经皮激光汽化减压术对造影结果不同的腰椎间盘突出症的疗效对比

目的对比经皮激光汽化减压术（PercutaneousLaserDiscDecompression,PLDD）对两种椎间盘造影结果的腰椎间盘突出症的疗效,结合文献探讨椎间盘造影及PLDD的临床应用。方法自2010-01—2013-05行PLDD治疗的单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者58例进行回顾性分析,术前造影阴性的16例为A组,阳性者42例为B组;激光烧灼总能量控制在300～600J,汽化减压并反复抽吸;对2组患者术前、术后即刻和随访时的临床表现、直腿抬高角度及JOA评分进行比较。结果A组与B组在术前、术后即刻和随访时直腿抬高角度及JOA评分均无显著差别。结论椎间盘造影阴性并不能完全排除椎间盘源性腰腿痛;椎间盘造影结果不同的两组腰椎间盘突出症患者在PLDD的中期疗效上无显著差异。     

经皮激光腰椎间盘减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨经皮激光椎间盘减压术（PLDD）治疗腰椎间盘突出症效果,研究适宜激光照射量。方法使用ND：YAG激光治疗腰椎间盘突出症40例（L4～5椎间盘突出32例,L5～S1和L4～5同时突出8例）,C臂X线机透视下将激光光纤沿穿刺针插入椎间盘髓核中进行汽化,每节激光总量CT分级Ⅰ级为500J,Ⅱ级为700J能量进行汽化,减轻椎间盘内压力。结果椎间盘内压力减低,神经根受压解除,突出的椎间盘组织回缩,采用Machab标准评定疗效：优26例,良6例,可6例,差2例,优良率为80%。结论PLDD是一种安全、简单、有效的治疗椎间盘突出症的微创方法。     

游离型腰椎间盘突出症手术治疗体会

目的探讨游离型腰椎间盘突出症CT、MRI表现特点分型,及其临床治疗方法的选择。方法 23例患者游离型椎间盘突出症患者,均行L3～S1椎间盘CT平扫和腰椎MRI检查。23例中,L4～L5为18例,L5～S1为5例。CT表现特征为椎间盘突出影较大,边缘不光整或无明确的边缘,其中1例CT显示硬膜囊后侧有组织块影。MRI显示游离的髓核组织块影较大,游离的髓核离开相应的椎间隙移位于上位椎体或下位椎体后缘,压迫相应的神经根。13例开窗髓核摘除,4例半椎板髓核摘除,6例行短节段固定加椎间融合。结果术后效果满意。临床疗效采用NaKai评分标准评价,所有患者功能评价在术后3.0个月进行,其中优17例,良4例,可2例,优良率91.3%。结论 CT和MRI是诊断游离型腰椎间盘突出症可靠的方法,是临床治疗方案的选择的可靠依据,诊断明确后手术治疗效果良好。     

双极射频髓核成形术联合臭氧减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床应用

目的探讨双极射频椎间盘髓核成形术联合臭氧减压术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择2013年1～12月腰椎间盘突出症患者95例,随机分为双极组(n=47)和联合组(n=48),分别在CT引导下行双极射频椎间盘髓核成形术、双极射频椎间盘髓核成形术联合臭氧减压术。观察两组患者术后7、30、90、180d的疗效以及是否出现椎间盘感染、神经损伤等并发症。结果按改良的Macnab疗效评定标准,联合组在治疗后各时点的优良率及有效率均明显高于射频组(P0.05)。结论双极射频椎间盘髓核成形术联合臭氧减压术是一种安全、有效的治疗椎间盘突出症的微创手术方法。     

经皮激光治疗腰椎间盘突出症不同年龄组的疗效比较

目的:探讨经皮穿刺激光椎间盘减压术(PLDD)治疗腰椎间盘突出症不同年龄段的临床疗效。方法:对221例腰椎间盘突出症的254个椎间盘应用Nd:YAG激光行PLDD治疗,术后1个月及12个月,随访观察不同年龄段术后疗效。结果:随访1年,根据改良的Macab标准,17～40岁组优良率为98.4%,41～60岁组为85.7%,61岁以上组为73.7%,17～40岁组与61岁以上组之间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:PLDD是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的有效微创技术,其操作简便、安全,对早期间盘突出的中青年患者疗效较佳。     

椎间盘镜下腰椎间盘髓核摘除术的疗效

目的 探讨椎间盘镜下腰椎间盘髓核摘除术的手术要点和早期疗效。方法 在椎间盘镜直视下对50例单间隙腰椎间盘突出症患者行突出髓核摘除术，并进行疗效分析。结果 患者均在术后10天出院，平均随访9.34个月，临床疗效优良率96%，无严重手术并发症，术后CT检查显示突出椎间盘已摘除，脊髓及神经根已获得充分减压。结论 椎间盘镜下腰椎间盘髓核摘除术创伤小，患者术后恢复快，疗效肯定，是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的有效方法之一。     

腰椎间盘激光汽化减压术前椎间盘造影的临床意义

目的探讨椎间盘造影对经皮穿刺腰椎间盘激光汽化减压术(PLDD)的意义。方法对50例腰椎间盘突出症先作腰椎间盘造影,再对病变椎间盘进行PLDD治疗。对造影图像进行Dallas分级,以JOA评分为疗效指标,比较不同Dallas分级的病变椎间盘治疗效果。结果正常椎间盘造影结果均为Dallas0～Ⅰ级,病变椎间盘DallasⅡ级组34例,DallasⅢ级组16例,两组患者术前JOA评分差异无显著性,术后JOA评分DallasⅡ级组为(21.2±4.4)分,DallasⅢ级组(14.2±3.8)分,两组数据差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论DallasⅡ级的病变椎间盘更适合行PLDD治疗,与CT、MRI相结合,椎间盘造影可以有效地选择适合PLDD治疗的患者。     

亚甲蓝腰椎间盘内注射在经皮激光椎间盘减压术后的应用

目的 探讨亚甲蓝椎间盘内注射在经皮激光椎间盘减压术(PLDD)后治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效.方法 应用PLDD术治疗60例腰椎间盘突出症患者,分为观察组和对照组,每组30例.观察组在PLDD术后用1%亚甲蓝1 ml、2%利多卡因1 ml进行腰椎间盘注射,对照组单纯采用PLDD术,术后3周内避免剧烈腰部活动.随访6～26(15±2)个月,应用VAS评分和临床体检评定,并比较疗效.结果 观察组中除1例腰腿痛症状术后无明显改善、另1例腰腿痛症状术后有轻度改善外,余28例中治愈24例,好转4例,有效率达93.3%.对照组治愈12例,好转9例,有效率为70%.结论 在PLDD术后用亚甲蓝椎间盘内注射治疗腰椎间盘突出症,具有微创性、费用低、疗效显著、并发症少等优点.     

髓核成形术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床研究

目的 应用髓核成形术治疗腰椎间盘突出症，观察术后的临床恢复效果。方法 对38例经临床检查和MRI或CT确诊的腰椎间盘突出症采用经皮穿刺髓核成形术(nucleoplasry)治疗，并对其疗效进行观察分析。结果 全部患者经1周～6个月短期随访，所有病例症状有不同程度改善，总有效率为81．6％，无一例出现脊髓、神经及大血管损伤或术后感染等并发症。结论 髓核成形术是一种先进、安全、有效的椎间盘突出微创手术，具有操作简单、安全、微创、疗效佳、恢复快、无需住院等优点，对腰椎间盘突出症初次发作的患者手术效果好。     

粘连性腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的：探讨粘连性腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗及疗效。方法：经后路行椎板开窗减压粘连松解，髓核摘除术治疗16例腰椎间盘突出症，均为下腰椎节段突出，伴有椎管狭窄症，随访3年，根据粘连的原因及术中所见椎间盘突出症髓核形态及纤维环破损大小，以及术后的疗效进行分析比较。结果：椎间盘突出症严重者，粘连较轻者，术后疗效佳。反之，疗效较差。结论：粘连性腰椎间盘突出症的手术效果与手术彻底及周围粘连损伤程度有密切关系。术中尽量注意保护骨性结构的稳定性，避免损伤神经组织。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.