应用遥感资料预测疟疾流行趋势的可行性研究

目的 探索应用遥感资料预测疟疾流行趋势的可能性。方法 分别收集全国气象站和江苏省疟疾监测点的气象资料和疟疾发病率资料，建成数据库。在ERDAS Imagine8.x软件平台上复合1995年12个月的NOAA－AVHRR 卫星资料获ADVI复合图，并分别提取全国气象站和江苏省疟疾监测点的NDVI值，进行相关分析和疟疾流行区域预测分析。结果 NDVI值与降雨量和相对湿度呈正相关关系，R^2分别为0．3018和0．2565，并发现江苏省疟疾流行区的NDVI值均＞140，以该值为基础提取出卫星遥感资料NDVI值＞140的区域，得出了全国疟疾流行范围预测地图。结论 为应用NOAA－AVHRR卫星遥感资料的NDVI值预测疟疾流行奠定了理论基础，应用卫星遥感资料分析技术预测疟疾分布与流行趋势是可行的。     

应用遥感资料预测疟疾流行趋势的可行性研究

目的　探索应用遥感资料预测疟疾流行趋势的可能性。　方法　分别收集全国气象站和江苏省疟疾监测点的气象资料和疟疾发病率资料 ,建成数据库。在 ERDAS Imagine8.x软件平台上复合 1995年 12个月的 NOAA- AVHRR卫星资料获 NDVI复合图 ,并分别提取全国气象站和江苏省疟疾监测点的 NDVI值 ,进行相关分析和疟疾流行区域预测分析。　结果　 NDVI值与降雨量和相对湿度呈正相关关系 ,R2分别为 0 .30 18和 0 .2 5 6 5 ,并发现江苏省疟疾流行区的NDVI值均 >14 0 ,以该值为基础提取出卫星遥感资料 NDVI值 >14 0的区域 ,得出了全国疟疾流行范围预测地图。　结论　为应用 NOAA- AVHRR卫星遥感资料的 NDVI值预测疟疾流行奠定了理论基础 ,应用卫星遥感资料分析技术预测疟疾分布与流行趋势是可行的。     

浙江省疟疾防治历程与现状

建国40年来浙江省疟疾由50年代的年均发病率76.65，降到80年代的年均0．918。其间在1954、1962和1973年出现3次暴发流行，1962年为建国以来我省最严重的1次流行，发病88万余人，年发病率高达330。1988年以后全省各县（市、区）疟疾发病率均在1以下。1992年发病172例，发病率为0．04，本地病例仅占10．8％，输入病例占89．2％；无疟县38个，占全省原疟疾流行县的43．7％。1993年9月经卫生部的抽查复核，达到了全省基本消灭疟疾标准。     

云南省疟疾流行状况的评估

云南省疟疾流行状况的评估车立刚云南省疟疾防治研究所（思茅６６５０００）云南自古以“瘴疠”之区闻名于世。疟疾年发病率１９５４年为２３４．０１，１９９４年下降到４．３，年死亡人数也由１１０２例减少到３０例，并有１２个县市无疟疾病例报告，６０个县市年发病率...     

应用ETM+遥感图像监测山区钉螺分布

目的　分析ETM 遥感卫星图像中植被指数与山区钉螺分布之间的关系 ,为进一步建立钉螺分布的遥感预测模型提供理论依据。　方法　现场测量江宁县 2 0 0 0年各钉螺孳生地经纬度 ,在ERDAS 8.5软件支持下将ETM 卫星图像中的 3、4波段合成为江宁县植被指数图层 ,利用ArcView8.0软件制作钉螺分布Vector图层 ,提取各钉螺孳生地植被指数 ;用相关性分析法和多元逐步回归分析法研究图层中植被指数与钉螺分布间的关系。　结果　山区各钉螺孳生地活螺框出现率与该钉螺孳生地缓冲区内最小NDVI值及平均NDVI值呈正相关 (r分别为 0 .3 5 6、0 .3 44,P <0 .0 5 ) ;钉螺密度与各钉螺孳生地缓冲区内最大、最小及平均NDVI值呈正相关 (r分别为 0 .418、0 .43 3、0 .44 8,P <0 .0 1)。回归分析结果显示 ,山区各钉螺孳生地活螺框出现率与平均NDVI(Nmean)有关 [Y1=160 .62Nmean(R2 =0 .67,P <0 .0 1) ] ;山区钉螺密度与平均NDVI值有关 [Y2 =9.65Nmean(R2 =0 .5 3 ,P <0 .0 1) ]。　结论　ETM 遥感卫星图像可以监测山区钉螺的分布。     

彭山县近年10例输入性疟疾防治

疟疾在彭山县历史上发病较多，流行面广，曾有几次大的暴发流行，给彭山县的社会经济发展和人民群众身体健康造成较大的危害。据疫情资料统计，从1951年至今共发病43808例，死亡10例(均在1964年前)，年最高发病率为1964年的306．88／万，年均发病率为32．23／万，无恶性疟疾。从1993—2004年发病率一直控制在1／万以下，进入20世纪90年代中后期，无本地疟疾。     

2000～2003年杭州市疟疾疫情分析

杭州市位于浙江省北部，辖8区5县，总面积16596km^2，属亚热带季风气候，2003年总人口635万。问日疟为本地主要的疟疾流行虫种，中华按蚊是唯一传播媒介。20世纪50～70年代，全市曾发生过4次疟疾流行高峰，发病率高达1747．82／10万。此后发病率逐年下降，1986年降至1／10万以下，1989年经省卫生厅考核达到基本消灭疟疾标准。基本消灭疟疾后的1990～1999年，杭州市疟疾年平均发病率为0．19／10万，其中以1995年发病率最高(0．39／10万)，1998年发病率最低(0108／10万)。2003年疟疾发病率上升，是上一年的2倍。为了解全市近年来疟疾流行态势，并为进一步防治提供依据，将2000～2003年疟疾疫情分析如下。     

福建省疟疾流行态势与防治对策

福建届亚热带湿润季风气候，气候温和，雨量充沛，适宜于各种蚊媒的学生和疟疾的传播。历史上曾是有名的“瘴病之乡”。建国后，经过30多年的积极防治，取得了较好的抗疟成果，自1986年以来，疟疾发病率已连续8年控制在1／万以下。但随着改革开放的深入和经济建设的发展，影响福建疟疾流行的社会、经济因素也发生了变化，有必要根据当前疟疾流行的态势，提出相应的防治对策，以期进一步巩固抗疟成果。1流行态势1986年以来，福建省疟疾发病呈波浪式下降，年发病率从1986年的0．6／万（1629例）降至1993年的0．2／万（500例），年均下降率15．…     

贵州龙里县灭疟后期不同方法处理病灶点效果观察

龙里县辖14个乡（镇）、910个自然寨、人口18．5万。50年代疟疾年均发病牢126．98／万。任长期防治疫情役生了很大变化，80年代以来成为以中华按蚁为唯一媒介的间日疟流行区，年均带虫发病率稳定在0．1％。以下，达到基本消灭疟疾标准。为了探索灭疟后彻病灶点的处理方法，我们于1980年以来先后采用三种不同的方法进行病灶点处理，均收到满意效果，现报道如下。1材料与方法1．1凡出现疟原由阳性病人的自邻村寨街道或单位列为病灶点进行流行病学调查，查明发病原因，判定病灶点的性质、流行程度和范围。经处理后二年内无新病例发生视为无继发…     

洪涝灾害遥感资料用于疟疾和流行性乙型脑炎疫情分析

目的　借助遥感资料研究洪涝灾害中疟疾、流行性乙型脑炎的流行规律。　方法　采用描述性分析方法对1998年江西省洪涝灾害遥感淹没面积资料进行分析 ,依据确定的灾区县界定分级标准对江西省洪涝灾区进行分类 ,以1998年的发病率比较前五年发病率中位数值、1997年的发病率和1999年的发病率升降幅度为指标对洪涝灾害疟疾、流行性乙型脑炎疫情进行分析。　结果　遥感淹没面积呈正偏态分布(t检验与W检验P<0.05),取遥感淹没面积中位数值并参照现场流调结果确定灾区县界定分级标准:遥感淹没面积大于等于10万亩的灾区县属一类灾区;小于10万亩的灾区县属二类灾区;遥感资料未显示淹没面积的上报灾区县属三类灾区;其余县属于非灾区。1998年江西省疟疾疫情处于历史一般水平;与 1997年比较,一类、二类、三类灾区疟疾发病率分别上升111.61%、97.50 %、43.63% ,疟疾发病率上升幅度与遥感淹没面积呈正相关(Rs=0.893 ,P<0.05);1998年非灾区流行性乙型脑炎发病率较1997年上升252.03%。1999年非灾区疟疾发病率较1998年上升83.39%;1999年各类灾区流行性乙型脑炎发病率均较1998年上升。　结论　借助遥感淹没资料可以实现疟疾、流行性乙型脑炎疫情的分级分析。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.