扬子鳄卵巢内血管活性肠肽、神经肽Y和P物质的分布

目的:观察扬子鳄卵巢内血管活性肠肽（vasoactive　intestinal　peptide,VIP）、神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y,NPY）和P物质（substance P,SP）的分布情况。方法:免疫荧光法。结果:扬子鳄卵巢内的VIP免疫反应（VIP-immunoreac-tive,VIP-IR）阳性神经纤维呈波浪状,部分包绕卵泡,大部分交织在卵泡间血管周围,并构成较密集的网络;SP和NPY免疫反应（SP-and NPY-immunoreactive,SP-和NPY-IR）阳性神经纤维均为点线状,主要沿卵泡间血管周围分布,其中,部分NPY-IR纤维也构成较密集的网络。切片中均未见到三种肽能神经元的细胞体。结论:扬子鳄卵巢内存在有VIP、NPY和SP阳性神经纤维分布,主要位于卵泡间血管周围。     

神经肽Y、P物质在扬子鳄泄殖腔器内的分布

目的：观察含神经肽Y（NPY）、P物质（SP）神经在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布情况。方法：免疫组织化学ABC法及免疫荧光法。结果：扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内SP免疫反应（SP－IR）阳性神经纤维多见于肌层,也见于外膜、呈细线状或点线状,肌层内的SP－IR神经纤维与平滑肌纤维平行走行或构成网络状;NPY免疫反应（NPY－IR）神经纤维呈细线状,密度较稀,主要见于肌层,也近似与平滑肌纤维平行走行,免疫荧光法还证实,肌层内有散在分布的、多呈椭圆形的NPY－IR阳性神经元胞体,并见有突起与周围的神经纤维形成联系。结论：扬子鳄的泄殖腔壁也存在有SP、NPY能神经分布。     

神经肽Y、P物质在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布

目的 :观察含神经肽Y(NPY)、P物质 (SP)神经在扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布情况。方法 :免疫组织化学ABC法及免疫荧光法。结果 :扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内SP免疫反应 (SP IR)阳性神经纤维多见于肌层 ,也见于外膜、呈细线状或点线状 ,肌层内的SP IR神经纤维与平滑肌纤维平行走行或构成网络状 ;NPY免疫反应 (NPY IR)神经纤维呈细线状 ,密度较稀 ,主要见于肌层 ,也近似与平滑肌纤维平行走行 ,免疫荧光法还证实 ,肌层内有散在分布的、多呈椭圆形的NPY IR阳性神经元胞体 ,并见有突起与周围的神经纤维形成联系。结论 :扬子鳄的泄殖腔壁也存在有SP、NPY能神经分布     

扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内血管活性肠肽的分布

目的：观察含血管活性肠肽（VIP）神经在爬行类动物－扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内的分布特点。方法：免疫组织化学ABC法及免疫荧光法。结果：扬子鳄泄殖腔壁内VIP免疫反应阳性神经纤维见于粘膜下层及肌层,呈串珠状,大致与平滑肌纤维平行走行,并见其分支在实质内构成网络状,但明显伴血管走行的纤维稀少。通过免疫荧光法证实,粘膜下层内存在VIP免疫反应阳性细胞,胞体大小、形态不一。结论：扬子鳄泄殖腔已具备了类似高等脊椎动物的含VIP神经的调节。     

大鼠输精管的神经及其递质共存的探讨

本文应用乙醛酸诱发荧光组织化学方法显示肾上腺素能神经;乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)法显示胆碱能神经;免疫组织化学法显示血管活性肠肽(VIP)和神经肽Y(NPY)免疫反应性神经。本文对输精管的观察表明,VIP免疫反应性神经与胆碱能神经分布一致,主要分布在输精管的固有层内,而NPY免疫反应性神经与肾上腺素能神经分布一致,位于输精管肌层。应用肾上腺素能神经阻断剂6-羟多巴     

大鼠舌组织中肥大细胞与肽能神经纤维的分布

目的探讨舌组织内肥大细胞与肽能神经的关系及其功能意义。方法采用甲苯胺蓝染色和免疫组织化学ABC染色法对10只Wistar大鼠舌组织进行SP、VIP和NPY染色。结果经与甲苯胺蓝邻片对比观察,舌组织内肥大细胞分别呈SP、VIP和NPY免疫反应性;在舌组织固有层及肌间结缔组织中还分布有丰富的SP、VIP和NPY免疫反应阳性纤维;在肽能神经纤维附近或周围可见有免疫反应阳性的肥大细胞,这些肥大细胞与神经纤维紧密相靠或接触。结论 大鼠舌组织内肥大细胞和神经纤维分别呈SP、VIP和NPY免疫反应性,提示肥大细胞与周围神经无论是在形态还是在功能上有着密切的联系。     

大鼠小肠血管活性肠肽、P物质、亮啡肽和生长抑素的正常分布

用12只SD(Sprague-Dawley)系健康雄性大鼠,6只供免疫细胞化学(ICC)用,另6只用于放射免疫测定(RIA),对大鼠小肠内血管活性肠肽(VIP)、P物质(SP)、亮啡肽(L-ENK)和生长抑素(SOM)的正常分布,做了ICC定性和RIA定量的分析。ICC显示4种肽在小肠主要分布在小肠神经丛和肠道内分泌细胞中。VIP神经细胞主要分布在粘膜下神经节内,其次位于肌间神经节,为多极神经细胞;VIP神经纤维呈小肠全层密集分布。SP神经     

人空肠NPY能神经分布的研究

本文用免疫组织化学ABC法,对神经肽Y(NPY)能神经纤维和神经元在人空肠壁内的分布进行了研究.结果:NPY能神经纤维和神经元呈棕褐色;NPY能神经纤维遍布肠壁各层,位于粘膜固有层内的神经纤维在小肠腺周围交织或疏网状.NPY能神经元见于肌间及粘膜下神经丛,尤以后者为多.粘膜内也可见NPY能神经元,它们分布于小肠腺下方,紧靠粘膜肌,或位于粘膜肌内.     

μ阿片受体在大鼠结肠肠肌丛的神经化学特性

目的:探索μ阿片受体(MOR)在大鼠结肠肠肌丛的分布及化学神经解剖学特性。方法:取大鼠结肠右曲和左曲之间肠管行全层铺片,剥离粘膜层、粘膜下层和环形肌层,保留纵行肌层。运用免疫荧光组织化学双重标记技术染色,共聚焦显微镜下观察MOR在大鼠结肠肠肌丛的分布及与一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、肠血管活血肽(VIP)、P物质(SP)或降钙素基因相关蛋白(CGRP)等在肠神经细胞的共存关系。结果:免疫荧光组织化学染色显示:在大鼠结肠肠肌层,MOR阳性细胞聚集形成神经节,其阳性突起穿行于神经节之间形成网格状神经丛。在肠肌丛神经细胞内,可见MOR分别与NOS、VIP、SP、CGRP共存。MOR阳性神经纤维和终末分布于NOS阳性神经细胞周围,也可见部分NOS、VIP阳性神经纤维和终末分布于MOR阳性神经细胞表面。有大量SP和CGRP阳性神经纤维穿行于MOR阳性神经细胞之间并包绕于MOR阳性神经细胞的胞体周围。结论:在结肠的肠肌丛,MOR与抑制性和感觉性神经递质在肠神经细胞有共存,且相互之间有纤维联系,推测MOR可能介导了阿片类调节肠神经细胞内抑制性神经递质的释放,并可能对肠感觉信息的传递有调节作用。     

扬子鳄胃的神经支配

采用组化方法对７只扬子鳄胃的神经支配进行了研究。结果如下：粘膜下层有胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性反应神经节和神经纤维相互交织组成的神经丛，一些神经纤维穿过粘膜在基底膜附近形成次组丛，终止在腺细胞。在环行肌和纵行肌之间有丰富的ＡＣｈＥ阳性反应神经节和神经丛。在肌层内胆碱能神经的走向与平滑肌细胞的长轴平行。肾上腺素能神经只见于肌层，神经纤维同样与平滑肌细胞长轴平行。     

Target-specific projections of intrinsic ganglionic neurons with different chemical codes in the canine larynx.

The distribution and origin of peptide-containing intrinsic nerve fibers within the larynx were examined by immunohistochemistry and denervation experiments in the dog. In the normal larynx, a dense network of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers was seen around the acini of submucosal glands. VIP-, substance P (SP)-, or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR fibers were seen in the walls of submucosal arteries, and VIP-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, or enkephalin (ENK)-IR fibers were seen around the arteries in the muscle tissue. Most of these peptide-IR fibers remained after bilateral denervation of the superior and inferior laryngeal nerves. Several small intrinsic ganglia were found along the peripheral branches of the laryngeal nerves. About 97% of the ganglionic neurons were VIP-IR; of these, 44% were immunoreactive to VIP alone, 22% to VIP and NPY, 13% to VIP and SP, 7% to VIP and ENK, and 14% to VIP, NPY and SP. These results reveal that the exocrine glands and blood vessels are innervated by the intrinsic ganglionic neurons and that subpopulations of ganglionic neurons with different chemical codes innervate specific target organs in the canine larynx.     

Projections of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve fibres in the canine intestine, with special reference to the innervation of the circular muscle.

Antisera raised against neuron specific enolase (NSE), substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used to reveal nerve fibres in the wall of the canine small and large intestine. The circular muscle of the colon was innervated by nerve fibre bundles that ran parallel to the muscle throughout its thickness. A plexus of fibre bundles was found against the inner (submucosal) surface of the circular muscle. Fibres with substance P, VIP and TH immunoreactivity all contributed to this innervation. The circular muscle of the small intestine was distinctly separated into outer and inner layers by a dense plexus of nerve fibres, the deep muscular plexus. The outer and inner circular muscle were innervated by substance P, VIP and TH fibres. Extrinsic denervation through the severing of nerve fibres in the mesentery caused TH fibres in the intestine to degenerate, but had no detectable effect on the fibres with substance P or VIP immunoreactivity. Myectomy (the removal of the myenteric plexus from the full circumference of the intestine over a distance of 2-3 cm), performed 7-13 days before tissue was taken, resulted in an almost complete loss of substance P fibres from the circular muscle of the colon and the outer circular muscle of the small intestine. However, many fibres persisted in the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine, and most fibres remained in its inner circular muscle. The changes in distribution of VIP fibres were almost identical, except that a small proportion of reactive fibres remained in the circular muscle of the colon and the outer circular muscle of the small intestine. It is concluded that the circular muscle layers of the small intestine and colon have dual sources of intrinsic nerve supply: the myenteric ganglia supply fibres primarily to the outer part of the muscle and the submucous ganglia supply fibres to the inner muscle. The present study further demonstrated that VIP fibres ran anally in the myenteric plexus of both the small and large intestine, whereas substance P fibres ran orally in the large intestine and both orally and anally in the small intestine. The innervation of the muscularis mucosae and mucosa by substance P and VIP fibres was not affected by myectomy or extrinsic denervation, and these structures are therefore likely to be innervated by nerve cells in the submucous ganglia.     

Projections of chemically-specified neurons in the guinea-pig colon.

The arrangement of the enteric nerve plexuses in the colon of the guinea-pig and the distributions and projections of chemically specified neurons in this organ have been studied. Immunoreactivity for neuron specific enolase was used to examine the total population of neurons and individual subpopulations were studied using antibodies raised against calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), leu-enkephalin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), galanin, gamma aminobutyric acid, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, substance P, tyrosine hydroxylase and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Neuronal pathways within the colon were lesioned using myotomy and myectomy operations and extrinsic pathways running between the inferior mesenteric ganglia and the colon were also severed. Each of the antibodies revealed nerve cells and nerve fibres or only nerve fibres within the wall of the colon. VIP, galanin and GRP were in anally projecting pathways in the myenteric plexus, as they are in other species. In contrast, there are differences in the projection directions of enkephalin, substance P, NPY and somatostatin nerve fibres between regions and species. Surprisingly, somatostatin and NPY fibres have opposite projections in the small intestine and colon of the guinea-pig. The majority of nerve fibres that innervate the circular muscle, including fibres with immunoreactivity for VIP, enkephalin, substance P, NPY, galanin and GRP come from the myenteric ganglia. The mucosa is innervated by fibres from both the myenteric and submucous ganglia. The present results suggest that the guinea-pig distal colon is a suitable place in which to determine relations between structure, neurochemistry and functions of enteric neural circuits.     

Decreased nerve fibers in the oviduct isthmus of women with endometriosis

Oviduct tubal motility is thought to be controlled by hormones and nerves and has been associated with endometriosis. However, it is still not known whether the fallopian tubes in women with endometriosis demonstrate an abnormal distribution of nerve fibers. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of nerve fibers in the oviduct isthmus in women with and without endometriosis. Histological sections of the oviduct isthmus tissues were obtained from women undergoing hysterectomy for endometriosis (n = 24) and other benign gynecologic diseases (n = 24). The tissues were immunohistochemically stained for protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to reveal all nerve fibers, sensory nerve fibers and sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers. Nerve fibers stained with PGP9.5, VIP and NPY in the oviduct isthmus were all significantly decreased in women with endometriosis as compared with women without endometriosis (P < 0.05). In women with endometriosis, reduced nerve fibers stained with PGP9.5 and SP in the serosal layer, NPY in the muscular and mucosal layers, and VIP in the mucosal layer of the oviduct isthmus were all associated with the severity of the disease (P < 0.05). These results suggest that decreased nerve fibers in the oviduct isthmus in women with endometriosis in comparison to women without may imply a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.     

Origin and peptide content of nerve fibers in the nasal mucosa of rats

Injection of the retrograde neuronal tracer True blue into the anterior-lateral part of the nasal mucosa of rats labeled nerve cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the otic ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion on the ipsilateral side. In the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion on the contralateral side, very few nerve cell bodies were labeled, indicating that these ganglia provide minor contributions only. The number of labeled cell bodies indicates that the superior cervical ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion and the trigeminal ganglion contribute most to the innervation of the nose, while the contribution from the otic ganglion is minor. Cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion harbored noradrenaline (NA) or NA/neuropeptide Y (NPY); in the sphenopalatine ganglion vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) or VIP/NPY; in the otic ganglion VIP, VIP/NPY or VIP/substance P (SP) and in the trigeminal ganglion calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or CGRP/SP. The results from denervations and tracer experiments suggest that all NA-containing and the majority of NPY-containing fibers in the nasal mucosa are derived from the superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic nerve supply). VIP- and VIP/NPY-containing fibers originate from the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia (parasympathetic nerve supply). Nerve fibers containing CGRP and CGRP/SP emanate from the trigeminal ganglion (sensory nerve supply).     

Peptide containing nerves in the ureter of the guinea-pig and cat

We report the presence of two regulatory peptides, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), in the ureter and their localisation by both light- and electron-microscopy to autonomic nerves. VIP- and substance P-like immunoreactive nerves showed, in general, a similar anatomical distribution in the various layers of the ureter. Immunoreactive nerves were observed running along the smooth muscle coat, parallel to muscle bundles, around blood vessels and in the submucosa, particularly beneath the epithelium. In addition, scattered VIP-like immunoreactive ganglion cells and nerve fibres were seen in adventitial ganglia around the most distal part of the ureter and ureter-bladder junction in the cat. The guinea-pig ureter contained principally substance P-like immunoreactivity, whereas the cat ureter possessed mainly VIP-like material.The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was compared with those containing peptides. Peptide-containing nerves had a more extensive distribution than adrenergic ones, which were mainly associated with blood vessels; however, cholinergic nerves were often localised in the same areas as those possessing peptides. Conventional electron microscopy revealed that separate p-type (peptidergic) and cholinergic nerve terminals were frequently present in the same nerve bundles, although in the cat ureter some 50% of the p-type profiles contained a mixed population of vesicles, characteristic of both cholinergic and p-type nerves. VIP- and substance P-like immunoreactivity were also localised at the ultrastructural level by means of a gold-labelled goat-antirabbit serum.