HPLC法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮ⅡA的含量。方法: 采用汉邦Phecda C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.1%甲酸-乙腈（40∶60）,检测波长246 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温;30℃,进样量:20 μl。结果:补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 3）,平均加样回收率为98.73%（RSD=2.22%）;异补骨脂素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 2）,平均加样回收率为99.94%（RSD=2.59%）;大黄素在5～80 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 7）,平均加样回收率为100.63%（RSD=1.48%）;丹参酮Ⅱ_A在10～200 mg·L^-1范围内有良好线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.18%（RSD=1.03%）。结论:本方法测定复方紫灵胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素、大黄素和丹参酮Ⅱ_A的含量,方法简便、准确,结果稳定,可为复方紫灵胶囊的质量评价提供科学依据。     

爱迪胶囊B质量标准的提高

摘 要 目的：建立爱迪胶囊B的质量标准。方法: 采用TLC法对主要成分黄芪、何首乌、天麻进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法测定天麻中有效成分天麻素的含量,色谱柱为Eclipse Plus C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈 0.05%磷酸溶液（2∶〖KG-*2〗98）为流动相,检测波长为220 nm,流速1.0 ml·min^-1 ,柱温25℃。结果:黄芪、何首乌和天麻TLC图谱斑点清晰,分离度好,阴性样品无干扰;天麻中有效成分天麻素线性浓度为8.532~208.8 μg·m^-1 （r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为100.30%,RSD为0.37%（n=6）。结论:本方法操作简单,重复性好,可用于爱迪胶囊B的质量控制。     

氯麻滴鼻剂含量测定方法的建立

摘 要 目的：研究氯麻滴鼻剂含量测定方法。方法: 色谱柱为SPOLAR C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 甲醇（67∶33) （磷酸调 pH至3.5）;检测波长为220 nm。结果: 氯霉素在10.43～156.42 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD为0.4%（n=9）;盐酸麻黄碱在41.10～616.56 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD为0.4%（n=9）。结论:该方法操作简便,准确可靠,可作为氯麻滴鼻剂的含量测定方法。     

HPLC法同时测定大败毒胶囊中绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立HPLC法同时检测大败毒胶囊中绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的测定方法。方法: 采用Agilent C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液（15∶85）为流动相,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长：324 nm。柱温:30℃,进样量：10 μl。结果:线性范围：绿原酸5.42～32.43 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8),咖啡酸2.63～26.32 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 4),阿魏酸1.44～14.44 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 9);平均回收率：绿原酸99.98%,RSD=0.2%(n=6),咖啡酸99.31%,RSD=0.4%(n=6),阿魏酸99.48%,RSD=0.8%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便、准确,重复性好,可用于测定大败毒胶囊中绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的含量。     

双波长HPLC法同时测定复方肤清洗剂中3种指标性成分含量

摘 要 目的：建立双波长HPLC法同时测定复方肤清洗剂中绿原酸、咖啡酸、芍药苷3种指标性成分含量的方法。方法: 采用Inertsil C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,柱温40℃,以乙腈-0.02%磷酸水溶液（17∶83）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长分别为323 nm、230 nm。结果:绿原酸、咖啡酸和芍药苷分别在7.50~120.00 μg·mL^-1,2.50~40.00 μg·mL^-1,14.06~225.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.999 9,0.999 8,0.999 7;平均加样回收率分别为98.55%,94.52%,99.18%,RSD分别为1.66%,0.98%,0.65%（n=6）。结论:该方法简便快捷、结果准确、专属性强,可用于复方肤清洗剂的质量分析与控制。     

HPLC法同时测定复方盐酸二甲双胍/沙格列汀渗透泵控释片的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方盐酸二甲双胍/沙格列汀渗透泵控释片的含量。方法: 采用UltimateXB-CN色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（pH=4.7） 乙腈（15∶85）,检测波长为208 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为30℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 盐酸二甲双胍和沙格列汀分别在50.0～150.0 μg·ml^-1和0.5～1.5 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r = 0.999 9和r=0.999 1）。平均回收率分别为99.5%和100.3%,RSD分别为0.56%和1.20%（n =9）。结论:该法专属性强,结果准确可靠,可用于复方盐酸二甲双胍/沙格列汀渗透控释片的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中4个成分的含量。方法: 采用Agilent ZORBAX SB C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-甲醇（B）-磷酸二氢铵溶液（取0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢铵溶液1 000 ml ,加磷酸1 ml,混匀）（C）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温 35℃,变换波长时间为（0～9 min ：225 nm;9～38 min ：450 nm）。结果: 采用HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量,线性范围分别为：对乙酰氨基酚24.680～394.900 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,马来酸氯苯那敏0.201～3.214 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,咖啡因1.129～18.070 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,胆红素0.010～0.165 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）;平均回收率分别为：99.25% (RSD=0.46%), 99.29% (RSD=0.32%),99.49% (RSD=0.48%)及99.75% (RSD=0.55%)（n=6）。结论:该法简单,灵敏,准确,重复性好,可用于氨咖黄敏胶囊的含量测定。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中7种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量。方法: 采用Waters Sunfire C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;流动相：甲醇（A） 0.05%磷酸溶液（B）（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,柱温为25℃,检测波长(0~15 min：在238 nm波长下检测栀子苷和甘草苷;15~50 min：在254 nm波长下检测芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚),进样量为10 μl。结果: 栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为0.13～3.18 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.19～4.84 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.28～7.02 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.13～3.16 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.61～15.27 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.32～8.03 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.39～9.81 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为98.84%（RSD=0.74%）、99.34%（RSD=0.86%）、99.54%（RSD=0.30%）、99.56%（RSD=0.80%）、99.85%（RSD=0.41%）、99.57%（RSD=0.70%）、99.64%（RSD=0.30%）（n=9）。结论: 本文建立的HPLC含量测定方法,具有操作简便、专属性高、重复性良好、结果准确可靠的特点,可用于茵栀祛黄胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC-DAD法同时测定复方银翘氨酚维C片中5种组分的含量

摘 要 目的：同时测定复方银翘氨酚维C片中连翘苷、绿原酸、马来酸氯苯那敏、维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚5种组分的含量。方法: 采用Waters Xselect C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm),流动相为乙腈 0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠(pH3.0),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长230 nm,柱温35℃。结果: 维生素C、对乙酰氨基酚、绿原酸、马来酸氯苯那敏、连翘苷分别在0.500～200.200,0.499～199.600,0.501～200.100,0.502 ～200.900,0.488～195.400 μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好线性关系（r＞0.999）,平均回收率分别为99.3%（RSD=1.5%）、97.8%（RSD=1.7%）、98.5%（RSD=1.1%）、97.1%（RSD=1.7%）、99.8%（RSD=1.2%）（n=9）。结论: 该方法操作简单、灵敏度高,可用于复方氨酚维C银翘片的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定玉真散中天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定玉真散中天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素含量。方法: 色谱柱为Phenomenex Gemini C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,柱温为25℃,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,流动相为甲醇 水梯度洗脱,检测波长为230 nm,进样量为5 μl。结果: 天麻素在2.68~214.00μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.2％,RSD为0.9％（n=6）;升麻素苷在5.22~418.00 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为99.9％,RSD为0.9％（n=6）;5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷在4.57~365.80 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 5）,平均回收率为99.7％,RSD为1.0％（n=6）;欧前胡素在5.22~417.20μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 6）,平均回收率为99.0％,RSD为0.9％（n=6）;异欧前胡素在5.29~423.20μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为100.2％,RSD为0.8％（n=6）。结论: 该方法简单、准确,可同时测定5种成分的含量,可用于玉真散的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.