根管治疗术治疗根尖周病的远期疗效观察

目的：观察根管治疗术治疗根尖周病的远期疗效。方法：对急，慢性根尖周病患者行根管治疗术后，随机追踪7－10年，观察其远期疗效。结果：经临床检查及X线片共复查77个牙，107个牙根，痊愈195个牙根，痊愈率为88．79％。年龄在50岁以下者的疗效明显高于50岁以上者（P＜0．005），而性别，牙位，根充程度，尖周有无病变对根管治疗术的远期疗效无明显影响。结论：证明了根管治疗术仍是治疗根尖周病的最理想的治疗方法。     

根管治疗失败原因的临床分析

目的：探讨根管治疗失败的原因。方法：按纳入标准选取206名患者，分析根管治疗失败患牙215颗，根据初次治疗情况、临床检查、术前X线片以及术中对患牙根管系统的探查等判断原治疗失败的原因。结果：失败病例中慢性根尖周炎患牙最多，占67．9％，其次是无根尖暗影、但因欠充要求再治疗的患牙，以及存在冠渗漏的患牙；X线片显示84．2％的患牙欠充，多数后牙根管锥度欠佳；遗漏根管多见于上颌第一磨牙和前磨牙；18．1％的患牙存在台阶、根管偏移等并发症。结论：因预备和充填不当等造成的根管清理不彻底、封闭不严密使根管系统再感染是根管治疗失败的主要原因，遗漏根管、冠部渗漏等也可造成治疗失败。     

RAYPEX?6根测仪在根管治疗中的临床应用分析

目的：评价RAYPEX?6根测仪在根尖定位与根管工作长度测量的准确性。方法：将根管治疗的患牙540颗、1496个根管随机分为两组,分别使用RAYPEX?6根测仪和X线片法进行根尖定位、测量根管工作长度,通过充填后的X线片评估根管充填效果,比较两种方法的差异。结果：使用RAYPEX?6根测仪的根管充填恰充率明显高于使用X线片法的根管充填恰充率（P＜0．05）。结论：RAYPEX?6根测仪能准确地进行根尖定位、测量根管工作长度,操作简便,能提高根管治疗的疗效。     

根管治疗后三年疗效评价及影响因素分析

目的评价根管治疗的疗效及其影响因素。方法回访检查根管治疗后3年患牙的临床状况和根尖周X线片表现,对根管治疗的疗效及可能的影响因素进行分析。结果695颗患牙根管治疗后3年的治愈率为75．1％,有咀嚼功能的占96．0％。单因素分析发现,前牙、活髓牙、术前根尖周组织正常、适充及牙体修复完好的患牙治愈率较高;回归分析表明,无根尖周病变、适充及牙体修复完好的患牙比术前有根尖周病变、欠充及根充物暴露的患牙治愈率分别高2倍、3倍和1．6倍。结论患牙有无根尖周病变、根管充填质量和牙体修复的完好程度均可对根管治疗的疗效产生影响。     

老年人根管治疗疗效相关因素分析

目的 研究老年人根管治疗疗效及其影响因素。方法 对56例65岁以上老年人在根管治疗后2年以上的126颗牙齿进行检查，按治疗年限分三组，2～3年组，4～5年组以及6年以上组，应用根尖周指数(Periapical-index)评定X线片并综合临床检查，对其疗效进行评价。结果 老年人根管治疗成功率为72．2％；三组间根管治疗成功率无显著性差异。恰填根管治疗的成功率(82.2％)比欠填和超填的的成功率(47．2%)要高；恰填病例中，冠方修复体质量好的患牙比质量差的患牙根尖周炎发病率低(25．7％和58.4％)；去除欠填和超填病例后，桩冠修复患牙的根管治疗成功率为58.8％，而未做桩冠修复的患牙成功率为87．5％。结论 根充质量、冠方修复体质量、桩冠修复是影响老年人根管治疗疗效的主要因素。     

根管治疗远期疗效的影响因素

随着牙髓治疗技术的发展，很多学者对影响根管治疗远期疗效的因素进行研究。本文通过回顾近20年来的文献，认为根管治疗前根尖状态、根管尖部充填质量及根管治疗后冠修复情况是影响根管治疗远期疗效的重要因素；根管治疗前的牙髓状态、根管预备方法和充填技术、根管充填材料及根管治疗中出现的问题对远期疗效有一定的影响；而病人的年龄、性别，牙位和治疗次数对远期疗效的影响不大。     

1432例根管治疗的临床疗效分析

目的：评价根管治疗术（RCT）治疗前患牙情况和根管充填情况对疗效的影响。方法：随机抽取完成RCT的1432个患牙为研究对象，分析RCT的治疗质量、2年后临床疗效、治疗前患牙情况和根管充填情况对疗效的影响。结果：1432个患牙，RCT的恰填率为69．34％，欠填率为12．01％，超填率为16．06％；漏填率为2．58％，磨牙前磨牙根管全治率（无遗漏根管）96．52％。患牙2年回访725个，回访率50．63％。2年临床成功687个牙，成功率94．76％。恰填、欠填、超填、漏填的成功率分别为98．72％、78．57％、87．80％、78．57％；牙髓病和根尖周病的成功率分别为恰填98．79％、98．65％，欠填91．18％、70．00％，超填90．32％、86．27％，漏填80．00％、77．78％。结论：前牙根管充填质量最好；2年后恰填成功率最高；当充填有缺陷时，相同缺陷情况下根尖周病组成功率明显低于牙髓炎病组，尤其欠填和漏填对有根尖周病的成功率影响更大。     

两种根管工作长度测量法准确性的临床评价

目的：比较临床常用的X线片指感法与Root ZX测定根管工作长度的准确性。方法：选取临床根管预备后拟作充填的患牙548颗，按就诊顺序分为单、双数两组，分别用X线片指感法和Root ZX电子根管定位仪测定根管工作长度，并依此长度行根管充填、拍X线片，测量根充材料至根尖的距离。结果：Root ZX距根尖1mm内的准确率达94．2％，较X线片指感法（83．8％）高，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论：Root ZX测定根管工作长度准确、简便，建议作为X线片法的辅助工具有临床推广使用。     

iRoot SP用于根管充填的临床疗效观察

目的：观察iRoot SP作为根管充填糊剂的临床疗效，并与AH Plus作为根管充填糊剂的临床效果进行比较。方法：将急、慢性根尖周炎和牙髓坏死患者的219颗患牙，随机分成两组。根管预备后分别使用iRoot SP（实验组）和AH Plus（对照组）作为根管充填糊剂，采用冷侧压充填的方法完成根管充填。根充后即刻拍X线片，评价根管充填效果。术后1周和半年随访观察评估临床疗效。结果：术后即刻根充效果，两种糊剂之间存在统计学差异（P〈0．05），但术后半年根管治疗成功率无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：iRoot SP作为根管充填糊剂，在根管充填术后即刻具有较好的封闭效果，但是其远期疗效还有待进一步观察。     

根管治疗术后三年疗效评价及影响因素分析

目的:评价根管治疗疗效及其影响因素.方法:回访根管治疗后3年临床状况和尖周X线片表现,对根管治疗的疗效及可能的影响因素进行分析.结果:695个患牙根管治疗后3年的治愈率为75.1%,有咀嚼功能占96.0%.单因素分析发现,前牙、活髓牙、术前尖周组织正常、牙体修复完好的患牙治愈率较高;回归分析表明,无尖周病变,适充及牙体修复完好的患牙比术前有尖周病变、欠充及根充物暴露的患牙治愈率分别高2倍、3倍和1.6倍.结论:患牙有无根尖周病变、根管充填质量和牙体修复的完好程度均可对疗效产生影响.     

Technical quality of root canal treatment in Taiwan

AIM: To evaluate the current technical quality of root canal treatment (RCT) in Taiwan. METHODOLOGY: A total of 1085 RCT cases, randomly selected from a large sample and representative of the Taiwanese population from April to September 2000, were evaluated by eight endodontic specialists. The qualitative evaluation of RCT cases was based on two variables: length of the root filling and density of the obturation. A root canal with both adequate filling length (the apical termination of the root filling within 2 mm of the radiographic apex) and complete obturation (no lateral or apical canal lumen visible in the apical one-third of the root canal) was defined as having good-quality endodontic work (GQEW). A tooth was defined as having a GQEW when all its canals were categorized as GQEW. RESULTS: From a total of 1867 root canals, overfilling occurred in 235 (12.6%), adequate filling length in 1152 (61.7%), underfilling in 466 (25.0%) and no filling in 12 (0.6%). Of the 1867 root canals, 710 (38.0%) demonstrated complete obturation and 1157 (62%) demonstrated incomplete obturation. GQEW was found in 650 (34.8%) root canals and 329 (30.3%) teeth. The percentage of teeth with GQEW in hospital cases (38.1%) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that in private clinic cases (24.3%). In addition, the frequency of teeth with GQEW in the anterior teeth (40.4%) or in the premolars (33%) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that in the molars (18.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 70% of the teeth receiving RCT in Taiwan were either of inadequate filling length or sealing density.     

Clinical evaluation of audiometric control root canal treatment: a retrospective case study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the success of endodontic treatment that had been guided by audiometric (electronic) measurement. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The lengths of 66 infected root canals that demonstrated periapical pathosis were accurately measured by the Sono-Explorer before root canal obturation. The results over time intervals of 1 month to 20 years were evaluated on the basis of radiographic examinations. RESULTS: The rate of successful treatment was 90.4% for short-filled root canals, 94.5% for flush-filled root canals, and a low 50.0% for long-filled root canals. The rate of successful endodontic therapy was 87.8% for restorations that did not exceed the apical foramen but reached the apical constriction and 95.3% if cases in which the apical radiolucencies were disappearing were included as successes. If cases of unintentional long-filling (overextension) were excluded, the success rate was as high as 98.4%. CONCLUSION: The poor performance of overfilled root canals indicates that practitioners should not overextend these restorations. Use of the Sono-Explorer aided successful treatment of infected root canals.     

Comparison of cold lateral condensation and a warm multiphase gutta-percha technique for obturating curved root canals

AIM: The aim of this project was to evaluate and compare the radiographic quality and sealability of root fillings in extracted human teeth using lateral condensation of gutta-percha or multiphase gutta-percha obturation (Alphaseal). METHODOLOGY: A total of 108 freshly extracted human, mature single-rooted teeth were divided into two identical groups of 54 teeth on the basis of root canal shape. The canals were prepared to a minimum 0.055 taper and enlarged to size 35 at the apex. All root canals were flushed with 17% EDTA solution and 2.5% NaOCl to remove the dentinal smear layer. The canals of one group were obturated using cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha and the canals of the other group were filled using a warm multiphase gutta-percha obturation technique. The extrusion of sealer and/or gutta-percha through the apex of the teeth was recorded using a simple yes/no scheme. The sealability of each technique was assessed by a dye penetration method. The radiographic quality of obturation was determined for each canal using a four-point scale. RESULTS: Root canals filled by multiphase obturation had significantly more extrusion of sealer (P < 0.001) and gutta-percha (P < 0.001) than canals filled by lateral condensation. Canals filled by multiphase gutta-percha obturation had significantly less apical dye leakage than those obturated by lateral condensation (P < 0.05). Lateral condensation achieved significantly better scores for radiographic quality than multiphase obturation from the bucco-lingual view (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Under laboratory conditions multiphase gutta-percha had better sealability but poorer radiographic quality than lateral condensation.     

Microbial status of apical root canal system of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis after "one-visit" endodontic treatment

OBJECTIVE: To assess the in vivo intracanal microbial status of apical root canal system of mesial roots of human mandibular first molars with primary apical periodontitis immediately after one-visit endodontic treatment. The residual intracanal infection was confirmed by correlative light and transmission electron microscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Sixteen diseased mesial roots of mandibular first molars were treated endodontically, each in one visit. Mesio-buccal canals were instrumented using stainless steel hand files and mesio-lingual canals with a nickel-titanium rotary system. The canals were irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during the instrumentation procedures, rinsed with 10 mL of 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and obturated with gutta-percha and zinc oxide eugenol cement. Thereafter, the apical portion of the root of each tooth was removed by flap-surgery. The specimens were fixed, decalcified, subdivided in horizontal plane, embedded in plastic, processed, and evaluated by correlative light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 16 endodontically treated teeth revealed residual intracanal infection after instrumentation, antimicrobial irrigation, and obturation. The microbes were located in inaccessible recesses and diverticula of instrumented main canals, the intercanal isthmus, and accessory canals, mostly as biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: The results show (1) the anatomical complexity of the root canal system of mandibular first molar roots and (2) the organization of the flora as biofilms in inaccessible areas of the canal system that cannot be removed by contemporary instruments and irrigation alone in one-visit treatment. These findings demonstrate the importance of stringent application of all nonantibiotic chemo-mechanical measures to treat teeth with infected and necrotic root canals so as to disrupt the biofilms and reduce the intraradicular microbial load to the lowest possible level so as to expect a highly favorable long-term prognosis of the root canal treatment.     

慢性根尖周炎一次性根管治疗的临床疗效观察

目的：评价慢性根尖周炎一次性根管治疗的临床效果和可靠性。方法：选择患有慢性根尖周炎的直根管患牙200例,采用改良双敞技术和平衡力法预备根管,0．5％次氯酸钠及17％EDTA冲洗,随机均分为两组：一次性根管治疗组在上述操作完成后立即行牙胶尖加树脂类封闭剂AHplus侧方加压术充填根管;多次性根管治疗组根管内封入氢氧化钙糊剂复诊,待无症状后再行根充。治疗结束后1d、7d、30d随访记录患者的疼痛反应。1年后进行临床及X线复查,计算每组根管治疗的成功及失败率,并进行统计学检验。结果：有94例患者回访,一次性根管治疗组43例,多次根管治疗51例。根管治疗术后1d疼痛发生率一次性治疗组高于多次性组,且有统计学差异,7d、30d的疼痛发生率两组间无明显差异。1年后复查两组的成功率无统计学差异。一次性根管治疗组的前牙与后牙治疗成功率间无统计学差异。结论：慢性根尖周炎一次性根管治疗术后疼痛发生率较多次法高,但远期疗效等同于多次法者。     

Clinical evaluation of root canal obturation methods in primary teeth

PURPOSE: This study evaluated in vivo 2 different obturation techniques (lentulo spiral mounted in a slow-speed handpiece and hand-held) in primary teeth. METHODS: The study was carried out on 24 children (mean age = 6.71 years) who had received 50 single-visit zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) pulpectomies in primary molars. The root canal filling materials were deposited into the canals either by a lentulo spiral mounted in a slow-speed handpiece or by a hand-held lentulo spiral. Evaluation of pulpectomized molars was performed by both authors immediately and 6 months following treatment using specific clinical and radiographic criteria. In cases of disagreement, the lower rank was selected. RESULTS: The study found 64% (16/25) optimal filling (if 1 or more of the canals having ZOE ended at the radiographic apex or up to 2 mm short of the apex) when the lentulo spiral mounted in the slow-speed handpiece was used. It also found a 96% (21/22) clinical success rate in the group obturated by the lentulo spiral mounted in a slow-speed handpiece vs 48% (12/25) optimal filling and a 92% (23/25) clinical success rate in the group obturated by a hand-held lentulo spiral. The radiographic success for over- and optimally filled canals, when combining both lentulo groups, was significantly greater than underfilled root canals (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 techniques of obturation, according to the quality of the root canal filling or success rate.     

即刻桩腔预备对三种根管预备方法预备的直根管根尖封闭性的影响

目的 研究三种不同根管预备方法根管预备、根管充填后即刺桩腔预备对直根管根尖封闭性的影响.方法 离体直单根管上前牙124个,其中120个随机平均分为3组(n=40),A组:不锈钢根管锉常规法;B组:G 型钻根管冠部预处理 不锈钢根管锉常规法;C组:手用Pr01raper镍钛根管锉冠向下法,刺余4个随机平均分为阴性对照组和阳性对照组.所有根管均用侧方加压法充填,即刻手持垂直加压器去除部分充填材料,然后P型钻桩腔预备.用染料渗透法评价各组根尖封闭能力.结果 B组G型钻根管冠部预处理 不锈钢根管锉常规法预备的根管和C组手用ProTaper镍钛根管锉冠向下法预备的根管即刻桩腔预备后,其根尖微渗漏较A组常规法预备的轻(P<0.05).结论 大锥度根管预备,根管充填后即刻桩腔预备的根尖封闭性较好.     

显微超声技术用于塑化根管再治疗的临床观察

目的:评价根管显微镜联合超声技术在塑化根管再治疗中的应用效果。方法:选取曾进行过塑化根管治疗需再治疗的患牙(后牙)71颗,220个根管。在根管显微镜下,采用超声根管锉去除根管内塑化物,疏通塑化根管的上段,小号手用C型锉配合酚克除溶液逐步疏通根管下段。通过X线片、根尖定位仪等对治疗效果进行评价。结果:220个塑化根管经显微超声技术再治疗后根管完全再通149个(成功率67.73%)。不同牙位组间的根管再通率无显著性差异。结论:显微超声技术去除根管内塑化物有较好的疗效,由于各种原因,塑化根管完全再通畅率较低。后牙塑化根管再通的概率与其牙位无关。     

手术显微镜联合超声技术在塑化根管再治疗中的应用评价

目的:评价手术显微镜联合超声技术在塑化根管再治疗中的应用。方法:选取曾进行过塑化治疗的患牙63颗,在手术显微镜下,采用超声根管锉疏通塑化根管的上段,小号手用K锉配合EDTA溶液逐步疏通根管下段,机动镍钛器械Hero642完成根管预备,侧向加压充填法充填根管,观察并评价疗效。结果:54颗患牙的根管疏通成功,并完成根管治疗,根管再通成功率为85.7%。治疗过程中无牙根折裂、台阶形成、根管壁侧穿或器械折断发生。结论:手术显微镜和超声器械去除根管内塑化物快速高效,可作为临床上处理塑化再治疗患牙的有效方法,但不推荐将超声器械用于根管的下段或弯曲部位。