COPD病人的MR肺功能成像进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是以气道受阻及肺实质破坏导致的气流不可逆性受限为特征的疾病。掌握COPD病人局部肺组织的通气和灌注异常及其与肺结构的关系,是理解其病理生理改变的关键。目前,CT薄层容积扫描是首选的无创性评估方法,但其仅能反映形态学的变化。随着MR功能成像的发展,其在肺实质成像中应用已取得重要进展。就MRI肺灌注及通气成像在COPD病人的应用进展作一综述。     

COPD 病人的MR 肺功能成像进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是以气道受阻及肺实质破坏导致的气流不可逆性受限为特征的疾病.掌握COPD 病人局部肺组织的通气和灌注异常及其与肺结构的关系,是理解其病理生理改变的关键.目前,CT 薄层容积扫描是首选的无创性评估方法,但其仅能反映形态学的变化.随着MR 功能成像的发展,其在肺实质成像中应用已取得重要进展.就MRI 肺灌注及通气成像在COPD 病人的应用进展作一综述.     

定量CT评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病的研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的病理改变主要包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。定量CT（QCT）能够直接观察和量化肺实质的细微变化,有助于推测COPD的病理生理过程,对COPD的诊断和疗效评价具有重要价值。就QCT在评估肺气肿、气道病变、血管损伤及COPD表型上的应用研究进展予以综述。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的CT研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿,具有气流受限特征的疾病,呈进行性进展.概述COPD的病理学基础,并从中央气道病变、外周气道病变、肺实质病变及肺血管改变等方面介绍COPD的CT检查技术进展和表现.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的CT研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病穴COPD雪是一种包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿,具有气流受限特征的疾病,呈进行性进展。概述COPD的病理学基础,并从中央气道病变、外周气道病变、肺实质病变及肺血管改变等方面介绍COPD的CT检查技术进展和表现。     

兔急性肺栓塞双源CT双能量肺灌注成像的动态变化及与病理对照

目的：动态观察家兔急性肺栓塞双源CT双能量肺灌注成像表现及其病理学基础,评价双源CT双能量肺灌注成像诊断家兔急性肺栓塞的价值。方法：经股静脉入路注入明胶海绵制作24只家兔急性肺栓塞模型,随机分成4组（即2h组、1天组、3天组和7天组）,每组6只。家兔栓塞前及栓塞后2h、1天、3天和7天行双源CT平扫和双能量扫描。采用双能量软件（LungPBV）进行数据分析处理,分别得到CT解剖图像（CTPA）、双能量肺灌注图像（DEPI）及两者融合图像。以肺叶为单位,分析栓塞前及栓塞后各时间点的肺灌注影像表现,并记录栓塞后肺内灌注异常的肺叶数目;进行家兔肺大体解剖和镜下观察,记录肺栓塞部位及病理表现。以病理为金标准,计算DEPI、CTPA及融合图像诊断肺栓塞的准确性。结果：栓塞前家兔双能量肺灌注图像表现为大致均匀的黄红色伪彩。栓塞后2h组肺灌注图像显示栓塞区呈蓝色;1天组及3天组栓塞区呈蓝黑色;7天组栓塞区呈黑色。DEPI和CTPA诊断肺栓塞的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值（PPV）和阴性预测值（NPV）分别为100％、95％、95％和100％以及98％、100％、100％和99％;2项指标与病理结果吻合度强（Kappa值-0．933）,融合图像与DEPI一致性好。结论：采用双源CT双能量肺灌注成像技术可观察肺栓塞后肺实质动态灌注变化,并与病理结果有很高的一致性。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病：通过胸部CT纹理分析和机器学习预测肺通气状况

正局部的气流受限和通气异质性在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)中较常见。常规平扫CT可对气道及肺实质进行测量,但无法直接评估肺功能。目的建立一种CT纹理分析和机     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺通气功能与CT肺气肿指数的研究

通过双源CT与肺功能检查(PFT)数据对照分析,探讨CT肺气肿指数对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能评价的应用价值。方法收集108例COPD患者为研究对象,31例为对照组。进行PFT检查,根据结果将COPD患者严重程度分组,同时进行双源CT肺部扫描,运用肺功能分析软件测定肺气肿指数(LAV%,即肺低衰减区占肺总容积的百分比),分析LAV%与PFT的相关性。结果 COPD患者的LAV%对照组(P0.05),COPD患者不同严重程度组别LAV%差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 LAV%对于评价COPD患者的肺功能有重要意义,患者LAV%与COPD严重程度呈正相关。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的病理基础与HRCT的对比研究

目的:通过HRCT的表现来揭示慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的病理进程,为临床及早干预及选择治疗方案提供依据。方法:分析96例临床确诊的COPD病例的HRCT表现与56例无COPD病史的外伤病例作对照,从中央气道病变,外周气道病变,肺实质病变及肺血管病变等四方面来评估COPD的病理学改变。结果:COPD的中央气道T,T/D,Ai,WA%及TI等指标与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01),外周气道的显示率,肺气肿及“马赛克灌注”的发生率均较对照组高,经统计学检验,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:HRCT可以从影像学角度反映COPD的病理改变,结合肺功能检查,可更准确地揭示COPD的病程发展,从而为临床选择治疗方案提供客观依据。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病影像组学研究进展

影像组学在探究慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的发生、发展规律,拓展其评估方法以及提高对COPD病人异质性的分析及其肺功能,恶性事件发生和治疗疗效的预测能力等方面取得了一定进展,从而为COPD病人选择个性化治疗方案奠定了基础。就COPD的早期发现,肺气肿的识别、分类及评估,以及气道和心血管改变及肺部通气情况评估和COPD预测模型及其表型开发的影像组学研究进展予以综述,并阐述其局限性及未来的研究方向。     

Functional imaging of COPD by CT and MRI

This commentary reviews the contribution of imaging by CT and MRI to functional assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). CT can help individualize the assessment of COPD by quantifying emphysema, air trapping and airway wall thickening, potentially leading to more specific treatments for these distinct components of COPD. Longitudinal changes in these metrics can help assess progression or improvement. On hyperpolarized gas MRI, the apparent diffusion coefficient of provides an index of airspace enlargement reflecting emphysema. Perfusion imaging and measurement of pulmonary vascular volume on non-contrast CT provide insight into the contribution of pulmonary vascular disease to pulmonary impairment. Functional imaging is particularly valuable in detecting early lung dysfunction in subjects with inhalational exposures.     

Capability of differentiating smokers with normal pulmonary function from COPD patients: a comparison of CT pulmonary volume analysis and MR perfusion imaging

Objective

To compare CT volume analysis with MR perfusion imaging in differentiating smokers with normal pulmonary function (controls) from COPD patients.

Methods

Sixty-two COPD patients and 17 controls were included. The total lung volume (TLV), total emphysema volume (TEV) and emphysema index (EI) were quantified by CT. MR perfusion evaluated positive enhancement integral (PEI), maximum slope of increase (MSI), maximum slope of decrease (MSD), signal enhancement ratio (SER) and signal intensity ratio (R_SI) of perfusion defects to normal lung.

Results

There were 19 class I, 17 class II, 14 class III and 12 class IV COPD patients. No differences were observed in TLV, TEV and EI between control and class I COPD. The control was different from class II, III and IV COPD in TEV and EI. The control was different from each class of COPD in R_SI, MSI, PEI and MSD. Differences were found in R_SI between class I and III, I and IV, and II and IV COPD. Amongst controls, MR detected perfusion defects more frequently than CT detected emphysema.

Conclusions

Compared with CT, MR perfusion imaging shows higher potential to distinguish controls from mild COPD and appears more sensitive in identifying abnormalities amongst smokers with normal pulmonary function (controls).

Key Points

? Detailed information is needed to diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ? High-resolution CT provides detailed anatomical and quantitative information. ? Magnetic resonance imaging is demonstrating increasing potential in pulmonary function imaging. ? MR perfusion can distinguish mild COPD patients from controls. ? MRI appears more sensitive than CT in identifying early abnormalities amongst controls.     

Morphological and functional imaging in COPD with CT and MRI: present and future

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. COPD is defined by irreversible airflow obstruction. It is a heterogeneous disease affecting the airways (i.e. chronic bronchitis, airway collapse), the parenchyma (i.e. hyperinflation, air trapping and emphysematous destruction) as well as the vasculature (i.e. hypoxic vasoconstriction, rarefication and pulmonary arterial hypertension) with different severity during the course of the disease. These different aspects of COPD can be best addressed by imaging using a combination of morphological and functional techniques. Three-dimensional high-resolution computed tomography (3D-HRCT) is the technique of choice for morphological imaging of the lung parenchyma and airways. This morphological information is to be accomplished by functional information about perfusion, regional lung mechanics, and ventilation mainly provided by MRI. The comprehensive diagnostic possibilities of CT complemented by MRI will allow for a more sensitive detection, phenotype-driven characterization and dedicated therapy monitoring of COPD as presented in this review.     

低剂量对比剂双能量肺灌注成像评估肺动脉内血栓与灌注缺损间的关系

目的:应用双源CT低剂量对比剂双能量肺灌注成像评估急性肺动脉栓塞患者血管内血栓与肺灌注缺损间的关系,以提高对肺动脉栓塞诊断的准确性。方法:随机选择无肺动脉栓塞患者的低剂量与常规剂量双能量肺灌注成像各15例,对比分析其图像质量;收集20例疑肺动脉栓塞患者行低剂量双能量肺灌注成像;同时获得肺动脉CTA及肺灌注图像。分析肺动脉内有无血栓,以及血栓的部位、数量及形态特征。用双能量肺灌注分析软件判断有无灌注缺损及缺损的部位、形态及范围。对比分析并统计肺动脉内血栓与肺灌注缺损间的关系。结果:肺动脉栓塞患者的低剂量与常规剂量双能量肺灌注成像质量无明显差异(P>0.05)。20例疑似病例中,15例诊断为肺动脉栓塞,其中13例患者肺灌注图像中出现102个肺叶、肺段、或亚段灌注缺损,4例共6个灌注缺损CTA无明确血栓;11例肺动脉CTA显示43个血栓,其中9例血栓与灌注缺损同时存在,2例CTA共5个血栓肺内无灌注缺损。75个灌注缺损与栓塞肺动脉供血范围一致,21个灌注缺损(8段、13亚段)与肺动脉供血范围无关。结论:综合分析双源CT低剂量双能量肺灌注图与CTPA,可以提高肺动脉栓塞诊断的准确性。     

低剂量与常规剂量对比剂双能量肺灌注图像质量对比分析

目的:探讨对比剂剂量对双源CT双能量肺灌注成像质量的影响.方法:疑肺动脉栓塞患者行双源CT双能量肺灌注扫描,30例使用低剂量(0.7ml/kg)对比剂,30例使用常规剂量对比剂(1.5ml/kg),注射速率均为4.5ml/s.扫描后同时获得肺动脉CTA及肺灌注图像.测量左、右叶肺动脉干及各肺叶动脉增强后的CT值,对比分析两组间增强后的CT值.判断肺灌注图像质量并分级,比较两组的肺灌注图像质量差异.结果:低剂量组与常规剂量组左、右叶肺动脉干及各肺叶动脉增强后的CT值无明显差异(P＞0.05).肺段及亚段肺动脉图像清晰显示.低剂量组肺灌注图像大部分信号均匀(26/30),常规剂量组肺灌注图像大部分信号均匀(24/30).常规剂量组上腔静脉、右心房高密度对比剂所致灌注伪影明显多于低剂量组(48:10).结论:低剂量与常规剂量双能量肺灌注成像的肺动脉图像质量无明显差异,降低对比剂剂量可以减少双能量肺灌注图像的伪影.     

双源CT双能量肺灌注成像的初步观察

目的 评价双源CT双能量扫描肺灌注成像的临床应用价值.方法 选择2007年5月至8月临床怀疑肺部疾病的连续54例患者行肺部增强双能量扫描,按照肺部不同病变分为4组:正常组、渗出性病变组、肿块性病变组和肺栓塞组.分析不同组别之间双能量CT灌注成像的表现.结果 正常组14例,肺部双能量灌注成像表现双侧肺部灌注对称,未见明显差异.渗出性病变组10例,表现为局部灌注量降低;肿块性病变组27例,因为发生位置不同肺部灌注成像表现各异,外周性肿块表现为局部肿块区域的灌注缺损,而中央型肿块因为累及肺门血管而表现为肺段性灌注降低区或缺损区.肺栓塞组3例,表现为肺栓塞区域的灌注缺损或稀疏.结论 利用双源CT双能量扫描可以观察肺的灌注状态,尤其有利于评价中央型肺癌和肺栓塞患者肺灌注的异常.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病各中医证型的CT肺功能评估及临床肺功能检查参数分析

目的:对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者行CT肺功能评估,探究其与肺功能检查的相关性,并分析比较COPD各中医证型的肺功能参数与CT肺功能评估结果,为COPD中医辨证提供参考依据。方法:根据COPD中医诊断标准对其进行分型,完成肺功能、CT检查,并对CT图像进行三维重建,计算肺气肿指数(LAA%)。结果:痰浊壅肺证、痰热蕴肺证、痰瘀阻肺证、肺肾气虚证之间第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(FEV1占预计值%)及第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量的百分比(FEV1/FVC%)比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),FEV1占预计值%、FEV1/FVC%由痰浊壅肺证→痰热蕴肺证→痰瘀阻肺证→肺肾气虚证逐渐变小;LAA%由痰浊壅肺证→痰热蕴肺证→痰瘀阻肺证→肺肾气虚证逐渐增大。LAA%与FEV1占预计值%呈负相关(r=-0.775,P=0.001);LAA%与FEV1/FVC%呈负相关(r=-0.458,P=0.001)。结论:CT肺功能评估与临床肺功能检查之间呈负相关,随着肺通气功能的降低,COPD患者的LAA%随之升高,说明CT评估肺功能是可行的。COPD各中医证型之间LAA%、肺功能参数存在差异,可为COPD辨证分型提供一定的参考价值。     

64层螺旋CT肺容积成像在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的诊断价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT肺容积扫描诊断慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的临床价值.资料与方法 COPD组87例,对照组29例,进行64层螺旋CT肺容积扫描和常规肺功能检查,两次检查时间间隔小于30d,研究CT肺容积参数与肺功能实验室指标之间的相关性,并采用ROC曲线分析CT肺容积参数对COPD诊断和分级的临床价值.结果 CT容积扫描获取的肺气肿容积比例与肺功能分级、RV(实际/预计％)、TLC(实际/预计％)、RV/TLC(％)、FEV1(实际/预测％)和FEV1/VC MAX(％)之间均存在显著相关(r分别为0.560,0.309,0.246,0.280,-0.522,-0.599,P均＜0.01):ROC曲线分析结果显示,全肺肺气肿容积比例、右肺肺气肿容积比例和左肺肺气肿容积比例诊断COPD的曲线下面积分别为0.863、0.822和0.917(P均＜0.01),差异有统计学意义.结论 CT测量的肺气肿容积与肺总容积之比和肺功能分级相关,对诊断COPD有预测意义.     

Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the lung: characterization of pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A feasibility study

Perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a promising new method for detection of perfusion defects in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. In the present study we evaluated the first-pass characteristics of perfusion MR imaging in patients with pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), frequent differential diagnoses to pulmonary embolism. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images of 12 patients with acute pneumonia and 13 patients with exacerbation of COPD were acquired in both the coronal and transaxial planes (an inversion recovery prepared gradient-echo sequence using 0.05 mmol/kg gadodiamide/injection). The MR images and the signal intensity (SI) versus time curves were characterized for each disease entity and compared with normal lung and the findings in pulmonary embolism from our previous study. The perfusion MR images of pneumonia showed distinct regions of increased contrast enhancement; in COPD with signs of emphysema (11 of the 13 COPD patients), the images showed a coarse pattern of reduced contrast enhancement. The SI versus time curves of pneumonia, COPD with signs of emphysema, and normal lung were statistically different, the respective pooled SI values (+/-95% CI) being as follows: mean baseline SI, 20.7 (1.1), 7.4 (0.4), and 8.5 (0.3); mean peak SI, no peak, 12.9 (1.5), and 27 (4.6); and mean max change of SI in percent, 110 (27), 79 (22), and 205 (52). Perfusion MR imaging of pneumonia and COPD with signs of emphysema showed first-pass that were characteristics promising for diagnostic use. Both the MR images and the SI versus time curves were different from the perfusion characteristics in normal lung and pulmonary embolism shown previously.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道病变的64层MSCT与肺功能的相关性研究

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）气道病变的影像学改变与常规肺功能检查（PFT）的相关性。方法：选取COPD患者（男29例,女10例）及正常对照组（男34例,女11例）进行高分辨率CT（HRCT）和常规肺功能检查。CT扫描分别于深吸气末和深呼气末进行。观察COPD小气道异常的主要HRCT征象：马赛克灌注、呼气末空气潴留征、小叶中心型肺气肿、支气管扩张、支气管壁增厚。分析气道异常与PFT检查参数值的相关性。结果：①HRCT所见COPD与对照组的气道异常的发生率有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;②COPD患者HRCT显示小气道异常与PFT检查结果有相关性,主要表现为：支气管壁增厚、马赛克灌注、呼气末空气潴留征与残气容积/肺总量（RV/TLC）和最大呼气流率（MEF）相关（P值均〈0.05）,支气管扩张与一秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、残气容积/肺总量（RV/TLC）相关（P〈0.05）,小叶中心型肺气肿与残气容积相关（P〈0.05）。结论：64层螺旋CT获取HRCT可用于COPD气道病变的诊断,HRCT显示COPD的气道异常征象与PFT指标相关。