国产重组链激酶溶栓对急性心肌梗死病人心功能储备的影响

目的 探讨较重组链激酶（ｒ－ＳＫ）溶栓治疗急性心肌梗化（ＡＭＩ）对于心功能保护及生活质量改善的意义。方法 选择接受ｒ－ＳＫ溶栓治疗及未溶栓的ＡＭＩ患者各３０例,其中溶栓组获得梗死相关血管再通的１９例,示再通的１１例,并于梗死后６个月随访时行Ｍ－型超声左室功能测定（ＬＶＥＦ）及运动心肺功能评定。结果 再通组与未通组、未溶栓组比较,左室射血分数明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０１）、运动时间和最大运动负荷量明显提高     

生脉散注射液与黄芪注射液对冠心病伴左心功能不全的疗效比较

目的：观察生脉散注射液与黄芪注射液对冠心病伴左心功能不全（ＬＶＤ）的疗效比较。方法：冠心病伴ＬＶＤ５１例。生脉散组３２例，给生脉散注射液８支（１０ｍＬ／支）加入１０％葡萄糖注射液５００ｍＬ静脉滴注（静滴），ｑｄ；黄芪对照组１９例，应用黄芪注射液６支（２ｍＬ／支）加入１０％葡萄糖注射液５００ｍＬ静滴，ｑｄ，２组均用药１４ｄ。结果：生脉散不仅能改善左室收缩功能（ＳＶ，ＣＯ，ＣＩ，ＦＳ，ＥＦ）（Ｐ＜０．０１），对舒张功能也有显著的疗效（ＰＥ，ＥＳ，ＰＥ／ＰＡ）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。临床无明显不良反应。而黄芪注射液仅对左心收缩功能（ＣＯ，ＣＩ，ＦＳ，ＥＦ）有改善（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：生脉散注射液治疗冠心病伴ＬＶＤ疗效优于黄芪注射液。     

尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞疗效观察

尿激酶（ｕｋ）是一种高效血栓溶解剂能使纤溶酶原转化成纤溶酶。临床用于静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）６９例,其中溶栓血管再通４９例,再通率７１．０％,病死率７．２％。溶栓再能组与溶栓未通组心肌酶活力峰值时间有极显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。溶栓前后血液流变不各项指标均下降。疗效观察ｕｋ是静脉溶栓流变学各项指标均下降。疗 效观察ｕｋ是静脉溶栓治疗ＡＭＩ高效安全的溶栓剂。静脉溶栓应做为急诊常规治疗之一。     

急性心肌梗死冠脉内与静脉溶栓疗效及安全性对比研究

目的 评价尿激酶（ＵＫ）冠脉内与静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）的临床疗效及安全性。方法 ５８例ＡＭＩ患者随机分为冠脉溶栓组（Ａ组）及静脉溶栓组（Ｂ组）各２９例,分别给予ＵＫ治疗。结果 心肌梗死相关血管再通率Ａ组８２．８％与Ｂ组６２．１％比较,Ｐ〈０．０５。但出血并发症Ｂ组１０．３％与Ａ组３．５％相比较,Ｐ〈０．０５。结论 冠脉内溶栓治疗ＡＭＩ安全有效的,可明显改善病人近期远期预后。     

早期溶栓对急性心肌梗死预后的影响

目的：为提高急性心肌梗死（ Ａ Ｍ Ｉ） 病人的临床治愈率,改善预后。方法：在发病年龄、性别、心梗部位、临床特点、治疗方法及监测手段接近（ Ｐ＞ ００５） ,应用国产尿激酶,对早溶组和晚溶组两组７８ 例 Ａ Ｍ Ｉ 患者,进行静脉溶栓治疗。结果：早溶组和晚溶组,冠脉再通率７２５ ％ 和３９５ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ００５） ;病死率５ ％ 和１５８ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ００５） ;并发症早溶组明显低于晚溶组（ Ｐ＜ ００５） ;未见明显副作用。提示： Ａ Ｍ Ｉ早期静脉溶栓治疗是心肌再灌注的关键,时间越早,疗效越好,早期溶栓明显提高梗塞冠脉的再通率,显著降低死亡率,改善病人预后,减少并发症发生。以后长期应用阿司匹林、β受体阻滞剂,可改善心梗后生存率和预后。     

ＡＭＡＴ技术测量二尖瓣环位移评价慢性肾功能衰竭患者左心室收缩功能

目的　应用二尖瓣环自动追踪技术（ＡＭＡＴ）定量检测慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）患者二尖瓣环运动参数，评价左心室 收缩功能。方法　尿毒症组１８例，非尿毒症组１６例，正常对照组２２例，取心尖四腔心切面，运用ＡＭＡＴ技术测量二尖瓣环左室间 隔侧、侧壁纵向位移（Ｙ ＰｏｓｉＬ、Ｙ ＰｏｓｉＲ）、横向位移（Ｘ ＰｏｓｉＬ、Ｘ ＰｏｓｉＲ）等参数，并进行统计分析。结果　与对照组比较，尿毒症组 左心室舒张末期容积（ＬＶＥＤＶ）、收缩末期容积（ＬＶＥＳＶ）、射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）显著降低，Ｘ ＰｏｓｉＬ、Ｙ ＰｏｓｉＬ显著降低，非尿毒症组Ｘ ＰｏｓｉＬ亦显著降低。纳入病例Ｘ ＰｏｓｉＬ、Ｙ ＰｏｓｉＬ与ＬＶＥＦ均呈显著正相关（ｒ分别为０６７、０７１，Ｐ＜００５）。结论　ＡＭＡＴ可以评价 ＣＲＦ患者患者左心室收缩功能。     

美托洛尔对急性心肌梗死老年病人存活率的影响

目的：探讨β阻滞剂对急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）老年病人存活率的影响。方法：将２００例ＡＭＩ病人随机分为美托洛尔组（１１０例）和对照组（９０例）：对１１７例出院存活者进行为期２４个月的随访。结果：住院３０天期间美托洛尔组的再梗死、心力衰竭（ｋｉｌｌｉｐ Ⅲ／Ⅳ级）、心绞痛、恶性心律失常、猝死发生率分别为３．７％．６．６％，１２％，７．５％，３．７％，均低于对照组（８％，１５％，２４％，１７％，８％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。随访期间美托洛尔组的再梗死、心力衰竭（ＫｉｌｌｉｐⅢ／Ⅳ级）、心绞痛、心源性死亡发生率分别为４％，７％，１５％，４％，均低于对照组（１０％，１８％，２９％，１０％，Ｐ＜０．０５）；而美托洛尔组的ＬＶ ＥＤ Ｄ、ＬＶＥ ＳＤ、ＬＶＥＦ远期指标均显著优于对照组。结论：美托洛尔可提高老年ＡＭＩ病人的住院存活率，降低心脏事件的发生率，加强溶栓疗效；长期应用亦可改善老年ＡＭＩ的远期预后。     

长期应用三甲氧苄嗪治疗严重缺血性心肌病的疗效观察

２０例男性病人，平均年龄６０．５±１．５岁，经冠状动脉造影证实为缺血性心肌病。治疗结果：Ｔｒｉｍｅｔａｚｉｄｉｎｅ（ＴＭＺ）组呼吸困难明显减轻，对照组１例减轻（Ｐ＜０．００１），两组心绞痛病人发作次数无显著差异。对照组８例常规药物治疗剂量不能减少并由于病情恶化加入钙拮抗剂、ＡＣＥ抑制剂，ＴＭＺ组明显减少并未加入辅助治疗（Ｐ＜０，０１）。ＳＴ－－Ｔ改变，心律失常发生类型与发生率均无显著差异Ｐ＜０．１。心腔容量（ＣＶ），左室收缩长度（ＥＬＶＳ）与射血分数（ＥＦ）分别相比为Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＝０．１，Ｐ＜０．０５。     

扩张型心肌病心腔大小与室性心律失常的关系

用二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）和心电资料对１０４例扩张型心肌病（ＤＣＭ）患者进行分析研究，结果显示：左房内径（ＬＡＤ）、左室舒张未内径（ＬＶＤ）与左室后壁厚度（ＬＷＴ）之比（ＬＶＤ／ＬＷＴ）和室性心律失常的程度呈显著相关，ｒ值分别为０．５９，０．６３（Ｐ均〈０．０５）。提示ＬＡＤ和ＬＶＤ／ＬＷＴ对判断扩张型心肌病易发室性心律失常者具有一定的预测意义。     

硝苯地平控释片对无痛性心肌缺血病人左心功能的影响

目的：观察硝苯地平控释片（Ｎｉｆ－ＣＲ）治疗无痛性心肌缺血（ＳＭＩ）时对左心功能的影响。方法：３６例ＳＭＩ病人（男性２３例，女性１３例；年龄５６±ｓ７ａ）采用Ｎｉｆ－ＣＲ２０ｍｇ，ｐｏ，ｑ１２ｈ×３ｗｋ。结果：（１）舒张压从１２５±２．３ｋＰａ下降至９．７±２．３ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；缺血型ＳＴ段压低明显改善（从１．６±０．７ｍｍ升至１．０±０．６ｍｍ）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）核素心功能检测，ＬＶＥＦ，ＳＶ，ＥＲ，ＰＦＲ及ＲＣＯ均显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）治疗后ＰＲＡ和ＡＮＧⅡ水平降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：Ｎｉｆ－ＣＲ的持久血药浓度可改善左心功能，降低血压。不良反应小。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.