胃安宁片延胡索中延胡索乙素的HPLC含量测定

目的:建立HPLC法测定胃安宁片延胡索中延胡索乙素含量测定的方法.方法:采用RP-HPLC法测定.用Agilent XDB C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(三乙胺调PH值至6.0)(60:40)为流动相,流速为1ml/min,检测波长280nm,柱温为室温,进样量为10μ1.结果延胡索乙素保留时间约为27分钟左右,与其他峰的分离度大于1.5.延胡索乙素的线性范围为0.024-0.476μg,γ=0.9999,平均加样回收率为98.81%(n=5).结论:该方法简便快速,结果准确可靠,可用于延胡索乙素中延胡索乙素的HPLC含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定愈心痛胶囊中延胡索乙素含量

目的:建立愈心痛胶囊质量控制的新方法.方法:采用甲醇萃取愈心痛胶囊中的延胡索乙素,高效液相色谱法测定愈心痛胶囊中延胡索乙素的含量.色谱柱为Hypersil BDS C18(4.6 mm× 200 mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇-磷酸盐溶液(67∶33,磷酸二氢钾0.1 g和磷酸氢二钾4.8 g混合溶于500mL水中),流速为1 mL·min,检测波长为282 nm.结果:外标曲线回归方程为:Y＝2.75 0.18X,r=0.999 7.平均回收率为99.8%.RSD为1.3%(n=5).结论:方法简便、快速,重现性好,可用于愈痛胶囊的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定舒筋片中的延胡索乙素含量

目的建立复方制剂舒筋片中有效成分延胡索乙素的含量测定方法。方法采用酸溶碱沉法分离纯化延胡索中的延胡索乙素,并用HPLC法对其进行含量检测。结果本品中延胡索乙素含量测定线性范围为0.2922~1.7532μg,平均加样回收率为100.28%(n=12),RSD为1.16%。结论本测定方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于舒筋片的质量控制。     

祛痹舒肩丸中延胡索乙素的含量测定

采用双波长薄层扫描法对祛痹舒肩丸中的有效成分延胡索乙素的含量进行测定.展开剂:正己烷-醋酸乙酯-浓氨试液(3:2:0.1);扫描波长:测定波长λs=515nm,参比波长λR=650nm;狭缝:0.4mm×0.4mm;线性参数:SX=3.延胡索乙素线性范围0.48～3.84μg,r=0.9994,平均回收率为100.98%,RSD为1.77%(n=8).本法重复性好,定量准确,可作为该制剂的定量分析方法.     

HPLC测定雪胆胃肠丸中的延胡索乙素

目的 建立雪胆胃肠丸中延胡索乙素含量测定的方法。方法 采用Hypersil ODS2柱 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(三乙胺调pH至6.0)(40∶60)为流动相;流速1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长225 nm;柱温：25 ℃。 结果 延胡索乙素在4.8~48.0 μg·mL^-1内与其峰面积有良好的线性关系,其平均回收率为99.82%,RSD为1.00% (n=6)。结论 所建方法简便易行、准确可靠,可用于雪胆胃肠丸中延胡索乙素的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定胃安颗粒中延胡索乙素的含量

目的建立胃安颗粒中延胡索乙素的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法测定胃安颗粒中延胡索乙素的含量.色谱柱:Hypersil C18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(55∶45);流速:1mL·min-1;柱温:室温;检测波长:280nm.结果延胡索乙素在0.193～0.965μg范围内,进样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9992),平均回收率为96.59%,RSD=1.99%.结论本法准确、专属性强、重现性好,可作为胃安颗粒中延胡索乙素的含量测定方法.     

HPLC测定雪胆胃肠丸中的延胡索乙素

目的建立雪胆胃肠丸中延胡索乙素含量测定的方法。方法采用Hypersil ODS2柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（三乙胺调pH至6.0）（40∶60）为流动相;流速1.0 mL.min^-1;检测波长225 nm;柱温：25℃。结果延胡索乙素在4.8-48.0μg.mL^-1内与其峰面积有良好的线性关系,其平均回收率为99.82%,RSD为1.00%（n=6）。结论所建方法简便易行、准确可靠,可用于雪胆胃肠丸中延胡索乙素的含量测定。     

HPLC法分析甘草-延胡索配伍后主成分的含量变化

目的 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定甘草-延胡索煎液中甘草酸和延胡索乙素含量的方法 ,研究配伍对甘草酸和延胡索乙素含量的影响.方法 HPLC法分别测定甘草酸和延胡索乙素,色谱柱为C18柱(4.6 mm × 150 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈:磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾,含0.2%的三乙胺,磷酸调解pH到2.6),流速为0.8 mL/min,采用梯度洗脱.结果 在色谱条件下,甘草和延胡索分离效果好,甘草酸和延胡索乙素的线性关系良好.结论 甘草与延胡索配伍可降低甘草酸和延胡索乙素含量,验证了甘草和延胡索的相畏相杀性.     

高效液相色谱法测定快胃片中延胡索乙素含量

目的:建立快胃片中延胡索乙素的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Sino Chrom ODS～BP柱(4.6mm×250mm,5 μm),流动相为用三乙胺调节pH值为7.0的甲醇-0.1%磷酸(65:35)溶液,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm.结果:延胡索乙素浓度在7.32～43.92 μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为98.5%,RSD=1.1%.结论:高效液相色谱法简便、快速,分离度好,能有效控制快胃片质量.     

白花土元胡药材中延胡索甲素和乙素的含量测定

目的 建立测定白花土元胡药材中延胡索甲素和乙素含量的方法.方法 采用RP-HPLC外标法,Symmetry C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);乙腈为流动相A,0.1%磷酸溶液(三乙胺调pH6)为流动相B,梯度洗脱;检测波长282 nm.结果 延胡索甲素在10.40～208.00 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.5%,RSD=3.1%;延胡索乙素在10.10～505.00 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为101.9%,RSD=2.3%.结论 所建方法结果准确可靠,适用于白花土元胡中延胡索甲素和乙素含量的同时测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.