经前平颗粒对愤怒情绪模型大鼠不同脑区单胺类神经递质的影响及分析

目的通过研究愤怒模型大鼠不同脑区单胺类神经递质的含量变化,探讨愤怒发生的微观机制及中药经前平颗粒的可能干预机制。方法采用社会隔离结合居住入侵方法制备愤怒大鼠模型,分别为正常组、愤怒模型组、经前平颗粒给药组;运用高效液相色谱法检测各组大鼠不同脑区单胺类神经递质的含量。结果与正常对照组相比,愤模组大鼠下丘脑NE含量明显下降(P<0.01),给药后愤药组大鼠额叶皮质NE含量异常变化得以纠正(P<0.05);愤模组额叶皮质、顶区皮质、海马DA含量下降(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01),而下丘脑DA含量则上升(P<0.01),给药后下丘脑DA含量恢复至正常水平(P<0.01)。愤模组大鼠下丘脑5-HT含量降低(P<0.01)。结论大鼠愤怒情绪反应与下丘脑NE含量下降,额叶皮质、顶区皮质、海马DA、下丘脑5-HT含量下降,下丘脑DA含量上升有关;干预药物经前平颗粒可能通过纠正上述指标异常变化而发挥药理作用。综上所述,本研究为进一步研究愤怒情绪发病机制及调肝方药治病机制提供理论基础和方向。     

加味柴胡疏肝颗粒对抑郁大鼠模型的影响

目的观察加味柴胡疏肝颗粒对抑郁大鼠行为及中枢神经递质改变的影响。方法采用多种不良刺激方法制作抑郁大鼠模型,将实验动物分为正常对照组、抑郁非干预组、加味柴胡疏肝颗粒治疗组、氯米帕明对照组,定期测定各组大鼠的体重及糖水消耗量;以敞箱实验方法测定大鼠水平及垂直活动;利用荧光分光光度法测定动物NE、DA、5-HT含量的变化。结果与对照组相比,抑郁组大鼠体重增加数和糖水消耗量均下降(P<0.01);Open-Field法测定行为水平活动和垂直活动次数均下降(P<0.01);同时,抑郁大鼠脑内NE、DA、5-HT含量也明显下降(P<0.01)。加味柴胡疏肝颗粒治疗组(10g/kg,ig,连续12d)大鼠糖水消耗量增加,水平活动和垂直活动次数明显增加;同时脑神经递质NE、DA、5-HT含量明显增加(P<0.05)。结论早期应用中药加味柴胡疏肝颗粒改善抑郁模型大鼠抑郁状态,其作用机制可能是通过增加脑神经递质NE、DA、5-HT含量,从而改善抑郁模型大鼠消极行为症状。     

白松片对慢性应激大鼠海马单胺类神经递质含量的影响

目的:观察中药白松片对应激大鼠海马单胺类神经递质含量的影响。方法:健康成年雄性SD大鼠42只,随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、氟西汀对照组(1.8mg·kg-1)及白松片3个剂量(4.32,13.0,21.6g·kg-1,生药量)组。每只大鼠每日灌胃给药1次,连续14d。给药d6始,通过强迫游泳建立应激大鼠模型。用高效液相色谱-电化学法测定大鼠海马单胺类神经递质及其代谢产物的含量。结果:模型对照组大鼠海马去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量及多巴胺/3,4-二羟苯乙酸(DA/DOPAC)和5-羟色胺/5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-HT/5-HIAA)的比值分别为(4.7±s1.3)nmol·g-1,(47±12)nmol·g-1,(0.97±0.22)nmol·g-1,19±4,0.23±0.06,低于正常对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);NE/5-HT比值(4.9±0.9)高于正常对照组(P<0.01);用白松片预防给药可使模型大鼠海马NE,DA和5-HT含量及NE/5HT,DA/DOPAC和5-HT/5-HIAA的比值恢复至正常水平(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:白松片可能通过提高NE,DA及5-HT的含量并降低其代谢率来发挥其抗抑郁作用。     

立体定向毁损内囊前肢对大鼠脑内递质的影响

目的探讨内囊前肢毁损后AMP模型大鼠脑内单胺类递质含量的变化,为难治性精神病病因的研究和外科治疗提供参考.方法经腹腔注射苯丙胺(AMP)制作精神病动物模型,应用立体定向技术电极毁损大鼠内囊前肢,采用荧光分光光度法和放射免疫法测定大鼠前额叶、间脑和脑干多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的含量.结果内囊前肢毁损组前额叶DA和NE低于假毁损组(P＜0.01),5-HT均高于假毁损组(P＜0.01);毁损组间脑DA、NE均低于假毁损组(P＜0.01),5-HT高于假毁损组(P＜0.01);脑干 DA低于假毁损组(P＜0.01),5-HT高于假毁损组(P＜0.01).结论 AMP模型大鼠前额叶DA含量增高、5-HT和NE含量下降,间脑DA、NE含量增高、5-HT含量下降,脑干DA含量增高,5-HT含量下降.立体定向毁损内囊前肢改变了脑内单胺类递质的水平.     

慢性皮质酮注射诱导焦虑性抑郁树鼩模型的研究

目的探讨慢性皮质酮注射对近灵长类动物树鼩焦虑和抑郁样行为的影响,并进行药物预见性评价,建立新型焦虑性抑郁动物模型。方法12只中缅树鼩随机分为正常组、模型组和文拉法辛组,每组4只。采用慢性皮质酮注射(ih,27 mg·kg^-1,21 d)建立焦虑性抑郁树鼩模型,文拉法辛组于造模同时灌胃给药(6 mg·kg^-1)。采用自主活动评分、糖水偏好测试、Morris水迷宫实验评价树鼩的焦虑和抑郁行为表现;ELISA试剂盒检测树鼩血浆CRH、ACTH、COR含量;HPLC-ECD法检测树鼩脑内海马、杏仁核、前额叶皮质的单胺递质5-HT、NE、DA含量。结果与正常组比较,模型组树鼩自主活动评分、糖水偏食度、学习记忆能力均明显下降(P<0.01),血浆CRH、ACTH、COR含量明显上升(P<0.05),海马、杏仁核、前额叶皮质5-HT、NE、DA含量降低(P<0.05);文拉法辛组树鼩学习记忆能力得到改善,血浆CRH、COR含量明显降低(P<0.05),各脑区5-HT、NE、DA含量上升(P<0.05)。结论焦虑性抑郁模型树鼩具有明显的HPA轴亢进及单胺递质失调现象,而文拉法辛能够逆转该现象,说明该焦虑性抑郁树鼩模型具有药物预见性,是一种更接近人类临床的新型焦虑性抑郁动物模型。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对抑郁模型大鼠行为及神经递质的影响

目的 观察 N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）对抑郁模型大鼠行为、各脑区单胺递质的影响, 探讨 NAC 潜在的抗抑郁作用及机制。 方法 选取成年雄性 SD 大鼠 32 只, 随机分为模型组、氟西汀（FLX）组、NAC 组、对照组, 每组 8 只;前 3 组单笼孤养, 釆用连续 6 周慢性轻度不可预见性应激（CUS）的方法建立慢性抑郁大鼠模型, 并于第 3 周末至第 6 周末对 NAC 组和 FLX 组分别给予 NAC 和 FLX 灌胃, 模型组和对照组给予同体积生理盐水灌胃。 CUS 前、后及干预后以体质量测量、糖水消耗实验、旷场实验对大鼠行为进行评估; 以库仑阵列电化学高效液相色谱法测定各组大鼠前额叶（PFC）、纹状体（ST）、杏仁核（AM）和海马（HIP）单胺神经递质去甲肾上腺素（NE）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、多巴胺（DA）水平。 结果 （1）干预后对照组、NAC 组、FLX 组较模型组大鼠体质量增加多、糖水消耗量多、水平运动距离长、直立次数多、粪便粒数少（均 P < 0.05）。（2）与对照组相比, 模型组大鼠前额叶、纹状体、杏仁核、海马等脑区单胺神经递质 NE、DA 和 5-HT 水平明显降低（均 P < 0.05）;与模型组相比, NAC 组、FLX 组前额叶、纹状体、杏仁核、海马等 NE、DA、5-HT 浓度显著升高（均 P < 0.05）。 结论 NAC 和 FLX 均可有效改善抑郁模型大鼠的抑郁行为, 并在总体上提高前额叶、纹状体、杏仁核、海马等脑区单胺神经递质的水平。     

乌灵菌粉对脑卒中后抑郁大鼠海马区单胺类神经递质及

目的:观察乌灵菌粉对脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)大鼠的行为学改变及脑内单胺类神经递质的影响。方法:采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎后并给予行为限制的方法制作PSD大鼠模型,采用敞箱试验(open-field)观察大鼠行为学变化,并用高效液相法检测大鼠海马组织中4种单胺类神经递质去甲肾上腺素(L-NE)、多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)和5-羟基吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)的含量,对比观察了乌灵菌粉组(0.3 g.kg-1,qd,ig,28 d)、盐酸氟西汀组(0.75 mg.kg-1,qd,ig,28 d)、模型组及假手术组的变化。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组行为学能力下降,脑内NE,DA,5-HT和5-HIAA下降(P<0.05);与模型组比较,乌灵菌粉组及盐酸氟西汀组行为学能力改善,脑内5-HT和5-HIAA水平上升(P<0.05),而两组间比较统计学差异不明显(P>0.05)。结论:乌灵菌粉可改善脑卒中后抑郁大鼠的行为学改变,其作用可能通过调节脑内5-HT水平。     

抗抑郁药物对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马胱天蛋白酶-9表达的影响

目的研究氟西汀与噻萘普汀对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马胱天蛋白酶-9(Caspase-9)表达的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为抑郁模型组、氟西汀组、噻萘普汀组和对照组。模型组、氟西汀组和噻萘普汀组给予21d的应激刺激,此期间对照组正常饲养,刺激期间氟西汀组每天灌胃氟西汀(10mg/kg),噻萘普汀组每天灌胃噻萘普汀(50mg/kg),模型组和对照组每天灌胃等体积的生理盐水。行为学检测应用开场法和液体消耗实验。采用Western blot法检测各组大鼠海马Caspase-9的表达情况。结果模型组水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数、糖水消耗百分比均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。氟西汀组水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数和糖水消耗百分比均高于模型组(P<0.05)。噻萘普汀组糖水消耗百分比高于模型组(P<0.05),水平穿越格数、竖立次数和修饰次数也高于模型组,但差异无统计学意义。慢性应激后模型组大鼠海马Caspase-9的表达水平显著高于对照组(P<0.01);氟西汀组大鼠海马Caspase-9的表达水平低于模型组(P<0.01),高于对照组(P<0.05);噻萘普汀组大鼠海马Caspase-9的表达水平低于模型组(P<0.01),高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论氟西汀和噻萘普汀2种抗抑郁药物均可以逆转慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马中Caspase-9表达的升高。     

抗抑郁药物对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马神经生长因子表达的影响

目的研究抗抑郁药物氟西汀与噻萘普汀对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马神经生长因子(NGF)表达的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为抑郁模型组、氟西汀组、噻萘普汀组和对照组。模型组、氟西汀组和噻萘普汀组给予21d的应激刺激,此期间对照组正常饲养,刺激期间氟西汀组每天灌胃氟西汀(10mg/kg),噻萘普汀组每天灌胃噻萘普汀(50mg/kg),模型组和对照组每天灌胃等体积的生理盐水。行为学检测应用开场法和液体消耗实验。采用Western Blot法检测各组大鼠海马NGF的表达情况。结果应激后模型组水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数、糖水消耗百分比均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。应激后氟西汀组水平穿越格数、竖立次数、修饰次数和糖水消耗百分比均高于模型组(P<0.05)。应激后噻萘普汀组糖水消耗百分比高于模型组(P<0.05),水平穿越格数、竖立次数和修饰次数也高于模型组,但差异无统计学意义。在Western-blotting法检测中,慢性应激后模型组大鼠海马NGF的表达水平显著低于对照组(P<0.01);氟西汀组大鼠海马NGF的表达水平高于模型组(P<0.01),与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);噻萘普汀组大鼠海马NGF的表达水平高于模型组(P<0.01),略低于对照组和氟西汀组但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论慢性应激可以导致大鼠海马NGF表达降低,氟西汀和噻奈普汀可以逆转慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马中NGF表达的降低。     

都可喜对慢性间断性缺氧大鼠学习记忆能力及脑内单胺类神经递质的影响

目的:探讨都可喜(Duxil,阿米三嗪+萝巴新)对慢性间断性缺氧(EHYP)大鼠学习记忆能力和脑内单胺类神经递质水平的影响。方法:建立EHYP大鼠模型,并给予Duxil(0.03片·350g~(-1)体重,bid)干预。用被动避暗回避反射试验评价大鼠学习记忆能力,潜伏期(STL)越长,学习记忆能力越强;用高效液相色谱电化学检测器法测定大鼠皮层、海马和纹状体内去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)等单胺类神经递质的含量。结果:与对照组相比,EHYP组大鼠STL明显缩短(P<0.01),各脑区单胺类神经递质水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与EHYP组相比,Duxil组大鼠STL显著延长(P<0.01),皮层NE和DA含量、海马NE,DA和5-HT含量以及纹状体NE,DA和5-HT含量显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:Duxil可改善EHYP大鼠学习记忆能力并提高脑内单胺类神经递质水平。     

Influence of fluoxetine on the ability of bupropion to modulate extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations in three mesocorticolimbic areas of rats.

The finding that serotonin (5-HT) can modulate dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) release in the brain has led us to hypothesize that fluoxetine, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, may influence the ability of bupropion, a preferential DA and NE dual reuptake inhibitor, to modulate extracellular DA and NE concentrations in some brain areas. The present study was designed to evaluate this hypothesis by assessing the effects of fluoxetine on bupropion-induced changes in extracellular monoamine concentrations by means of in vivo microdialysis. Three mesocorticolimbic areas including hypothalamus (Ht), prefrontal cortex (Pfc) and nucleus accumbens (Acb) were selected based on their relevance to depression and antidepressant actions. In the Ht of untreated rats, bupropion dose-dependently (s.c.) increased extracellular DA and NE concentrations either in single injection study or in sequential injection study. Thus, 10 mg/kg of bupropion had no effect on the DA and NE concentrations, while 30 mg/kg of bupropion induced transient but significant increases (about 240% of the baselines), and 100 mg/kg of bupropion induced marked and persistent increases (over 600% of the baselines) in the DA and NE concentrations. In the rats pre-treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, s.c., 90 min interval), the threshold dose of bupropion (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the DA and NE concentrations to more than 350% of the baselines, and 30 mg/kg of bupropion markedly increased the DA and NE concentrations to more than 570% of the baselines in the Ht. The fluoxetine pre-treatment also potentiated the DA increases induced by 10 mg/kg of bupropion in the Pfc (260% for bupropion alone vs 357% for the combination) and in the Acb (224% vs 645%). The bupropion-induced NE increases were potentiated by fluoxetine mainly in the Ht. Bupropion did not significantly affect the extracellular 5-HT concentrations in all the 3 brain areas tested. In summary, the present study demonstrated that bupropion can increase extracellular DA and NE concentrations in several mesocorticolimbic areas, which may have an impact on bupropion's antidepressant actions. Furthermore, fluoxetine can potentiate the bupropion-induced DA and NE increases, which may produce more effective and rapid antidepressant actions.     

Synergistic effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotic agents in combination with fluoxetine on norepinephrine and dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex.

To understand the mechanism of the clinical efficacy of olanzapine and fluoxetine combination therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we studied the effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotics in combination with the selective serotonin uptake inhibitors fluoxetine or sertraline on neurotransmitter release in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) using microdialysis. The combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine produced robust, sustained increases of extracellular levels of dopamine ([DA](ex)) and norepinephrine ([NE](ex)) up to 361 +/- 28% and 272 +/- 16% of the baseline, respectively, which were significantly greater than either drug alone. This combination produced a slightly smaller increase of serotonin ([5-HT](ex)) than fluoxetine alone. The combination of clozapine or risperidone with fluoxetine produced less robust and persistent increases of [DA](ex) and [NE](ex). The combination of haloperidol or MDL 100907 with fluoxetine did not increase the monoamines more than fluoxetine alone. Olanzapine plus sertraline combination increased only [DA](ex). Therefore, the large, sustained increase of [DA](ex), [NE](ex), and [5-HT](ex) in PFC after olanzapine-fluoxetine treatment was unique and may contribute to the profound antidepressive effect of the olanzapine and fluoxetine therapy in TRD.     

原花青素对慢性不可预知性应激小鼠脑内单胺递质的影响

目的 研究原花青素在慢性不可预知性应激（unpredictable chronic mild stress,UCMS）小鼠中的抗抑郁样作用以及对小鼠脑内单胺递质含量的影响。方法 随机将ICR小鼠分为6组：空白对照组,UCMS组,原花青素低、中、高剂量组（UCMS+原花青素12.5,25,50 mg·kg^-1）,氟西汀组（UCMS+氟西汀10 mg·kg^-1）。采用UCMS建立模型组评估小鼠的抑郁和焦虑样行为,采用HPLC测定小鼠海马、额叶皮层和下丘脑中单胺递质的含量。结果 与空白对照组比较,UCMS组小鼠悬尾的不动时间明显增加（P<0.05）,大理石掩埋数目显著增加（P<0.01）;小鼠海马、额叶皮层和下丘脑中的去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺和多巴胺的含量均减少;与UCMS组比较,原花青素组能明显逆转上述行为学以及脑内单胺递质含量的改变。结论 UCMS小鼠存在抑郁焦虑样行为学的改变,海马、额叶皮层和下丘脑中单胺递质含量表达异常。原花青素可以改善UCMS小鼠行为学的改变,并调节海马、额叶皮层和下丘脑中单胺递质的表达。     

绿萼梅总黄酮对慢性温和刺激所致抑郁大鼠神经内分泌和氧化应激的影响

目的 通过观察绿萼梅总黄酮（TFAM）对慢性温和刺激抑郁大鼠神经内分泌及氧化应激的影响,探讨其可能的抗抑郁机制。方法 将SD大鼠随机分为6组：生理盐水组、模型组、阳性对照组（氟西汀,20 mg/kg）、低剂量治疗组（TD-TFAM,80 mg/kg）、中剂量治疗组（TZ-TFAM,160 mg/kg）和高剂量治疗组（TG-TFAM,240 mg/kg）;除生理盐水组外,其余各组大鼠经历28 d慢性不可预见性温和应激（CUMS）造模成功后随机分组。通过大鼠体重增量变化、糖水偏好实验、旷场实验评估TFAM的抗抑郁作用;采用酶联免疫吸附法（Elisa）测定大鼠海马和前额叶皮层去甲肾上腺素（NA）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）和皮质酮（CORT）含量,评估TFAM对神经递质表达量的影响;通过检测大鼠血清和纹状体中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性评估TFAM对氧化应激的影响。结果 TFAM能显著增加CUMS大鼠体重增值变量,提高糖水偏爱百分比,逆转旷场实验评分,提高大鼠海马和前额叶皮层NA、5-HT的含量,降低ACTH、CORT的含量,增强大鼠血清和纹状体中GSH-Px和SOD的活性。结论 TFAM抗抑郁作用可能与促进单胺递质分泌、调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴功能和清除体内自由基有关。     

Comparison of the effects of antidepressants on norepinephrine and serotonin concentrations in the rat frontal cortex: an in-vivo microdialysis study

The present study employed in-vivo microdialysis techniques in the freely moving rat to systematically compare the neurochemical effects of various antidepressant agents on extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in the frontal cortex. We found that acute administration of the tricyclic antidepressant, desipramine (3-30 mg/kg, s.c.) and the dual serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, venlafaxine (3-30 mg/kg, s.c.), produced dose-dependent and robust increases in cortical NE concentrations (498% and 403%, respectively). Conversely, acute injection of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, s.c.) and paroxetine (1-10 mg/kg, s.c.), did not alter forebrain NE concentrations. However, paroxetine did produce a significant increase in cortical NE concentrations (164%) when administered at 30 mg/kg. These changes in NE were not paralleled by 5-HT, which showed no increase following administration of desipramine, venlafaxine, paroxetine or fluoxetine. Combination treatment with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY-100635 (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.), significantly enhanced extracellular 5-HT concentrations following venlafaxine (10 and 30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (30 mg/kg) and paroxetine (3-30 mg/kg). Alternatively, WAY-100635 produced no augmentation of the antidepressant-induced changes in extracellular NE. Collectively, these studies show that paroxetine, at low to intermediate doses, and fluoxetine are selective for 5-HT versus NE systems, whereas venlafaxine produces similar effects on both 5-HT and NE levels at the effective doses tested.     

Direct enhancement of hippocampal dopamine or serotonin levels as a pharmacodynamic measure of combined antidepressant-anticonvulsant action

The neurobiological relationships between epilepsy and depression are receiving increased experimental attention. A key role for limbic monoamines in depression has been established and we recently showed the importance of hippocampal monoamines in limbic seizure control. We here studied whether anticonvulsant compounds are antidepressant and can elevate hippocampal dopamine (DA) or serotonin (5-HT) levels determined by in vivo microdialysis in rats. We used assessment of seizure severity in the focal pilocarpine model, antidepressant-like activity within the rat forced swim and the mouse tail suspension tests, and locomotor activity in an open field as behavioural tests. We studied the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor citalopram and the selective DA reuptake blocker GBR-12909. These compounds with combined antidepressant-anticonvulsant properties all directly enhanced extracellular hippocampal DA or 5-HT levels. Since glutamate-mediated hyperexcitability in temporal lobe regions seems to be involved in disturbed emotional behaviour, we next investigated possible antidepressant effects and hippocampal DA or 5-HT modulations exerted by selective ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands with anticonvulsant properties. Combined anticonvulsant-antidepressant activities of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 and the mGluR group I antagonists (AIDA, MPEP) were also associated with locally elicited increases in hippocampal DA and/or 5-HT levels. This study highlights that the hippocampus is an important site of action of combined anticonvulsant-antidepressant and monoamine enhancing effects.