恩施农村学龄儿童伤害教育干预效果评价

评价健康教育预防农村学龄儿童伤害的干预效果,为儿童伤害防制提供依据.方法 分层整群随机抽取恩施市某乡镇小学三、四、五年级,中学七、八年级所有在校学生共1 006人为干预组,另一个乡镇的中小学对应年级的在校学生共1 115人为对照组;对干预组儿童进行为期1a的预防儿童伤害健康教育干预,对照组不采取任何干预措施.通过对干预前后的伤害问卷对比干预前后学龄儿童伤害发生率的变化.结果 干预组学龄儿童伤害发生率由干预前的18.1%下降至于预后的10.2%(x2=25.560,P<0.05),对照组干预前后伤害发生率差异无统计学意义(x2=1.468,P=0.226).干预组留守儿童的伤害发生率由干预前的23.5%下降至干预后的11.7% (x2=23.127,P<0.05).干预组学龄儿童的跌落伤和烧烫伤由干预前的7.8%和1.9%分别降至干预后的3.7%和0.8% (x2值分别为16.071,4.864,P<0.05).结论 健康教育干预对减少农村学龄儿童伤害,尤其是减少留守儿童的伤害发生效果明显.     

江门市中小学生伤害干预措施的综合评价

目的：探讨建立预防和控制中小学生伤害发生的措施和对措施效果进行评价。方法：采取干预前后对比和无干预对照的方式进行评价。干预组为１９９８年开展伤害调查的原９所中小学校３８９６名学生,实施以健康教育为主的综合干预措施;对照组为同期进行伤害调查的４所无干预措施的小学６５１名学生。１年生２组均重复进行伤害调查,观察干预措施对伤害发生的影响并对其应用价值进行评价。结果：干预组伤害发生率由５０．５５％降至１１     

茂名市中小学生伤害干预措施的效果观察

目的 探讨建立预防和控制中小学生伤害发生的措施和对其效果的评价.方法 采取干预前后对比和无干预对照的方式进行评价.干预组为1999年开展伤害发生现况调查的原五所中小学中的1733名学生,实施以安全促进教育为主的综合干预措施;对照组为各方面条件基本相似而未实施任何干预措施的两所中小学生的610名学生;一年后两个组重进行伤害调查,观察比较伤害发生率与严重程度等指标的变化.结果 干预组伤害总发生率为25.3%,比干预前与对照组的51.0%都低一半:多发性伤害率为3.1%,较对照组的15.9%低80.5%,而且重度伤害率与人均受伤次数都比对照组分别低40.0%与42.3%;干预组的人均缺课天数为2.5天,较干预前的5.2天与对照组的3.8天都明显低.结论 以安全促进为主的干预措施能有效预防和控制中小学生的伤害发生.     

南宁城市社区居民伤害干预效果的评价

目的评价南宁城市社区居民伤害预防干预效果,为城市居民社区伤害的干预研究提供科学的依据。方法根据世界卫生组织（world health organization,WHO）推荐的社区调查方案,采用多阶段随机抽样的方法在广西南宁市抽取被调查社区,并通过问卷调查的方法来获得干预前后的资料。干预过程主要采取了以健康教育为主的综合干预措施。结果干预后伤害发生率由28.34%降至14.06%,下降50.39%,干预前后发生率差异有统计学意义（2=32.04,P〈0.001）;多发性伤害发生率则由3.74%降至0.00%,干预前后发生率差异有统计学意义（2=19.28,P〈0.001）;伤害知识知晓率、正确认知比例分别由干预前的55.27%、71.60%上升至干预后的86.76%、89.52%,危险行为发生率也由干预前的57.79%降至干预后的33.12%,三者差异均有统计学意义（均有P〈0.05）。结论以社区为基础的伤害干预,能提高社区居民伤害安全知识水平,有利于培养正确的态度和建立健康的行为,从而有效的降低伤害的发生率,是预防伤害的有效途径。     

海淀区中小学生伤害干预效果的评价

目的：探讨降低中小学生伤害发生率的有效措施和对措施效果进行评价.方法：采用干预前后对照和无干预对照的方式进行评价.干预组为2004年开展伤害调查的两所中小学校的420名学生,采用交通安全知识、自救急救、生活常识等健康教育方式为主要干预措施.对照组为同期进行伤害调查的两所无干预措施中小学校的420名学生.结果：干预组的年伤害发生率由10.6%下降到6.4%,下降了39.6%.对照组年伤害发生率由10.696上升到11.5%,自然上涨8.5%.结论：伤害干预措施能有效的预防和控制伤害的发生.     

广东省深圳市社区综合干预模式预防儿童意外伤害效果评价

目的评价广东省深圳市社区0～6岁儿童意外伤害综合干预模式的效果。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法,抽取深圳市12个社区作为干预地点,在幼儿园、社区和镇实施预防儿童意外伤害的健康教育干预措施,并对干预前后的效果进行评价。结果儿童伤害发生率由干预前的8.36%下降至干预后的6.40%(P<0.05)。机械伤、中毒、意外跌落的发生率分别从干预前的1.11%、0.56%和4.68%降至干预后的0.18%、0.10%和3.26%,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。家长担心发生伤害、认为伤害是严重的公共卫生问题、认为预防伤害与政府、学校、个人均有关的比例分别为96.89%、80.61%和95.56%,高于干预前的95.69%、76.01%和86.18%(P<0.01)。结论社区0～6岁儿童伤害监测干预模式的实施,提高了家长对伤害的认知水平,降低了儿童伤害发生率。     

闸北区中学生校内意外伤害干预效果评价

[目的]对闸北区中学生发生校内意外伤害预防措施的实施效果进行评价,为制定伤害干预措施提供参考。[方法]采用整群抽样方法,随机选取闸北区2所中学学生,随机分为干预组和对照组。干预组给予1年的一系列集体干预措施,对照组不给予任何干预措施。分析比较干预前后两组学生的伤害知、信、行改变情况和伤害发生情况。[结果]干预前干预组与对照组学生校内伤害知识平均得分分别为8.18和8.05,差异没有统计学意义;干预后干预组与对照组学生校内伤害知识平均得分分别为9.21和7.82,差异有统计学意义。干预前、后两组间伤害预防态度、相关不良行为差异均无统计学意义;干预后两组校内伤害发生率差异也无统计学意义。[结论]综合干预能够显著提高学生伤害及其预防相关知识水平。若能持续开展类似干预活动,从长远看,对改善伤害相关不良行为和预防中学生校内意外伤害发生,降低校内伤害发生率有重要意义。     

重庆市渝中区健康教育对降低0～6岁儿童意外伤害干预效果评价

目的发现学龄前儿童意外伤害的发生类型及危险因素,评价意外伤害综合干预的效果,提高伤害对象的防护意识,降低儿童伤害的发生。方法 2013年10月至2015年1月,在重庆市渝中区以散居儿童和学龄前儿童的家长为干预对象,监测意外伤害发生情况,对干预前后的散居儿童及学龄前儿童伤害的发生率进行比较,并对干预效果进行评价。采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料采用成组资料的t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果干预组伤害发生率由干预前12.83%降至干预后10.10%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.513,P=0.219);对照组伤害率由干预前7.77%上升至干预后12.83%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.285,P=0.022)。干预1年后,干预组伤害防治知识得分(8.42±0.91)分,对照组(7.35±1.69)分,差异有统计学意义(t=11.048,P0.01)。结论健康教育对降低学龄前儿童意外伤害有效。     

浙江省舟山市定海幼儿园幼儿意外伤害健康教育效果评价

目的了解幼儿园幼儿及其家长意外伤害知信行水平与意外伤害发生的关系,评价幼儿园意外伤害健康教育效果。方法开展1年的＂预防意外伤害事故＂教学活动,干预前后对干预对象进行基线和终末问卷调查。结果干预后幼儿园幼儿＂近一年内出现过意外伤害事故＂发生率为46.0%,与干预前的60.8%比较明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;＂预防幼儿意外伤害＂相关知识知晓率较干预前明显提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论幼儿园意外伤害健康教育可以有效降低幼儿园幼儿伤害的发生,其伤害预防效果明显。     

上海市杨浦区中学生自行车伤害综合干预效果评价

目的对上海市杨浦区中学生进行自行车伤害干预,探讨预防和控制中学生自行车伤害发生的措施和方法。方法从上海市杨浦区中学生自行车伤害现况调查的7所中学中,随机抽取2所作为干预学校,另外5所作为对照学校。对干预学校的1 823名学生实施以健康教育、制度管理、严格执法以及环境改造等综合干预措施,对照组学校的2 306名学生不采取任何干预措施。1 a后,比较2组学生干预前后自身及相互预防控制自行车伤害知信行及发生率的变化。结果干预组学生的交通安全知识平均得分由干预前的9.08分增加到干预后的10.32分(P<0.01),骑车违章率由97.20%下降到94.94%(P<0.01),态度、信念各指标明显提高,自行车伤害发生率由7.46%下降到2.19%(P<0.01);对照组知识得分前后基本保持在8.49分,骑车违章率由97.09%下降到96.81%,自行车伤害发生率由6.85%下降到5.67%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。干预的效益-费用比值为3.02∶1。结论以宣传教育、制度管理、严格监督执法以及环境改造为主的综合干预措施能有效预防和控制学生自行车伤害的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.