不同室内环境空气中挥发性有机物的暴露水平及其对健康的影响

目的调查不同人群在不同室内环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的暴露水平及其对健康的影响.方法2005年4-6月,对天津市市区200户家庭(非职业暴露组)、30名长期从事房屋装修和涂料涂刷的工人和20名与喷涂油漆作业密切相关的生产企业的工人进行问卷调查,并检测30个典型家庭的室内环境以及装修和涂料涂刷作业现场空气中VOCs.分别计算了不同人群对甲醛、苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、对(间)二甲苯和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)等的日暴露量和潜在剂量.结果装修≤2 a的住宅室内空气中污染物浓度高于装修＞2 a的住宅,装修和涂料涂刷现场空气中污染物浓度高于普通工作学习场所.装修和涂料涂刷工人和涂装车间工人各种症状(感觉有异味、皮肤发痒、呼吸不畅、头昏、乏力、咽喉肿痛)的发生率高于普通家庭成年居民(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);而住宅装修时间≤2 a的居民感觉有异味的发生率高于住宅装修时间＞2 a的居民(P＜0.01).装修时间＞2 a的居室居民中,未成年人、成年人和老年人甲醛的日暴露量平均值分别为2.61、2.69和2.77 mg/(m3·h),苯的日暴露量平均值分别为1.05、1.14和0.71mg/(m3·h),甲苯的日暴露量平均值分别为1.23、1.31和1.11mg/(m3·h),乙苯的日暴露量平均值分别为0.75、0.81和0.88 mg/(m3·h),邻二甲苯的日暴露量平均值分别为0.82、0.86和0.75 mg/(m3·h),对(间)二甲苯的日暴露量平均值分别为1.26、1.34和1.24 mg/(m3·h),TVOC日暴露量平均值分别为13.53、14.38和11.94 mg/(m3·h);均低于装修和涂料涂刷工人的VOCs暴露量.结论新装修的家庭住宅中VOCs污染较为普遍;在普通的非职业暴露人群中,成年人的VOCs暴露量大于儿童和老人;而特殊职业人群的VOCs暴露量远大于普通的非职业暴露人群.     

空气污染暴露与高血压发病风险的关联:基于英国生物银行的队列研究

目的 研究NO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM_2.5-10等空气污染物与高血压发病风险的关系,为预防高血压提供参考。方法 基于英国生物银行(UK Biobank, UKB)数据库构建随访队列,采用Cox风险比例回归模型进行关联分析,分别研究空气污染物年平均浓度和空气污染物日累积暴露量与高血压发病风险的关联。此外,本研究还创建了空气污染物的累积暴露加权评分以评估几种空气污染物联合暴露与高血压发病风险的关系。结果 Cox比例风险回归模型结果显示,只有NO_x的年平均浓度可以增加高血压发病风险。NO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM_2.5-10日累积暴露量每增长50μg/m³·day,HRs(95%CI)值分别为1.06(1.04～1.08)、1.03 (1.02～1.04)、1.11 (1.07～1.14)、1.18 (1...     

基于蒙特卡罗方法及MPPD软件模拟电焊烟尘的职业暴露评估

目的探索电焊烟尘职业暴露新的评价方法,分析电焊烟尘在呼吸道的沉积规律,为预测电焊工尘肺的风险概率及实施风险管理提供技术依据。方法选择某工程机械车间男性电焊作业工人为研究对象,进行电焊烟尘的职业暴露评价;采用国家标准方法对工作场所空气中电焊烟尘浓度进行检测,在实测数据基础上运用MPPD软件模拟电焊烟尘颗粒物在呼吸道的沉积规律,并采用蒙特卡罗方法分别模拟该车间电焊工的日暴露量、日潜在剂量和日作用剂量的概率分布。结果 90%的电焊工日暴露量、日潜在剂量分别超过17.43 mg/(d·m3)、11.46 mg/d;50%的电焊工日暴露量、日潜在剂量分别大于46.64 mg/(d·m3)、30.78 mg/d;电焊烟尘在电焊工肺部的作用剂量占潜在剂量的比率为7.5%;电焊烟尘浓度对于潜在剂量、作用剂量的贡献度最高可达93%;日暴露时长次之;呼吸速率贡献率最低。结论职业暴露评估是风险分析的关键步骤,有必要对电焊作业环境的工人进行深入细致地暴露评估。本文展示的暴露剂量评价方法能够真实反映电焊烟尘颗粒物进入人体呼吸系统的量,可为电焊工电焊烟尘职业健康风险评价提供理论依据,对保护电焊作业劳动者职业健康具有重要意义。     

个体紫外线暴露剂量与环境紫外线剂量的关系

目的 了解个体紫外线暴露剂量与环境紫外线剂量的关系。方法 采用紫外线个体监测仪在秋季对沈阳市小学生和大学生进行紫外线剂量的测定，同时开展环境紫外线剂量的监测。结果 学生个体暴露量的日间分布是由户外活动时间决定，与作息时间关系密切。学生日平均暴露量只占环境剂量的1％－3％。结论 小学生的紫外线暴露量和与环境剂量的比都明显高于大学生。采用不同的监测方式所测得的环境紫外线剂量差异显著。     

GAMMA模型在危险度评价中应用

在环境化学物质进行危险度评价时，剂量-反应评价（Dose-response Assessment）是危险度评价的重要定量部分。目的在于确定某环境污染物暴露量与人群有害效应之间的定量关系。确定人类暴露在某环境污染物中的危险度的剂量-反应关系的主要依据是在参照类似人类可能接触情况下进行动物毒性试验和有关人群流行病学调查的资料。但传统上均是以实验所得的数据来确定不可检出有害作用水平（NOAEL）和最低可检出有害作用水平（LOAEL）。由于求出的NOAEL或LOAEL局限于实验剂量，忽略了剂量-反应曲线的形状。其值及其可靠性与各剂量组所用的动物数量有极其密切的关系，因而相应于其危险度在不同实验间的差异巨大，并且由动物向人外推时，安全系数还可能偏大。正是由于传统方法的缺陷，美国环境保护局（EPA）和其他几个机构推荐使用基准剂量法（benchmarkdose，BMD）作为非致癌效应危险度评估的方法。该方法通过拟合不同的数学模型，克服丁当前可供选择的基础来计算参考剂量（reference dose，RfDs）、参考浓度（reference Concentration，RfCs）和NOAEL的局限性，同时用BMD software对剂量-反应进行评价。下面介绍建立在BMD软件的GAMMA模型及其应用。     

铁路危险品货运站空气污染颗粒提取物的SOS／umu试验

铁路危险品货运站（以下简称危货站）是各种易燃易爆及有毒害化学品的集散地，空气污染严重。为探讨危货站空气污染物对ＤＮＡ可能产生的损伤效应，采用ＳＯＳ／ｕｍｕ试验对危货站空气污染物的遗传毒性进行了分析。结果表明：在未加Ｓ９活化系统的条件下显示出遗传毒性并有明显地剂量－反应关系；加入Ｓ９活化系统后，未见遗传毒性。提示我们危货站空气污染物具有直接遗传毒性作用。     

化学污染物慢性膳食暴露评估全概率模型构建研究北大核心CSCD

目的提高食品安全风险评估精度,构建化学污染物慢性膳食暴露评估全概率模型。方法利用我国膳食调查、污染物监测数据以及相应的人口学资料构建膳食暴露评估全概率模型。通过在消费量和污染物总体中进行蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)抽样,匹配相乘后得到暴露量的概率分布;构建贝塔二项正态分布(Betabinomial and normal,BBN)模型,将横断面调查获得的短期暴露量近似"拉伸"为长期(慢性)暴露量;通过Monte Carlo模拟和自助法(Bootstrap)对人群膳食暴露量进行变异度和不确定度分析。结果以江苏省居民铅膳食暴露评估为例,构建了化学污染物慢性膳食暴露全概率评估模型。全概率模型和半概率模型比较显示:两种模型计算的暴露量均值接近,但全概率模型计算结果的变异度大于半概率模型,表现为其低端百分位数小于半概率模型,高端百分位数大于半概率模型。结论化学污染物慢性膳食暴露全概率模型评估结果较半概率模型保守。     

化学污染物慢性膳食暴露评估全概率模型构建研究

目的提高食品安全风险评估精度,构建化学污染物慢性膳食暴露评估全概率模型。方法利用我国膳食调查、污染物监测数据以及相应的人口学资料构建膳食暴露评估全概率模型。通过在消费量和污染物总体中进行蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)抽样,匹配相乘后得到暴露量的概率分布;构建贝塔二项正态分布(Betabinomial and normal,BBN)模型,将横断面调查获得的短期暴露量近似"拉伸"为长期(慢性)暴露量;通过Monte Carlo模拟和自助法(Bootstrap)对人群膳食暴露量进行变异度和不确定度分析。结果以江苏省居民铅膳食暴露评估为例,构建了化学污染物慢性膳食暴露全概率评估模型。全概率模型和半概率模型比较显示:两种模型计算的暴露量均值接近,但全概率模型计算结果的变异度大于半概率模型,表现为其低端百分位数小于半概率模型,高端百分位数大于半概率模型。结论化学污染物慢性膳食暴露全概率模型评估结果较半概率模型保守。     

焦作市学龄儿童在校期间大气PM2.5暴露水平评价

目的评价焦作市不同地区学龄儿童在校期间大气PM2.5暴露水平。方法采用8级大气分级采样器,于2013年12月—2014年1月对该市3所小学教室内、外进行颗粒物样品采集,并对650名学龄儿童在校期间活动模式进行调查。根据小学室内、外大气PM2.5浓度和学生活动状况,计算学龄儿童在校期间大气PM2.5暴露水平。结果同年级小学生大气PM2.5综合暴露量和平均暴露量均为农村市区郊区。同小学内六年级学生的综合暴露量和综合潜在剂量最高,郊区、市区和农村六年级学生综合暴露量分别为533.20、1 298.85、1 674.79μg·h/m3,综合潜在剂量分别为542.94、1 217.13、1 261.06μg。郊区和市区四、五年级学生平均暴露量最高,分别为64.92、154.66μg/m3;农村六年级学生平均暴露量最高,为194.74μg/m3。郊区和市区五年级学生的平均潜在剂量最高,分别为69.35、151.64μg/h;农村六年级学生的平均潜在剂量最高,为146.63μg/h。结论本次调查的学龄儿童在校期间大气PM2.5暴露水平较高,尤其以农村和高年级儿童更为严重,其暴露水平与环境中PM2.5浓度和学生在校活动模式有关。     

累积噪声暴露与听力损伤的相关性调查

目的 探讨噪声对作业工人健康影响职业危害剂量问题,提供噪声暴露与听力损失的剂量－－反应关系资料。方法 对１７０名生产噪声作业工人听力检查,引用累积噪声暴露量（ＣＮＥ）进行分析。结果 随累积噪声暴露量的增加,听力 人随之增加,二者间有高度正相关性（Ｒ＝０．９５７６）,且随累积噪声暴露量的增加,持续接触噪声和间断接触噪声对呼力损失影响的差异显著性（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 累积噪声暴露量在噪     

Bias and confounding in longitudinal measures of exhaled monoxides

The measurement of exhaled nitric oxide and carbon monoxide concentrations is an emerging method of monitoring airway inflammation longitudinally in community-based studies. Inhaled concentrations of these monoxides influence exhaled concentrations. Little is known about the degree to which inhaled concentrations distort temporal trends in, or estimated effects of air pollutants on, exhaled monoxides. We sought to evaluate whether estimated effects of air pollutants on exhaled monoxides are distorted by trends in indoor and outdoor monoxides, and to characterize determinants of exhaled monoxide concentrations among residents of public housing. In a panel study, 42 residents of public housing provided over 1000 exhaled breath samples. Samples from all subjects were analyzed for nitric oxide; samples from 27 of these subjects were also analyzed for carbon monoxide. The effects of indoor and outdoor monoxide concentrations on exhaled concentrations were quantified. Confounding of associations between particulate matter concentrations and exhaled nitric oxide concentrations was explored. Determinants of exhaled monoxide concentrations among public housing residents are similar to those of other populations. Exhaled monoxide concentrations are more strongly associated with indoor than with outdoor monoxide concentrations. Approximately half of the variability in exhaled monoxide concentrations over time can be explained by changes in indoor monoxide concentrations. Indoor monoxide concentrations can markedly distort both temporal trends in exhaled concentrations as well as estimated effects of particulate matter on exhaled monoxides. Prior estimated effects of particulate matter on exhaled nitric oxide concentrations may have been confounded by nitric concentrations indoors at the time of exhaled air collection. To prevent distortions of longitudinal trends in airway inflammation and estimated health effects of air pollutants, inspiratory scrubber use is necessary but not sufficient to remove the confounding effect of indoor monoxides, and analyses should adjust exhaled monoxide concentrations for concentrations indoors.     

Polluted air--outdoors and indoors

Many air pollutants which are considered important in ambient (outdoor) air are also found, sometimes at higher levels, in indoor air. With demanding standards having been set for many of these pollutants, both in the workplace and ambient air, consideration of the problems posed by indoor pollution is gaining pace. Studies on exposure to pollutants found in the indoor domestic environment are increasing and are contributing to an already significant compilation of datasets. Improvement in monitoring techniques has helped this process. Documented reports of fatalities from carbon monoxide poisonings are still worrying. However, studies on health effects of non-fatal, long term, low dose, indoor exposure to carbon monoxide and other pollutants, are still inconclusive and too infrequently documented. Of particular concern are the levels of air pollutants found in the domestic indoor environment in developing countries, despite simple interventions such as vented stoves having shown their value. Exposure to biomass smoke is still a level that would be considered unacceptable on health grounds in developed countries. As in the occupational environment, steps need to be taken to control the risks from exposure to the harmful constituents of indoor air in the home. However, the difficulty regarding regulation of the domestic indoor environment is its inherent privacy. Monitoring levels of pollutants in the home and ensuring regulations are adhered to, would likely prove difficult, especially when individual behaviour patterns and activities have the greatest influence on pollutant levels in indoor air. To this end, the Department of Health is developing guidance on indoor air pollution to encourage the reduction of pollutant levels in indoor domestic air. The importance of the effects of domestic indoor air on health and its contribution to the health of the worker are increasingly appreciated. Occupational physicians, by training and interest, are well placed to extend their interests into the environmental field and to focus on this important area.     

吸烟对室内空气污染的研究

目的了解吸烟对室内空气质量的影响及相关影响因素。方法对办公室内吸烟前以及吸烟后不同时间(5、10、15、30、60、90、120、150、180min)空气中CO、可吸入颗粒物(IP)、甲醛、总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度进行监测,并探讨通风状态以及吸烟人数对吸烟所致室内空气污染的影响。结果门窗关闭条件下,吸烟后5、10、15、30、60、90、120、150、180min,办公室内空气中CO、IP、甲醛、TVOC浓度均显著高于吸烟前(P<0.01)。CO未见超标。吸烟后120min,IP浓度降至标准限值。吸烟后180 min,甲醛、TVOC浓度仍然超标。门窗开启条件下,室内空气污染物浓度在吸烟后明显增加(P<0.01),但各指标均未超标,吸烟后30min基本恢复到吸烟前状态。门窗开启时,吸烟所致的室内空气污染物峰值浓度显著低于门窗关闭时(P<0.01)。吸烟人数与办公室污染物峰值浓度呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论吸烟导致严重的室内空气污染,污染程度随吸烟人数的增多而升高,通风可以有效降低污染程度。     

Exposure to air pollutants in English homes

BRE has conducted a national representative survey of air pollutants in 876 homes in England, designed to increase knowledge of baseline pollutant levels and factors associated with high concentrations. Homes were monitored for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the majority of the homes, concentrations of the measured pollutants were low. However, some homes have concentrations that would suggest a need for precautionary mitigation. Those factors that are most likely to lead to exposures of concern in homes are identified as gas cooking (for CO and NO(2)), the use of unflued appliances for heating (for CO and NO(2)), emissions from materials in new homes (for total VOC (TVOC) and formaldehyde), and painting and decorating, with a significant increase in risk suspected to exist where there is not a place to store materials away from the living space (for TVOC). It is noteworthy that seasonal effects on CO and NO(2) were largely due to indoor sources. This would need to be considered when interpreting time series studies of the effect of outdoor air pollution on health. It is also of some significance that the critical factors are related much more to sources than to ventilation: source control is therefore, as would be expected, the most appropriate approach to reducing the risk of hazardous exposure to air pollutants in homes.     

北京市2个大型综合商业场所空气质量污染水平

目的使用室内空气质量自动监测系统对大型综合商业场所室内空气污染物进行连续监测,了解空气质量现况,并分析不同功能区域间空气质量的差异,探讨主要影响因素。方法 2012年12月—2013年2月利用自动监测设备对北京市2个大型综合商业场所的卖场区、餐饮区和影院区进行空气质量的连续监测,监测时间覆盖整个营业期,监测指标为PM10、甲醛、CO和CO2,并对监测结果汇总分析。结果在商业场所内共设置7个监测点,采集有效数据583组。综合商业场所空气中PM10、甲醛、CO和CO2污染水平分别为（100.7±92.4）μg/m3、（0.07±0.032）mg/m3、（3.283±1.358）mg/m3和（0.067±0.006）%,商业场所各区域间（卖场区、餐饮区、影院区）PM10污染水平差异无统计学意义（F=1.023,P=0.36）,而甲醛、CO和CO2的污染水平比较,差异有统计学意义（F值分别为4.787、323.825和92.375,均P〈0.05）。结论商业场所营业期间整体空气质量良好,不同功能区域间空气质量的问题和差异与室内人员活动、通风换气、气流组织及室外大气影响有关。     

Indoor air quality and personal factors related to the sick building syndrome

The "sick building syndrome" involves symptoms such as eye, skin and upper airway irritation, headache, and fatigue. A multifactorial study was performed among personnel in consecutive cases of sick buildings to investigate relationships between such symptoms, exposure to environmental factors, and personal factors. The total indoor hydrocarbon concentration was significantly related to symptoms. Other indoor exposures such as room temperature, air humidity, and formaldehyde or carbon dioxide concentration did not correlate with the symptoms. Personal factors such as reported hyperreactivity and sick leave due to airway diseases were strongly related to the sick building syndrome. Other factors associated with the sick building syndrome were smoking, psychosocial factors, and experience of static electricity at work. Neither atopy, age, sex, nor outdoor exposures correlated significantly with the number of symptoms. It was concluded that the sick building syndrome is of multifactorial origin and related to both indoor hydrocarbon exposure and individual factors.     

广州市交通警察执勤期间大气污染物区域暴露特征初探

[目的]通过监测广州市内外勤交警执勤区域大气污染物浓度,初步研究内外勤交警执勤期间大气污染物的暴露特征和水平,为机动车尾气高暴露人群的生物效应评价技术研究提供现场调查数据。[方法]应用电子分析仪监测广州市内外勤交警执勤区域及内勤交警工作的岑村交警大楼的二氧化氮（NO2）、一氧化碳（CO）、可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、二氧化硫（SO2）等污染物的浓度,计算相关空气质量评价指数。[结果]外勤交警执勤期间暴露的NO2、CO、PM10、SO2的平均浓度分别为（0.34±0.17）、（1.93±2.97）、（0.10±0.05）、（0.49±1.54）mg/m3,大气质量为Ⅴ级,属重污染,NO2和SO2为主要污染物;内勤交警执勤期间暴露的NO2、CO、PM10、SO2的平均浓度分别为（0.08±0.05）、（0.22±0.26）、（0.05±0.05）、（0.02±0.02）mg/m3,大气污染物浓度低于外勤交警（P〈0.01）,大气质量为Ⅱ级,尚清洁,NO2和PM10为主要污染物。[结论]广州市外勤交警执勤期间暴露的主要气态污染物浓度超标,其中以NO2的超标情况最严重,属中重度污染,符合混合型污染的特征;内勤交警大气污染物的暴露浓度低于外勤交警。     

德阳活动板房住宅室内空气卫生状况监测分析

目的探讨德阳活动板房住宅室内空气卫生状况,为灾后卫生防病提供科学依据。方法各县（市、区）随机选取大、中、小板房区,按梅花状或对角线方法,抽取住宅活动板房住户80户,未倒塌居住户31户,室外对照点8个,监测室内空气温度、湿度、风速、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲醛、可吸入颗粒物、细菌总数指标,随机对其中的12户板房居住户增测室内空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯指标。结果12户活动板房室内空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯结果均低于仪器检出下限,各监测点其他监测指标均值,活动板房住宅室内甲醛（0.03mg/m^3）略高于未倒塌房（0.01mg/m^3）,室内温度高于室外对照,室内风速低于室外对照;未倒塌房的风速低于室外对照,而二氧化碳高于室外对照,差异均有统计学意义。住宅活动板房、未倒塌房监测合格率分别为38.75%、45.16%,不合格指标主要是可吸入颗粒物,其次是空气细菌总数。结论降低室内空气中可吸入颗粒物、细菌总数,加强室内空气卫生监测工作,是灾后活动板房卫生防病的重要工作。     

Indoor air pollutants: limited-resource households and child care facilities

This paper reports on a study of indoor air quality in homes and child care facilities in non-metropolitan counties of New York State. Specific pollutants examined were lead, radon, carbon monoxide, asbestos, and mold. Some homes had high levels of pollutants, and certain pollutants were significantly and negatively correlated with household income. High levels of pollutants also were observed in many child care facilities, which raises questions about constant exposure of children to pollutants. Recommendations are made for lowering pollutant levels in low-income households and child care facilities.