新疆地区成年体检人群中慢性肾脏病患病率及相关危险因素调查

目的 调查新疆地区成年体检人群慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病情况及相关危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年4月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院体检中心所有年龄大于20周岁的人群体检资料,进行CKD患病率和危险因素调查分析。 结果 在资料完整的10 025例成年体检者中,蛋白尿的患病率为 4.86％（95％CI为4.44％～5.28％）;血尿的患病率为3.13％（95％CI为2.79％～3.47％）;肾小球滤过率下降的患病率为2.66％（95％CI为2.34％～2.98％）。该人群总CKD患病率为9.60％（95％CI为9.02％～10.18％）。多因素Logistic回归分析提示男性、高收缩压、肥胖、糖代谢异常、高三酰甘油血症与蛋白尿独立相关;女性、民族、高收缩压与血尿独立相关;性别、年龄增加10岁、肥胖、高脂血症、高尿酸血症与肾功能下降独立相关;与CKD总体独立相关的因素是性别、年龄增加10岁、高收缩压、糖代谢异常、高脂血症和高尿酸血症。 结论 新疆地区成年体检人群CKD的患病率为9.60％,提示健康体检人群CKD的患病率也很高,应引起重视。新疆地区CKD的疾病谱与国内及国外研究类似。     

福州市成年体检人群慢性肾脏病患病率及危险因素的调查

目的 调查福州市成年体检人群慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）的患病情况及相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析福建医科大学附属第一医院体检中心的所有年龄大于20岁的人群体检资料,进行CKD患病率和危险因素调查.结果 在资料完整的6 927例成年体检者中,蛋白尿患病率为2.67％[95％置信区间（confidence interval,CI）为2.28％～3.06％];血尿患病率为12.11％（95％ CI为11.35％～12.87％）;估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）下降的患病率为1.30％（95％ CI为1.02％～1.58％）.该人群的CKD患病率为14.81％（95％ CI为13.97％～15.63％）.结论 福州市成人体检人群中,CKD的患病率为14.81％;CKD的相关危险因素包括年龄、女性、糖尿病、高血压和高尿酸血症.     

安徽省成人慢性肾脏病流行病学调查

目的 探讨安徽省成人慢性肾脏病(CKD)患病率及相关危险因素.方法 采用分层多级抽样的方法随机抽取安徽省18岁以上常住居民3800人,进行CKD及相关危险因素的检测和问卷调查.结果 在资料完整的3374名居民中,经人口年龄、性别构成比校正后,白蛋白尿患病率为9.8％(95％CI 8.8％～10.9％);肾功能下降患病率为2.1％(95％CI 1.7％～2.7％).该人群CKD患病率为10.4％(95％CI 9.4％～11.5％);知晓率为6.5％.女性、年龄增加、糖尿病、高血压和高尿酸血症是CKD的独立危险因素,而肥胖、高脂血症、吸烟和饮酒与CKD发病率增高无关.结论 安徽省成人CKD患病率为10.4％,知晓率为6.5％.女性、年龄增加、高血压、糖尿病及高尿酸血症是CKD的独立危险因素.     

成都市城市人群慢性肾脏病流行病学调查

目的 探讨成都市城市人群中慢性肾脏病(CKD)的患病情况和相关危险因素,以及危险人群CKD的患病情况.方法 通过对成都市常住居民中的铁路职工健康体检,进行CKD及相关危险因素的问卷调查(既往史、吸烟、饮酒等)、体格检查(血压、身高和体质量等)和相关血尿指标检测(血糖、血脂、血尿酸、血肌酐、尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值、尿常规等),了解成都市城市人群CKD的患病情况及相关危险因素,以及危险人群CKD的患病情况.结果 在5326例资料完整的人群中,经过人口年龄和性别构成比校正后,白蛋白尿的患病率为11.54％,肾功能下降的患病率为5.54％,血尿的患病率为3.87％.该人群中CKD的患病率为18.32％,知晓率为1.93％.3098例高血压、糖尿病和高血脂人群中,白蛋白尿的患病率分别为23.79％、28.00％、14.08％;肾功能下降的患病率分别为4.76％、4.53％、3.26％;血尿的患病率分别为2.94％、3.20％、2.37％.多因素Logistic回归提示,女性、高血压、糖尿病、高血脂和高体质量指数是白蛋白尿的独立危险因素;女性、年龄、高尿酸和高血压是肾功能下降的独立危险因素,丽饮酒与肾功能下降呈负相关;女性和年龄是血尿的独立危险因素.结论 成都市城市人群中,CKD的患病率较高,知晓率较已报道的城市人群低.相关危险因素包括年龄、女性、糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、高尿酸、高体质量指数等.控制代谢性疾病的发生发展可减少CKD的发生.     

合肥市成年体检人群慢性肾脏病患病率及相关危险因素调查

目的 调查合肥市成年体检人群慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病情况及相关危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2007年12月在安徽省立医院体检中心的所有年龄大于20周岁的人群体检资料,进行慢性肾脏病患病率和危险因素调查。 结果 在资料完整的33 451例成年体检者中,蛋白尿的患病率为2.74%（95% CI为2.57%~2.92%）;血尿的患病率为7.67%（95% CI为7.39%~7.96%）;肾小球滤过率下降的患病率为0.80%（95% CI为0.71%~0.90%）。该人群总CKD患病率为9.92%（95% CI为9.60%~10.25%）。 结论 合肥市体检人群中,CKD的患病率为9.92%;CKD的相关危险因素包括年龄、女性、糖尿病、高血压和高尿酸血症。     

初诊糖尿病患者高同型半胱氨酸血症与慢性肾脏病相关性研究

目的 探讨初诊糖尿病患者高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)患病情况及其与慢性肾脏病(CKD)的相关性.方法 对来本院健康体检的成年人进行横断面研究,收集体检者临床资料包括年龄、性别、吸烟史等,进行人体测量(身高、体重、血压等),空腹8～10 h测定血糖、血脂、血肌酐、血尿酸、糖化血红蛋白等生化指标检测.初诊糖尿病定义为空腹血糖＞ 7.0 mmol/L和或糖化血红蛋白＞6.5％并排除既往诊断糖尿病及服用降糖药物者.HHcy定义为Hcy≥15μmol/L.CKD定义为肾功能下降[估测的肾小球滤过率(eGFR) ＜60 mL·(min·1.73m2)-1]或蛋白尿[尿常规蛋白≥1+].应用多因素logistic回归模型探讨HHcy与CKD的相关性.结果 共有1801例初诊成年糖尿病患者纳入该研究,年龄(61.3±10.1)岁,男性占83.9％,eG-FR(119.2±30.9)(范围36.4～155.9)mL· (min· 1.73m2)-1,HHcy的患病率高达28.0％.肾功能下降、蛋白尿及CKD的患病率分别为2.3％、8.1％及10.0％.其中Hcy最高四分位数组年龄、男性比例、高血压、肾功能下降及CKD患病明显大于其他三组(P＜O.001).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,HHcy与肾功能下降及CKD正相关,测定OR值分别为3.32(95％ CI:1.63～6.78)及1.45(95％ CI:1.01 ～2.08).在771例无高血压的亚组人群中分析,同样显示HHcy与CKD正相关,OR值为2.34(95％ CI:1.18 ～4.61).结论 初诊糖尿病患者HHcy患病率较高,且HHcy与CKD正相关,应在初诊糖尿病患者尤其是合并HHcy患者中加强CKD的筛查.     

广州市城区普通人群中慢性肾脏病的流行病学研究

目的 探讨我国南方城市人群中慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病情况及相关危险因素。方法 在广州市城区采用分层多级随机抽样的方法，抽取天河区和海珠区20岁以上的常住居民2213人，进行慢性肾脏病及相关危险因素的检测和问卷调查。结果 在资料完整的2128名居民中，经过人口年龄、性别构成比校正后，白蛋白尿的患病率为6．2％（95％CI为5．9％～6．4％）；血尿的患病率为6．5％（95％CI为5．3％～7．8％）；肾功能下降的患病率为1．6％（95％CI为1．3％～2．0％）。该人群CKD的患病率为10．1％；知晓率为9．7％。结论 在我国南方的大城市中，人群CKD的患病率为10．1％，知晓率为9．7％。CKD的相关危险因素包括年龄、高血压及糖尿病。     

广西贺州城镇成人慢性肾脏病的流行病学调查

目的 探讨广西贺州城镇成人慢性肾脏病(CKD)的患病情况及危险因素。 方法 在广西中小城市贺州，采用分层整群系统随机抽样的方法，抽取贺州部分城镇1200名18岁以上的常住居民，对其进行问卷调查、检测肾脏损伤指标及相关危险因素。 结果 在资料完整的1069名居民中，白蛋白尿的患病率为7.5％；血尿的患病率为4.8％，肾功能下降的患病率为3．6％。该人群CKD的患病率为14.4％，知晓率为1.4％。二分类Logistic回归分析提示，年龄（OR为1.022，95%CI为1.008～1.035）、性别（OR为2.249，95%CI为1.502～3.367）、高血压（OR为4.397，95%CI为2.601～7.432）及糖尿病（OR为7.422，95%CI为3.985～13.825）与CKD独立相关。 结论 在我国广西中小城市贺州部分城镇中，成人CKD的患病率为14.4％，知晓率为1.4％。CKD的相关危险因素包括年龄、性别、高血压及糖尿病，与发达国家和我国大城市相似。     

北京市石景山地区中老年人群中慢性肾脏病的流行病学研究

目的 探讨我国城市中老年人群中慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病率及危险因素。方法 对北京市石景山地区4个社区中2353名40岁以上的常住居民进行问卷调查、肾脏损伤指标及相关危险因素的检测。结果 在2310例资料完整的居民中．白蛋白尿的患病率为6．2％，肾功能下降的患病率为3．0％，血尿或非感染性白细胞尿的患病率为0．87％。该人群中CKD的患病率为9.4％。知晓率为8．3％。多因素Logistic回归提示．糖尿病及收缩压水平与白蛋白尿独立相关。高尿酸血症、白蛋白尿、年龄、高胆固醇血症及性别与肾功能下降独立相关。结论 在我国大城市中老年人群中，CKD的患病率为9。4％，接近发达国家水平；相关危险因素包括糖尿病、血压及年龄等，均与发达国家类似。     

滁州市成人慢性肾脏疾病流行病学调查

目的探讨我国安徽省滁州市成年人慢性肾脏病（chronickidneydisease,CKD）的患病情况及相关危险因素。方法在安徽省滁州市用分层随机抽样的方法随机抽取滁州市18岁以上常住居民1020人进行CKD及相关危险因素的检测和问卷调查。结果在资料完整的914名居民中,该人群总CKD患病率为9．84％（95％CI7．91％～11．78％）,知晓率为6．30％。经人口年龄、性别构成比校正后,肾小球滤过率下降的患病率为2．52％（95％C11．50％～3．54％）;白蛋白尿的患病率为9．66％（95％CI7．68％～11．58％）。多因素Logistic回归分析提示与CKD总体独立相关的因素是性别、年龄增加10岁、糖代谢异常、高收缩压和高尿酸血症;与肾功能下降独立相关的因素是性别、年龄增加10岁和高尿酸血症。结论滁州地区成年人群CKD的患病率为9．84％,知晓率为6．30％,提示普通成年人群CKD的患病率也很高,应引起重视。滁州地区CKD的疾病谱与国内及国外研究类似。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.