活犀角与犀角抗炎作用的比较研究

摘 要 目的：比较活犀角与犀角的抗炎作用有无显著差异,为活犀角替代犀角提供实验依据。 方法: 通过大鼠足跖肿胀法和小鼠棉球肉芽肿法、耳廓肿胀法、腹腔染料通透法研究活犀角和犀角的抗炎作用。 结果: 与模型对照组比较,活犀角的高（440 mg·kg^-1）、中（220 mg·kg^-1）剂量组和犀角3个剂量组各时间点的足跖肿胀度差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;活犀角和犀角的高（700 mg·kg^-1）、中（350 mg·kg^-1）剂量组能显著降低小鼠棉球肉芽肿的重量（P＜0.05）;活犀角和犀角3个剂量组（700,350,175 mg·kg^-1）均能明显降低二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓肿胀（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;犀角中（350 mg·kg^-1）剂量组,活犀角高（700 mg·kg^-1）、中（350 mg·kg^-1）剂量组的腹腔清洗液中伊文思兰的吸光度值显著降低（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。活犀角与犀角相同剂量组间抗炎作用比较无显著差异。 结论: 活犀角与犀角均具有一定抗炎作用,本研究为活犀角在抗炎作用方面作为犀角的替代品进行使用提供了实验依据。     

黄芪、灯盏花素复方制剂对阿尔茨海默病大鼠记忆能力及血、脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化脂质和乳酸脱氢酶的影响

摘 要 目的：探讨黄芪、灯盏花素复方制剂（HDs）对阿尔茨海默病（AD）大鼠红细胞、脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化脂质丙二醛（MDA）以及乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的影响。方法: 随机将50只大鼠分为正常对照组、脑复康阳性对照组（0.15 g·kg^-1·d^-1,灌胃）、模型组以及HDs低剂量（HDs1,1.5 ml·kg^-1·d^-1,腹腔注射）、HDs高剂量组（HDs 2,3.0 ml·kg^-1·d^-1,腹腔注射）,以三氯化铝（5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,灌胃）和D 半乳糖（40 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,腹腔注射）建立AD大鼠动物模型。90 d后,测定各组大鼠的近期学习记忆能力,检测各组大鼠红细胞、脑组织SOD、MDA以及LDH水平。结果: 与AD模型组比较,HDs各剂量组大鼠学习记忆能力明显提高,红细胞及脑组织中SOD、LDH的活性明显升高,MDA含量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(Ｐ<0.05或Ｐ<0.01);但尚未恢复至正常水平（Ｐ<0.05或Ｐ<0.01）。HDs2组部分指标明显优于脑复康阳性对照药组和HDs1组(Ｐ<0.05或Ｐ<0.01)。结论:黄芪、灯盏花素复方制剂对AD大鼠的学习记忆障碍有明显的改善,能有效提高AD大鼠红细胞及脑组织SOD、及LDH的活性,降低MDA的浓度。     

耳复康口服液对小鼠微循环障碍的影响

摘 要 目的：观察耳复康口服液对肾上腺素致急性血瘀症小鼠微循环障碍的影响。方法: 将小鼠随机分为模型组,脑得生片组（1.35 g·kg^-1）,高(30 ml·kg^-1)、中(15 ml·kg^-1)、低(7.5 ml·kg^-1)剂量耳复康口服液组,用微循环仪观察正常小鼠给药1 h后毛细血管开放数。尾静脉注射肾上腺素造成耳廓微循环障碍,观察造模后2 min小鼠的毛细血管开放数及血流情况。结果:和模型组相比,高、中、低剂量耳复康口服液对正常小鼠耳廓毛细血管开放数无明显影响(P＞0.05);与模型组相比,高、中剂量耳复康口服液可显著改善肾上腺素致小鼠耳壳微循环障碍模型微循环血流情况(P＜0.05或P<0.01),可明显对抗肾上腺素所致小鼠耳壳微循环障碍模型毛细血管网开放数的减少(P<0.05)。结论:耳复康口服液有改善微循环障碍的作用。     

阿奇霉素与乙酰螺旋霉素交替使用治疗小儿支原体肺炎疗效观察

摘 要 目的： 比较阿奇霉素与乙酰螺旋霉素交替使用及阿奇霉素单用序贯治疗小儿支原体肺炎的疗效。方法: 门诊支原体肺炎患儿84例随机分成A组43例和B组41例。A组先用阿奇霉素（10mg·kg^-1·d^-1ivd qd）静滴7 d,停药4 d后继用阿奇霉素10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 po qd序贯治疗（用3 d停4 d）,连用3周;B组先用阿奇霉素（10mg·kg^-1·d^-1ivd qd）静滴7 d,然后继用乙酰螺旋霉素25～30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1 po, tid,连用2周。对比两组的临床疗效和药品不良反应发生情况。结果: A组与B组总有效率分别为86.0%和100.0%,B组明显高于A组(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:阿奇霉素与乙酰螺旋霉素交替使用治疗小儿支原体肺炎优于阿奇霉素单用序贯治疗。     

三七总皂苷肠溶微丸对高脂血症家兔血液流变学的影响

摘 要 目的：探讨三七总皂苷（PNS）肠溶微丸对家兔血液流变学的影响。方法: 建立空白对照组、模型组、血栓通注射剂（冻干）组（15 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,im）、PNS肠溶微丸高剂量组（45 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,ig）、中剂量组（30 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,ig）、低剂量组（15 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,ig）,予高脂饲料配方灌胃造模;运用血液流变学检测方法测定各组全血黏度、血浆黏度 、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞电泳率5项指标。结果: 模型组血液流变学5项指标明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01),提示动物模型复制成功。与模型组比较, PNS肠溶微丸高、中剂量组均能明显降低全血黏度和血浆黏度（P<0.01或P<0.05）;PNS肠溶微丸低剂量组能显著降低中切黏度及血浆黏度（P<0.05）;PNS肠溶微丸高、中、低剂量组红细胞聚集指数显著降低（P<0.01）;PNS肠溶微丸高、中剂量组红细胞刚性指数显著降低（P<0.01或P<0.05）;PNS肠溶微丸高、中、低剂量有降低红细胞电泳率的趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。PNS肠溶微丸中剂量组降低中切黏度效果优于血栓通注射剂（冻干）组（P<0.05）。结论:PNS肠溶微丸能降低家兔全血黏度、血浆黏度、红细胞聚集指数、红细胞刚性指数、红细胞电泳率等指标,发挥PNS肠溶微丸活血化瘀、抑制血栓形成、增加心脑血管的血液供应的作用。     

小鼠体内五味子乙素抗炎和增强免疫功能研究

摘 要 目的：研究五味子乙素对小鼠的抗炎和免疫作用。方法: 选取SPF级昆明种小鼠,随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组（盐酸地塞米松5 mg·kg^-1,盐酸左旋咪唑30 mg·kg^-1）、五味子乙素低剂量组(100 mg·kg^-1)、中剂量组 (200 mg·kg^-1 )和高剂量组 (400 mg·kg^-1,盐酸左旋咪唑30mg·kg^-1)。采用二甲苯致炎与环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠模型,通过耳肿胀、碳粒廓清和血清血溶素等实验,以肿胀率、肿胀抑制率、碳廓清指数、吞噬指数、半数溶血值、脾指数、胸腺指数等数据为考察指标进行研究。结果:与模型对照组比较,五味子乙素高、中剂量对致炎小鼠的耳肿胀率有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),高剂量组与阳性对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;五味子乙素高剂量与模型对照组比较对免疫功能低下小鼠的廓清指数和吞噬指数有显著增加(P<0.05),且高剂量组廓清指数和吞吐噬指数显著高于低剂量组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,五味子乙素各剂量组与模型对照组相比对免疫功能低下小鼠的半数溶血值有极显著升高(P<0.01);五味子乙素各剂量组与模型对照组比较对免疫功能低下小鼠的脾指数和胸腺指数均有极显著升高(P<0.01),且呈剂量依赖型。结论:五味子乙素具有良好的抗炎和增强免疫功能的作用。     

扁桃酸的镇痛抗炎作用研究

摘 要 目的：观察扁桃酸的镇痛、抗炎作用。方法: 50只昆明种SPF级小鼠随机分为5组：空白对照组（生理盐水,0.1 ml/10 g）、扁桃酸高（300 mg·kg^-1）、中（200 mg·kg^-1）、低（140 mg·kg^-1）剂量组、阿司匹林阳性对照组,ig,qd。采用小鼠扭体法和热板法观察扁桃酸的镇痛作用。采用二甲苯涂耳致小鼠急性耳肿胀观察其抗炎作用。结果: 扁桃酸各剂量组均能使小鼠扭体次数明显减少,痛阈延长,与空白对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。扁桃酸高剂量组的小鼠扭体次数少于阳性对照组,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,扁桃酸中、低剂量组的小鼠扭体次数多于阳性对照组,其中低剂量组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）; 扁桃酸各剂量组用药前后小鼠的痛阈提高率均比阳性对照组高,其中高剂量组用药前后痛阈增加明显,与阳性对照组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。扁桃酸各剂量组对小鼠耳肿胀的影响无显著作用,与空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论: 扁桃酸具有显著的镇痛作用,抗炎作用不明显。     

苦参素胶囊对BALB/c小鼠人肝癌细胞株SMMC 7721体外种植瘤的影响

摘 要 目的：观察苦参素胶囊对BALB/c小鼠人肝癌细胞株SMMC 7721体外种植瘤的影响。方法: 采用体外传代培养人肝癌SMMC 7721细胞株,建立体外种植瘤小鼠肝癌模型。随机分为模型组、氟尿嘧啶（5 Fu）组（25 mg·kg^-1）、苦参素胶囊高剂量组（90 mg·kg^-1）、苦参素胶囊低剂量组（45 mg·kg^-1）,另设空白对照组。每组10只,连续给药14 d后。眼球取血,分离血清,Elisa法测定IL 2水平。摘取瘤株,称量湿质量,计算抑制率;HE染色,观察肿瘤组织的病理改变。结果: 与模型组比较,苦参素胶囊高、低剂量组可显著升高小鼠血清IL 2含量（P<0.01或P<0.05）;抑制体外种植瘤生长（P<0.001或P<0.05）;高剂量组上述作用与5 Fu组相比无明显差异（P>0.05）。HE染色可见小鼠肿瘤细胞核染色变浅,肿瘤细胞数量减少。结论: 苦参素胶囊对BALB/c小鼠人肝癌细胞株体外种植瘤有一定的抑制作用。     

蔬通消化散剂对小鼠润肠通便作用的实验研究

摘 要 目的：通过实验观察蔬通消化散剂对便秘小鼠的润肠通便作用,为临床研究提供参考依据。方法: 以ICR小鼠为研究对象,采用盐酸洛哌丁胺灌胃诱导小鼠便秘模型。将120只ICR小鼠分成2大组（实验1组和实验2组）,每组60只,每个大组按随机数字法进行分组：正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组（枸橼酸莫沙必利片,2.25×10-3  g·kg^-1）、蔬通消化散剂低（1 g·kg^-1）、中（3 g·kg^-1）、高（9 g·kg^-1）浓度组,每组10只。灌胃给药,1次/d,连续7 d。实验1组进行小鼠排便实验,观察和记录各组小鼠的粪便性状和首次排黑便时间。实验2组进行小鼠小肠运动实验,观察和记录小鼠的小肠墨汁推进率。结果:与模型对照组相比,蔬通消化散剂各浓度组小鼠的体质量差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,首次排黑便时间显著减少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）,小肠推进率均增加,除蔬通消化散剂低浓度组外,其余各组差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。与阳性对照组相比,蔬通消化散剂各浓度组小鼠的体质量和首次排便时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,墨汁推进率均低于阳性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论:蔬通消化散剂具有良好的促进排便和促进肠道蠕动功能。     

中国人群不同剂量阿托伐他汀抗动脉粥样硬化致肝功能异常的系统评价

摘 要 目的:系统评价中国人群使用10mg·d^-1和80mg·d^-1阿托伐他汀抗动脉粥样硬化致肝功能异常的差异。方法：计算机检索PubMed、EMBASE、CENTRAL、ClinicalTrial、CBM、CNKI、VIP、万方等数据库（截止2014年12月）,纳入中国人群不同剂量阿托伐他汀抗动脉粥样硬化的随机对照试验。运用STATA软件和间接治疗比较（Indirect Treatment Comparisons,ITC）软件分别计算10 mg·d^-1与80 mg·d^-1相比引起肝功能异常的直接效应和间接效应,以相对危险度（RR）及95%可信区间（95%CI）表示。结果：共纳入27篇文献,病例数2 507例,治疗时间最长为5年。10 mg·d^-1与80 mg·d^-1直接比较的研究有2个,两剂量相比致肝功能异常的直接效应RR=0.44（95%CI：0.07~2.95）。10 mg·d^-1与20 mg·d^-1,20 mg·d^-1与80 mg·d^-1,10 mg·d^-1与40 mg·d^-1,40 mg·d^-1与80 mg·d^-1直接比较的研究为15,2,9和1个,分别以20 mg·d^-1和40 mg·d^-1为中间桥梁,ITC分析显示10 mg·d^-1与80 mg·d^-1相比引起肝功能异常的间接效应值RR为0.584（95%CI：0.034~9.987）和0.437（95%CI：0.008~22.811）。按治疗时间<6个月和≥6个月进行亚组分析也显示10 mg·d^-1与80 mg·d^-1引起肝功能异常的效应值差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论：基于10 mg·d^-1与80 mg·d^-1相比的直接效应和间接效应结果,中国动脉粥样硬化患者服用10 mg·d^-1或80 mg·d^-1阿托伐他汀后在肝功能异常方面的差异无统计学意义。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.