA2水平以及HDL中SAA水平,分析指标水平与T2DM和冠心病之间的关系.结果:合并冠心病组HDL-C(0.99±0.43 mmol/L)低于单纯T2DM组(1.51±0.37 mmol/L)和对照组(1.49±0.42 mmol/L),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).合并冠心病组患者的TC、LDL-C(5.68±0.35 mmol/L、3.35±0.63 mmol/L)水平高于单纯T2DM组TC、LDL-C(5.22±0.87 mmol/L、3.19±0.32 mmol/L),组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).合并冠心病组Lp-PLA2水平(265.43±42.95 ng/mL)高于单纯T2DM组(141.54±39.56 ng/mL)和对照组(39.49±47.17 ng/mL);合并冠心病组PTP1B水平(89.36±14.65 ng/L)高于单纯T2DM组(71.49±9.12 ng/L)和对照组(47.50±13.86 ng/L);合并冠心病组A-SAA水平(25.64±6.98 mg/L)高于单纯T2DM组(16.56±6.98 mg/L)和对照组(4.75±1.33 mg/L),上述指标组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:PTP1B、A-SAA、Lp-PLA2可能在冠状动脉粥样硬化的发病机制中发挥重要作用,是T2DM合并冠心病发生和发展的敏感指标,可作为预测风险T2DM合并冠心病风险的早期检测指标.联合检测PTP1B、A-SAA、Lp-PLA2对T2DM合并冠心病的诊断鉴别以及治疗决策具有重要的指导意义.     

2型糖尿病患者血清尿酸水平变化及与冠心病相关性的研究

目的 分析探讨2型糖尿病(T2 DM)患者血清尿酸水平(SUA)的变化及与冠心病(CHD)的相关性.方法 选取42例T2 DM患者为DM组、38例T2 DM并发冠心病患者为DC组及40例健康体检者为NC组,所有患者均测定体质指数(BMI)、SUA、空腹血糖及血脂水平.结果 DM组的SUA水平较DC组明显降低,DC组较NC组SUA水平显著增高(P<0.05);NC组、DM组和DC组SUA水平均与甘油三酯呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 SUA水平与性别、BMI及血脂之间有着密切的相关性,与冠心病和糖尿病之间无明确相关性.     

血清尿酸与2型糖尿病及冠心病的相关性研究

目的探讨血清尿酸(SUA)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)、冠心病及T2DM并发冠心病的关系和SUA的影响因素。方法59例T2DM患者、60例冠心病患者、50例T2DM并发冠心病患者及64例健康体检者。分别测定体质指数(BMI)、SUA、空腹血糖及血脂水平。结果对照组、冠心病组及T2DM组中男性SUA水平均高于女性(P<0.05);4组间男性SUA水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),女性T2DM合并冠心病组SUA水平显著高于对照组及T2DM组(P<0.05);对照组SUA水平与BMI呈正相关(P<0.05),对照组、T2DM组、T2DM合并冠心病组SUA水平均与甘油三酯(TG)呈正相关(P<0.05)。4组研究对象SUA水平均与空腹血糖水平无相关性。结论SUA水平与性别、BMI及血脂之间有着密切的相关性,而与冠心病和糖尿病之间无明确相关性。     

2型糖尿病并冠心病患者血清脂联素水平测定

目的:探讨脂联素(ADPN)与2型糖尿病并发冠心病的关系.方法:采用ELISA法测定35 例健康体检者(正常对照组)、40例单纯2型糖尿病(T2DM组)及37例糖尿病并冠心病患者(DM-CHD组)血清ADPN及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平.结果:正常对照组、T2DM组和DM-CHD组血清ADPN水平分别为(10.51±2.77),(7.51±3.19)和(4.94±3.57) mg/L,依次降低(P<0.05);TNF-α水平分别为(0.96±0.27),(1.20±0.22)和(1.54±0.30) ng/L,依次升高(P<0.01).糖尿病并冠心病患者ADPN水平与TNF-α水平呈负相关(r=-0.228,P<0.05).多因素非条件Logisitic回归分析显示,ADPN水平减低是糖尿病并发冠心病的独立危险因素(OR=0.561,P=0.02).结论:血清ADPN水平降低与糖尿病并发冠心病有关.     

血尿酸水平与2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的相关性研究

目的:探讨血尿酸(SUA)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者下肢动脉血管病变(LEAD)的相关性.方法:431例T2DM患者,根据SUA四分位数分为4组:Q1组,≤252μmol/L,108例;Q2组,253~323μmol/L,108例;Q3组,324~430μmol/L,107例;Q4组,≥431μmol/L,108例.采用动脉硬化检查装置/血压脉波检查装置测定踝肱指数(ABI).记录一般资料,检测生化指标,研究SUA水平与T2DM患者LEAD的相关性.结果:Q1组与Q2组间LEAD发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Q1组比较,Q3组、Q4组LEAD发生率均显著升高(P<0.01).logistic回归分析显示,Q3组(OR:3.44,95%CI:1.90~6.20,P<0.01)、Q4组(OR:8.31,95%CI:4.50~15.35,P<0.01)LEAD发生率显著升高.结论:随着SUA水平升高,T2DM患者LEAD发生率增加;高SUA水平是T2DM患者LEAD的危险因素.     

不同类型糖尿病患者血β-羟丁酸水平的差异

目的探讨各型糖尿病中实际存在的酮体代谢紊乱情况及其与空腹血糖(FPG)的关系,以期增强临床对早期酮体代谢紊乱的识别和防治能力。方法选择非糖尿病健康对照者(正常对照组)101名,男45名,女56名,平均年龄为(56±16)岁;1型糖尿病患者(T1DM组)42例,男20例,女22例,平均年龄为(41±18)岁;2型糖尿病患者(T2DM组)101例,男48例,女53例,平均年龄为(64±12)岁;线粒体糖尿病患者(MDM组)12例,男6例,女6例,平均年龄为(43±8)岁。测定4组的FPG和血β-羟丁酸(HBA)浓度,比较T1DM和T2DM组血HBA水平与FPG的相关性。结果3个糖尿病组的血HBA水平均显著高于正常对照组(P值均<0.01),其中T1DM组最高,明显高于T2DM组(P<0.01)。T2DM组的血HBA水平与FPG不相关(P=0.14),而T1DM组的血HBA水平与FPG呈正相关(r=0.68,P<0.01)。按FPG水平进一步将T1DM分成两个亚组:FPG≥11.1 mmol/L亚组的血HBA水平为(369.89±123.20)/μmol/L,较FPG<11.1 mmol/L亚组的(134.82±92.13)/μmol/L明显升高(P<0.01)。结论T1DM患者即使血糖轻、中度升高,也伴有轻度的酮体代谢异常,且随FPG的升高合并酮症或酮症酸中毒的可能性增大,应积极控制其血糖水平,防止发生高酮血症。     

不同调脂方案对冠心病患者尿酸水平的影响

目的:探探讨单用他汀治疗及联合治疗对血尿酸(SUA)的影响。方法:选取冠状动脉狭窄50%以上的冠心病患者76例,分为A组(阿托伐他汀20mg)36例和B组(阿托伐他汀20mg+依折麦布10mg)40例。在服药前,服药6周分别测定总胆固醇(TC),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C),甘油三酯(TG),高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP),尿酸(UA),肝肾功能,肌酸激酶(CK)。结果:(1)A组和B组均可以明显降低TC、LDL-C、TG和h8-CRP水平,同时提高HDL-C水平。6周时,A组的LDL-C水平为(1.96±0.62)mmol/L,较基线下降38.2%,B组的LDL-C是(1.51±0.92)mmol/L,较基线下降53.7%,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)两组中,A组有1例出现谷草转氨酶升高,其余患者肝肾功能,肌酶均无明显升高。(3)两组在6周时SUA水平均较基线有明显下降(-10.9%vs.-11.2%,P>0.05),组间差异无统计学意义。结论:(1)联合治疗较单用他汀治疗能进一步改善血脂水平和hs-CRP水平,安全性良好。(2)阿托伐他汀20mg能显著降低患者SUA水平。     

血糖控制对无创通气治疗COPD呼衰合并2型糖尿病的血气影响

目的:观察COPD慢性呼衰合并T2DM患者,血糖控制水平对血气值的影响.方法:42例ICU病房COPD慢性呼衰合并T2DM患者,分为三组:A组血糖控制在(4.4～6.1)mmol/L14例;B组血糖控制在(6.2～10.0)mmol/L15例;C组血糖控制在(10.1～11.1)mmol/L13例,呼衰治疗均使用药物结合无创通气辅助呼吸,记录入院时和治疗72d,时后血气分析值.结果:治疗后A组pH、PaCO2、PaO2均明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组PaO2升高(P<0.05),PaCO2显著下降(P<0.01),pH值升至正常范嗣;C组治疗后PaO2增高(P<0.05),PaCO2和pH值治疗后虽有改善,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:研究中显示,糖尿病危熏患者血糖控制在(6.2～10.0)mmol/L,血气指标改善最显著.     

炎症因子与胰岛素抵抗及糖尿病亚临床血管病变的关系研究

目的 探讨血清脂联素、瘦素、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛素抵抗及亚临床血管病变的相关性.方法 选择199例T2DM患者,根据颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)将患者分为两组:IMT≥0.9 mm者作为亚临床血管病变组(A组,110例),IMT<0.9 mm者作为无血管病变组(B组,89例).检测两组患者血清脂联素、瘦素、TNF-α水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR).分析脂联素、瘦素及TNF-α与HOMA-IR、IMT的关系.结果 A组患者血清脂联素水平[(2.76±1.25)mmol/L]显著低于B组[(3.06±1.40)mmol/L],而瘦素水平[(0.85±0.44)mmol/L]显著高于B组[(0.62±0.36)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而TNF-α水平[分别为(0.44±0.13)pg/ml和(0.38±0.12)pg/ml]间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).脂联素与HOMA-IR、IMT呈负相关(P<0.05),瘦素与HOMA-IR、IMT呈正相关(P<0.05),TNF-α仅与IMT呈正相关(P<0.05).结论 脂联素可能是T2DM患者胰岛素抵抗及亚临床血管病变的保护因子,瘦素可能是二者的危险因子,而TNF-α与胰岛素抵抗无明显相关性.     

常见肿瘤标记物与2型糖尿病患者血糖控制水平的关系

目的:观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者常见肿瘤标记物糖类抗原199(CA199)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原125(CA125)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)的情况,探讨其与血糖控制水平的关系。方法:选取2017年我院内分泌科住院治疗的103例T2DM患者,并选50例健康体检者为对照组,记录各项临床资料。分析常见肿瘤标记物与T2DM患者血糖控制水平的关系。结果:103例T2DM患者中,36例CA199升高(35. 29%),6例CEA升高(5. 88%),其中1例CEA、CA199同时升高(0. 009 7%),无CA125、AFP升高者。T2DM患者的CA199水平明显高于健康对照组(35. 38±25. 28 VS12. 18±4. 31,P <0. 05)。CEA、CA125、AFP水平与健康对照组无明显差别。分层分析显示,CA199升高组的T2DM患者较CA199正常组糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、入院空腹血糖明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05),且CA199升高与HbA1c、入院空腹血糖存在线性相关关系,相关系数分别为0. 498、0. 311(P <0. 05)。HbA1c <7. 5%组(A组)、7. 5%≤HbA1c <10%组(B组)、HbA1c≥10%组(C组)三组患者的CA199水平分别为(22. 57±13. 77) mmol/L、(29. 93±20. 41) mmol/L、(48. 66±28. 94) mmol/L,A、B组无明显差异(P> 0. 05),C组的CA199水平高于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。A、B、C三组中CA199高的例数分别为4例(4/25,16. 00%)、11例(11/40,27. 50%)、21例(21/38,55. 26%),三组之间两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。血糖控制后CA199水平明显低于血糖控制前(P <0. 05)。结论:常见肿瘤标记物中CA199水平升高在血糖控制差的非肿瘤T2DM患者中较常见,且多为轻度升高,一般无其他肿瘤标志物同时升高,血糖控制后可明显下降。随着HbA1c水平提高,CA199高的患者所占比例越来越高,在HbA1c≥10%的T2DM患者中有一半以上CA199高。CA199水平与HbA1c、入院空腹血糖呈正相关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.