CRB-65 predicts death from community-acquired pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: The study was performed to validate the CURB, CRB and CRB-65 scores for the prediction of death from community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in both the hospital and out-patient setting. DESIGN: Data were derived from a large multi-centre prospective study initiated by the German competence network for community-acquired pneumonia (CAPNETZ) which started in March 2003 and were censored for this analysis in October 2004. SETTING: Out- and in-hospital patients in 670 private practices and 10 clinical centres. SUBJECTS: Analysis was done for n = 1343 patients (n = 208 out-patients and n = 1135 hospitalized) with all data sets completed for the calculation of CURB and repeated for n = 1967 patients (n = 482 out-patients and n = 1485 hospitalized) with complete data sets for CRB and CRB-65. INTERVENTION: None. 30-day mortality from CAP was determined by personal contacts or a structured interview. RESULTS: Overall 30-day mortality was 4.3% (0.6% in out-patients and 5.5% in hospitalized patients, P < 0.0001). Overall, the CURB, CRB and CRB-65 scores provided comparable predictions for death from CAP as determined by receiver-operator-characteristics (ROC) curves. However, in hospitalized patients, CRB misclassified 26% of deaths as low risk patients. Availability of the CRB-65 score (90%) was far superior to that of CURB (65%), due to missing blood urea nitrogen values (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both the CURB and CRB-65 scores can be used in the hospital and out-patients setting to assess pneumonia severity and the risk of death. Given that the CRB-65 is easier to handle, we favour the use of CRB-65 where blood urea nitrogen is unavailable.     

49例肺炎误诊肺结核分析

目的探讨肺炎误诊肺结核的原因及其对策。方法对49例肺炎误诊肺结核患者进行分析。结果临床表现为午后低热57．1％,咯血32．7％,盗汗28．6％;X线胸片病变位于上叶尖后段、下叶背段71．4％;白细胞总数在4．0～10．0×10^9／L之间占69．4％,结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）皮试阳性61．2％,培养阳性18．4％。结论误诊的主要原因：肺炎临床症状不典型;胸片、血常规检查与肺结核相似;对结核菌素的诊断价值估计过高和细菌培养阳性率过低。防治对策：重视病原学检查、血清抗体检测和临床资料的综合分析是防止肺炎误诊肺结核的重要措施。     

结核性大叶性肺炎的临床研究

目的　分析结核性大叶性肺炎的临床特点。方法　对本院2 0 0 2年3月至2 0 0 4年3月所收治的1 5例结核性大叶性肺炎的临床特点进行综合分析。结果　①起病急骤,②全身症状明显,病灶变化快,部位不典型,咳嗽、咳痰,肺实变体征及肺部湿罗音,似大叶性肺炎。③白细胞正常,或减少:胸片及CT片有大片或肺叶分布的渗出性病变。④痰菌阳性率高。⑤多种抗生素治疗无效,抗痨治疗后效果显著。结论　随着不典型肺结核的不断增加,早期诊断和及时治疗至关重要。强化抗结核治疗能获得满意疗效。     

头孢地尼对肺结核合并社区获得性肺炎的疗效观察

目的评价头孢地尼对肺结核合并社区获得性肺炎的疗效及其安全性。方法选择肺结核合并社区获得性肺炎的门诊患者60例,随机分为治疗组对照组各30例,分别给予头孢地尼100 mg tid;头孢妥仑匹酯200 mg bid,疗程7～14 d。结果治疗组治愈率96.7%,对照组治愈率93.3%;不良反应率分别为10.0%及6.6%。经统计学检验差异均无显著性。结论头孢地尼治疗肺结核合并社区获得性肺炎安全高效。     

吸收延迟肺炎误诊肺结核16例分析及误诊原因探讨

目的 探讨吸收延迟肺炎误诊肺结核的原因,提高对两种疾病的鉴别诊断能力。方法 对16例吸收延迟肺炎误诊肺结核病例进行回顾性分析。结果误诊患者临床表现发热10例,其中高热3例,中度发热4例,低热3例;盗汗2例;查痰结核菌均阴性;血常规检查白细胞总数在4.0~10.0×10⁹／L之间12例;结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物（PPD）皮试阳性7例;X线胸片病变位于上叶尖后段、下叶背段16例;有肺结核病史2例。结论 误诊的主要原因：吸收延迟的肺炎临床症状不典型,X线胸片、血常规检查与肺结核相似,对PPD的诊断价值估计过高。 对临床资料综合分析,抗炎治疗动态观察,是防止吸收延迟的肺炎误诊肺结核的重要措施。     

合肥地区老年社区获得性肺炎的特点分析

目的 分析老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者的临床特征.方法 分析我院呼吸内科2009年1月-2010年12月的330例成人CAP患者的临床资料,比较老年CAP患者和非老年CAP患者的病原学检查、临床特征、基础疾病及疗效等情况.结果 老年CAP患者病原菌多为革兰阴性杆菌,呼吸系统的临床症状不典型,基础疾病多,容易出现并发症;出院治愈率、致死率分别低于和高于非老年患者,但差异无统计学意义.结论 老年人由于免疫力低,器官功能减退,合并多种基础疾病,临床症状不典型使其发病率高、漏诊率高、死亡率高,因此掌握老年CAP患者的临床特征、及早诊断、合理用药,对于改善老年CAP的预后极其重要.     

社区获得性肺炎初始治疗失败原因分析

社区获得性肺炎(CAP)是一种常见病,其全球发病率为2～12例/(1000人˙年)。美国每年发生500万～1000万例,其中110万次需住院治疗,死亡45 000例。不需要住院治疗者病死率在1%以下,需要住院治疗者病死率为12%～14%,而入住重症监护病房(ICU)、发生菌血症者比例则高达     

Expansile pneumonia in children caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: clinical, radiological, and bronchoscopic appearances

A cohort of 24 children with expansile pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is described in mostly HIV-noninfected children (n = 22). The children presented with nonresolving pneumonia and a swinging fever (83%). On chest radiography, they had dense opacification with bulging fissures mainly in the upper lobes (75%). On computed tomography, the lobes are consolidated, with areas of liquefacation. Other features visible are enlarged mediastinal lymph adenopathy with ring enhancement (100%), cavities (63%), and tracheal compression (71%). On bronchoscopy, bronchi were obstructed by more than 75% in 20 (83%) of cases. Lymph gland enucleation was required in 42% of cases. Phrenic nerve palsy was present in 3 children, of whom 2 underwent diaphragmatic plication. The children received standard antituberculous therapy, to which prednisone (2 mg/kg/day) was added for 1 month. The mortality was 4% after 6 months of therapy.     

降钙素原在老年社区获得性肺炎的临床应用价值

目的评价降钙素原(PCT)在老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的临床应用价值。方法以124例老年CAP为研究对象,观察不同严重程度老年CAP患者PCT变化情况,研究PCT与肺炎严重指数(PSI)及CURB-65评分相关性,并比较不同病原体引起CAP患者PCT的检测情况。结果重症肺炎组、普通肺炎组及对照组PCT均有统计学差异(P0.05);PCT与PSI(r=0.533,P0.05)、CURB-65评分(r=0.698,P0.05)均呈正相关;124例CAP患者血细菌培养阳性患者PCT高于血细菌培养阴性患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在老年CAP患者中PCT能较好的反映患者的病情严重程度,对病原体的初判及抗生素的合理使用均有重要临床应用价值。     

Pulmonary tuberculosis in a child presenting with acute hemoptysis

We report on a tuberculous child whose only presenting symptom was acute hemoptysis. His chest radiograph revealed a mass-like lesion occupying the posterior basal segment of the right lower lung field. Multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) of the chest showed a hypodense mass supplied by the bronchial artery and drained by the pulmonary vein. Surgical specimens revealed caseating granulomatous inflammation, positive for acid-fast bacilli. The child was successfully treated with a short-course (6-month) regimen of antituberculous drugs.     

不同治疗方案在重症社区获得性肺炎患儿中的应用效果对比

目的比较不同治疗方案治疗重症儿童社区获得性肺炎的临床疗效。方法选择在我院治疗的重症社区获得性肺炎患儿82例,将所有患儿随机分为研究组(41例)和对照组(41例),对照组患者只进行静脉注射头孢呋辛钠,研究组患者在对照组患者的治疗方法上联合口服阿奇霉素干混悬液治疗。治疗5天后,测定两组患者治疗前后的C反应蛋白、IL-6和IL-10的水平,对两组患者的体温恢复、肺部啰音以及咳嗽等症状消失的时间。结果在患儿治疗后,研究组的IL-6水平、C反应蛋白低于对照组,IL-10水平高于对照组,(P0.05);治疗后,研究组的细菌检出率低于对照组,(P0.05);研究组肺部啰音消失时间、体温恢复正常时间、咳嗽消失时间少于对照组,住院天数少于对照组,(P0.05)。结论β-内酰胺类联合大环内酯类抗菌药物的治疗方法可以有效提高重症儿童社区获得性肺炎的治疗效果。     

降钙素原在肺结核与肺炎鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)对肺结核与细菌性肺炎的鉴别诊断价值。方法应用酶联免疫荧光法对48例活动性肺结核、64例细菌性肺炎患者行血PCT、白细胞(WBC)及C反应蛋白(CRP)检测,对结果进行比较,评价这些指标对上述两种疾病的鉴别诊断价值。结果肺炎组血清PCT、WBC及CRP均明显高于结核组(P0.01),受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)分别为0.953、0.868、0.775,取最佳切点时鉴别这两种疾病的灵敏度分别为0.938、0.781、0.750,特异度分别为0.875、0.875、0.729。结论血清PCT是鉴别细菌性肺炎和肺结核的有效指标,且优于WBC和CRP。     

肺炎误诊肺结核201例原因分析并文献复习

目的分析肺炎误诊为肺结核的原因,以期在今后的工作中减少误诊。方法选择201例已确诊为肺炎的患者,用回顾、对比、排除等方法分析其临床症状、检验、X线胸片等的变化,以达到确诊目的。结果 X线病变位于双上肺野的肺炎,易导致误诊;但经抗炎治疗1～2周后病变完全吸收,可除外肺结核。结论由于抗生素的广泛大量应用,以及环境、社会等诸多因素的影响,致使有些细菌对抗生素产生了耐药和发生变异,导致病人的症状、体征、X线等发生了同以往不同的变化,是引起误诊的主要原因。     

Pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as tubercular lupus

Pulmonary tuberculosis can be associated with skin manifestations. We report a case in which cutaneous tuberculous lesions were associated with asymptomatic pulmonary tuberculosis. A 15-year old woman had four cutaneous tumoral lesions on her face back, a few of which had evolved over a period of several years. They were asymptomatic nodular lesions, with rounded bumps, with, in places, cheloidal features. The biopsy specimen revealed non-caseating epithelioid granulomas with giant cells and the culture grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cavitating pulmonary tuberculosis was then revealed by CT scan and acid-fast bacilli were isolated in her sputum. The skin lesions disappeared with anti-tuberculosis therapy. Cutaneous manifestations of tuberculosis are rare, polymorphous, and can be associated with an underlying visceral infection. Lupus vulgaris is the most common cutaneous manifestation of tuberculosis in industrialised countries, but nevertheless it remains rare and it is a very unusual presenting feature of underlying pulmonary tuberculosis.     

降钙素原对社区获得性肺炎死亡率及病情评估的价值

目的探索降钙素原(PCT)对社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者的死亡率和病情评估的价值。方法前瞻性研究在急诊科通过症状和X线检查诊断为CAP的114例患者,收集患者的一般临床资料及炎症标志物。采用肺炎严重性指数(PSI)、CURB65评分评估CAP患者的疾病严重性,分析血沉(ESR)、白细胞计数、高敏C反应蛋白(Hs-CRP)及PCT预测CAP患者死亡率和疾病严重性的价值。结果 114例患者中14例高危患者28天内死亡。死亡组较存活组PCT和Hs-CRP水平显著增高(2.96±1.54比0.38±0.24 ng/m L,P0.05)(194.61±72.80比101.26±65.98 mg/L),依据PSI和CURB65评分系统对疾病严重性的评估结果,病情严重患者PCT水平显著升高。逻辑回归分析表明,PCT水平预测CAP死亡率ROC曲线下面积为0.81,PCT水平结合PSI和CURB65评分来预测CAP患者的疾病严重性,ROC曲线下面积显著增加。结论 PCT水平能很好预测急诊CAP患者的死亡率和病情的严重性,PCT水平结合PSI和CURB65评分,更有利于评估预后和病情严重性。     

Endobronchial echinococcosis presenting as non-resolving pneumonia

Hydatid disease of the lungs is caused by larval cysts of the Echinococcus tapeworm. Pulmonary cysts may occasionally invade bronchi or pleura as a result of coughing, trauma, or elevated intra-abdominal pressure. We present the case of a patient evaluated for non-resolving pneumonia whose radiographic and bronchoscopic findings were strikingly similar to those seen in pulmonary tuberculosis with endobronchial invasion; he was ultimately diagnosed with pulmonary echinococcosis. This case underscores the importance of considering unusual diagnoses even when typical features of more common conditions are present.     

Endobronchial fibrosarcoma presenting as recurrent left-sided pneumonia

We report a 6-year old girl with recurrent and non-resolving left-sided "pneumonia" over a 3-year period who was diagnosed with an endobronchial low-grade fibrosarcoma. This highlights the importance of considering underlying localized airway obstruction in any case of clinically or radiologically atypical pneumonia in a child and therefore the need for careful follow-up of all but the most typical cases.