精神分裂症患者与分裂型人格个体的时间加工行为特点

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者与分裂型人格个体的时间加工行为特征.方法:选取59名符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)精神分裂症诊断标准的门诊或住院患者,62名通过分裂型人格问卷(SPQ)筛查的分裂型人格个体以及60名健康对照人群.通过时间辨别任务、时间产生任务、时间复制任务对3组被试的时间加工能力进行测查.结果:时间产生任务中,分裂型人格组的准确性得分大于健康对照组[(1.03±0.07) vs.(0.99±0.09),P＜0.05],精神分裂症组的变异系数大于健康对照组和分裂型人格组[(0.26±0.10) vs.(0.20±0.05),(0.20±0.05);均P＜0.01];时间复制任务中,精神分裂症组的变异系数大于健康对照组和分裂型人格组[(0.21±0.11) vs.(0.15±0.07),(0.17±0.12);均P＜0.01).结论:精神分裂症患者和分裂型人格个体都存在时间加工表现上的缺损,其中精神分裂症患者的缺损可能更为严重.     

攻击性精神分裂症患者MMPI对照研究

攻击性精神分裂症患者ＭＭＰＩ对照研究王小平，杨德森，李凌江，高北陵，柳振清，陆佩云，杨春荣，王桂月湖南医科大学精神卫生研究所，天津市公安局安康医院人格常常影响个体的行为方式。已有研究表明有攻击行为的个体存在一定人格特征￣［１］。攻击性精神分裂症患者是...     

病情程度不同的精神分裂症患者的人格特征比较

目的探讨病情程度较轻的精神分裂症患者（以阳性症状为主）与病情程度较重的精神分裂症患者（以阳性症状为主）之间的人格特征差异。方法使用本土化的人格测量工具《中国人个性测量表2》（CPAI-2）对被试进行调查。结果在一般人格特征上两类人群在亲情和老实-圆滑两个方面存在显著差异,在病态人格特征上两类人群在病态依赖和脱离现实两个方面存在显著差异。结论亲情、老实-圆滑、病态依赖和脱离现实等人格因素与阳性症状为主的精神分裂症之间存在密切关系。     

缓解期重性抑郁与心境恶劣患者人格特征及人格障碍研究

目的：研究重性抑郁症(MDD)和心境恶劣障碍(DD)患者在人格维度、人格特质水平及人格模型及人格障碍倾向性方面的特征。方法：采用NEO-PI-R个性调查表及人格诊断问卷(PDQ^ 4)对58例MDD和57例DD患者及115例正常人进行测试。结果：MDD和DD在NEO-PI-R的五因素人格模型的外向性、严谨性得分均低于正常组，DD患者的神经质分高于MDD患者，MDD患者的顺同性分高于正常组；在30个特质层面上，MDD和DD与正常组之间有显著性差异，DD患者的N1(焦虑)、N4(自我意识)分明显高于MDD患者，E4(热情性)、A1(信任感)分明显低于MDD患者；MDD和DD在PDQ^ 4的边缘型(BDL)、回避型(AVD)、抑郁型(DEP)、分裂性(SZD)、偏执型(PND)、强迫型(OBC)人格障碍得分明显高于正常组，DD患者在分裂型得分明显高于MDD患者，在表演型(HST)分明显高于正常组。结论：MDD和DD的人格特征既有共同的之处，也存在差异。两者均伴有人格障碍，但DD患者比MDD患者人格障碍更明显。     

儿童期受虐待经历大学生的分裂型人格特质的性别差异

目的:探讨儿童期受虐待经历大学生的分裂型人格特质特征的性别差异。方法:选取湖南两所高校的学生2469人,根据儿童创伤问卷(CTQ)的中重度标准,从有儿童期受虐待史人群中随机抽取215人为受虐待组,从无受虐待史人群中随机抽取236人为对照组。采用Chapman分裂型人格倾向量表(CPPS)测量阳性分裂型人格特质和阴性分裂型人格特质。结果:受虐待组的阳性分裂型人格特质得分高于对照组(P0.01);男性的阴性分裂型人格特质得分高于女性(P0.001)。回归分析显示,CTQ情感虐待正向预测阳性分裂特质(β=0.98);性别负向预测阴性分裂型人格特质(β=-4.63)。结论:儿童期受虐待经历大学生表现出较高水平的阳性分裂特质。情感虐待与分裂型人格特质相关,男性表现出更多的阴性分裂型人格特质。     

伴和不伴有凶杀行为的男性精神分裂症患者的人格特征

研究表明具有攻击行为的个体具有一定的人格特征[1].凶杀行为是极端的攻击行为.本文对伴和不伴有凶杀行为的男性精神分裂症患者的人格特征进行分析.     

精神分裂症患者的人格维度与心理生理测试的关系

通过对６６例精神分裂症的人格维度，事件相关诱发电位，探查性眼球活动的测定和比较，为了解精神分裂症遗传因素的表现型提供行为学依据，结果表明：Ⅰ、Ⅱ型精神分裂症的人格维度与其临床现象学特征相符。某些人格维度与事件相关电位，探查性眼动相关。提示某些人格维度与这些心理生理指标异常有着共同的生物学基础，可能受同一遗传因素控制。因此，人格维度和心理生理指标的联合检测将有助于精神分裂症临床和遗传基础研究     

精神分裂症不同类型的人格特征

分析精神分裂症不同类型的人格特征，采用艾森克个性问卷（ＥＰＱ）测试，结果：偏执型内向率和情绪不稳定率突出；青春型外向率和情绪不稳定率较突出；女性未定型的情绪较男性不稳定；其它各型有较高的掩饰率；各型精神质对比无显著性差异，不同类型精神分裂症的个性存在差异。     

D型人格个体的情绪反应强度与认知性调节特征

目的:探讨D型人格个体情绪反应的强度与认知性情绪调节策略的特征,及其影响D型人格个体发生抑郁的相关因素。方法:采用D型人格量表(DS14)评估759名受试的D型人格特征,比较D型人格个体与非D型人格个体在情感强度量表(SAIS)和认知性情绪调节问卷(CERQ)等测验上的得分差异。采用Logistic回归分析影响D型人格个体发生抑郁的相关因素。结果:①D型人格组的正性情感强度得分(3.84±0.77)显著低于非D型人格组的得分(4.14±0.73),负性情感强度得分(4.16±0.72)则显著高于非D型人格组的得分(3.74±0.83)。②D型人格组消极应对的得分(47.43±5.95)显著高于非D型人格组的得分(43.26±5.78),积极应对的得分(65.91±6.94)则显著低于非D型人格组(67.95±6.63)。③正性情感强度、负性情感强度、积极应对及消极应对在D型人格个体抑郁的发生中有显著的影响作用(P<0.05)。结论:D型人格个体存在更强烈的负性情绪反应,且存在认知性情绪调节缺陷。     

康复期精神分裂症患者的人格特征

目的探讨康复期精神分裂症患者的人格特征。方法采用美国NEO-PI-R人格问卷对110例康复期的精神分裂症患者和110例正常人进行比较分析。结果两组在NEO-PI-R的人格维度的E、C上差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,精神分裂症组具有低E和低C分。两组在30种特质层面中的N1、E1、E4、E6、O6、A3、C4及C5差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论康复期精神分裂症患者和正常人的人格特征存在差异。     

Guided motor training induces dendritic spine plastic changes in adult rat cerebellar purkinje cells

Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with a high heritability. Relatives with schizophrenia have an increased risk not only for schizophrenia but also for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, such as schizotypal personality disorder. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1344706, in the Zinc Finger Protein 804A (ZNF804A) gene, has been implicated in susceptibility to schizophrenia by several genome-wide association studies, follow-up association studies and meta-analyses. This SNP has been shown to affect neuronal connectivities and cognitive abilities. We investigated an association between the ZNF804A genotype of rs1344706 and schizotypal personality traits using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) in 176 healthy subjects. We also looked for specific associations among ZNF804A polymorphisms and the three factors of schizotypy-cognitive/perceptual, interpersonal and disorganization-assessed by the SPQ. The total score for the SPQ in carriers of the risk T allele was significantly higher than that in individuals with the G/G genotype (p=0.042). For the three factors derived from the SPQ, carriers with the risk T allele showed a higher disorganization factor (p=0.011), but there were no differences in the cognitive/perceptual or interpersonal factors between genotype groups (p>0.30). These results suggest that the genetic variation in ZNF804A might increase susceptibility not only for schizophrenia but also for schizotypal personality traits in healthy subjects.     

Schizotypal dimensions: an intermediate phenotype associated with the COMT high activity allele.

BACKGROUND: Although catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has long been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, association studies have generated discrepant results concerning the involvement of the COMT gene in schizophrenia. As several studies have suggested that schizotypal traits might be genetically related to schizophrenia, increased statistical power to detect gene effects could be obtained by using dimensional personality traits in unaffected relatives. METHODS: We tested the hypothesis that the functional Val158Met COMT polymorphism might contribute to the variance of self-reported schizotypal scores in a sample of 106 unaffected subjects, composed of controls (N = 57), first-degree relatives of schizophrenic (N = 27) and of bipolar (N = 22) probands. We also looked for specific associations between COMT polymorphisms and the three dimensions of schizotypy (positive, negative, disorganized) assessed by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). RESULTS: We found that self-reported SPQ scores are related to COMT genotype (P = 0.01), with individuals homozygous for the high activity allele having the highest scores. This association is primarily due to specific associations with the positive (P = 0.001) and negative (P = 0.04) dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that the functional COMT polymorphism could be involved in different psychotic dimensions. This confirms that studying specific schizotypal dimensions can help to identify the genes involved in the pathogenesis of psychosis.     

Neuregulin 1 gene and variations in perceptual aberration of schizotypal personality in adolescents

BACKGROUND: We test the hypothesis that the neuregulin 1 (NRG1 ) gene at chromosome 8p22-p12, which has been implicated as a susceptibility gene to schizophrenia, is associated with variations in schizotypal personality in non-clinical populations. METHOD: A randomly selected sample of 905 adolescents were assessed for their personality features using the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP8NRG221533, rs3924999, and rs2954041) at the NRG1 gene. Relations between the three genetic variants and continuous schizotypal personality scores were evaluated using ANOVA for single-locus analyses and haplotype trend regression test for multi-locus analyses. RESULTS: Single locus analysis showed that the A allele of rs3924999, a functional polymorphism in exon 2, had the largest effect size and exhibited a prominent allele-dose trend effect for the PAS score. Haplotype analyses using the haplotype trend regression test indicated that the A allele of rs3924999 was mainly responsible for the association with the PAS but not with the SPQ or its three factors, and the magnitude of significance was not strengthened by the combination of this allele with adjacent locus. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first evidence for the association of NRG1 with schizotypal personality and indicates a possible role of NRG1 in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia through perceptual aberrations.     

Psychological factors in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis: comparisons with non-patients and associations with symptoms

BACKGROUND: There have been recent advances in the ability to identify people at high risk of developing psychosis. This has led to interest in the possibility of preventing the development of psychosis and provides the opportunity to investigate psychological mechanisms that may confer vulnerability to psychosis. METHOD: Fifty-eight patients at ultra-high risk of developing a first episode of psychosis were compared with 56 non-patients matched for age and occupational status on measures of meta-cognition, schizotypal traits, dysfunctional attitudes and distress. RESULTS: Analyses of covariance revealed that people at high risk of developing psychosis scored higher on measures of cognitive vulnerability, including negative meta-cognitive beliefs, beliefs about rejection and criticism from others, and discrepancies in self-perception, schizotypal traits and general mental distress. Correlational analyses revealed that negative meta-cognitive beliefs, dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs about rejection and criticism from others were positively associated with several dimensions of symptomatology in at-risk mental states (ARMS) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive and personality factors appear to characterize people at high-risk of developing psychosis and are associated with their distressing experiences. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

A multivariate perspective on schizotypy and familial association with schizophrenia: a review

Although generally accepted that schizotypal personality disorder diagnosis is more prevalent among relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and may be associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia, it seems likely that this diagnosis is itself heterogeneous and thus perhaps not as useful in identifying genes that affect schizophrenia risk (i.e. endophenotypes) as it could be. In contrast, symptoms and dimensions of schizotypal personality disorder may be more etiologically homogeneous, and thus more useful in genetic studies. The current review evaluated and consolidated evidence to date regarding specific symptoms and dimensions of schizotypal personality disorder among non-psychotic relatives of schizophrenia patients. Comparisons were made with relatives of affective disorder patients and non-psychiatric controls. Findings indicate strong support for elevation of social-interpersonal schizotypal symptoms among relatives of schizophrenia patients versus other groups along with moderate specificity. Results suggest only a small elevation of cognitive-perceptual and disorganized symptoms in relatives of schizophrenia patients and results for disorganized symptoms were inconsistent across studies. Thus, evidence to date supports further investigation of genetic associations between symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia, and suggests that social-interpersonal symptoms may be particularly promising in genetic analyses of schizophrenia.     

An event‐related potential study of predictive and integrative semantic context processing in subjects with schizotypal traits

Context processing abnormalities may explain thought disorder in schizophrenia/schizotypy. This study aimed to assess predictive and integrative context processing in subjects with high or low scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). The N400 amplitude was recorded during semantic judgment of sentence pairs ending with a lateralized expected or unexpected word from the same or a different category (related and unrelated violation). In both groups, the N400 amplitude was less negative for expected words versus unrelated violations, regardless of which hemisphere received the stimulus, and for related versus unrelated violations, but only for left‐hemisphere stimuli. The N400 amplitude for unrelated violations was less negative in subjects with high SPQ scores for both hemispheres. These results indicate that subjects with schizotypal traits use context to predict or integrate congruent words, but fail to inhibit incongruent words.     

P50 sensory gating: impact of high vs. low schizotypal personality and smoking status.

Sensory gating deficits are seen in individuals with schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders, yet smoking influence, regional or lateral difference effects are rarely assessed. We examined sensory gating in smokers and non-smokers within university-level high and low schizotypal personality (HiS and LoS) groups using [Raine, A., 1991. The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ): A measure of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophr. Bull. 17, 555-564] Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Among 39 (18 men; 19 smokers) right-handed undergraduates, a paired-tone paradigm (40 pairs; 10 s ISI; 70 dB, 1000 Hz) was presented in two conditions (smokers while abstaining and after smoking). Sensory gating [S2(P50-N40)/S1(P50-N40)] was assessed at frontal, fronto-central, central, centro-parietal, and parietal midline and lateralized sites. Sensory gating was better at (1) midline than left/right hemispheric sites, and (2) fronto-central and central midline sites. At fronto-central/central lateral sites, (1) among non-smokers, better sensory gating occurred in LoS than HiS, (2) among smokers, better sensory gating occurred in HiS than LoS, and (3) among LoSs, smokers showed less sensory gating than non-smokers. No acute smoking effects emerged. Unlike schizophrenia studies, smoking did not impact sensory gating. Differences among smokers and non-smokers in LoS and HiS groups reinforce need to evaluate both smoking and schizotypal characteristics, as well as midline and lateral sites in anterior to posterior regions, in sensory gating studies.     

Schizotypal traits and N400 in healthy subjects

We examined whether correlations previously found between symptoms of schizophrenia patients and the amplitude of an event‐related potential (ERP), the N400, could be also found between schizotypal experiences of healthy subjects and the N400. We chose a semantic categorization task previously used with patients. Schizotypal experiences were measured with the schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ). The effects of the other factors were controlled for when assessing the correlations between each SPQ factor and N400s. These correlations were assessed at each electrode site to see whether their distribution on the scalp follows that of the N400 effect. Disorganization and interpersonal scores were found to correlate with ERPs in the N400 time window, as previously reported for the comparable symptoms of patients. However, the scalp distribution of these correlations differed from that of the N400 effect.     

Association analysis of polymorphisms in the upstream region of the human dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) with schizophrenia and personality traits

The human dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) is of major interest in molecular studies of schizophrenia and personality traits. We examined the association of schizophrenia and polymorphisms in the upstream region of the DRD4 gene (−768G>A in the negative modulator region; −521C>T, −376C>T, and −291C>T in the cell type-specific promoter region; and −616C>G between the two regions) in 208 schizophrenic patients and 210 normal controls. No significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies was observed between the two groups, indicating that these polymorphisms do not make a major contribution to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We also studied the association of polymorphisms in the upstream region and a 48-bp repeat polymorphism in exon III of the DRD4 gene with personality traits in 173 Japanese individuals who completed the temperament and character inventory (TCI). The −768G>A polymorphism was significantly associated with reward dependence (P = 0.044), while no significant association was observed between novelty seeking and polymorphisms in the upstream region or the exon III repeat polymorphism of the DRD4 gene. Received: August 28, 2000 / Accepted: October 25, 2000