282株肠球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解临床感染肠球菌的分布及耐药特点.方法用VITEK-60微生物鉴定和药敏分析系统对从临床标本中分离的282株肠球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,用头孢硝噻吩检测菌株的β-内酰胺酶.结果282株肠球菌中,屎肠球菌占42.2%,粪肠球菌占39.0%,其他肠球菌占18.8%;分离率较高的标本依次为尿液、痰液、粪便和胆汁,分别占38.7%、17.0%、15.6%和12.8%;肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性存在明显的种间差异,屎肠球菌和酪黄肠球菌的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌和鸟肠球菌;共检出β-内酰胺酶阳性株2株,占0.7%,万古霉素中介和耐药菌株各占3.5%和3.9%,且90.5%的菌株分离自胆汁和大便标本.结论肠球菌可引起临床各类感染,多重耐药肠球菌分离率及万古霉素敏感性降低菌株不断出现,应引起临床重视.     

2011年—2021年尿液标本肠球菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 研究住院患者尿液分离肠球菌属菌种分布特点及药敏变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法 统计2011年—2021年住院患者尿液分离肠球菌菌种分布及抗生素耐药率变迁,比较粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌药敏结果及万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌药敏差异,利用PCR扩增测序检测VRE主要基因型。结果 2011年—2021年尿液标本共分离肠球菌2 810株,屎肠球菌占59.4%、粪肠球菌占40.6%,屎肠球菌检出率高于粪肠球菌。肠球菌属对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁耐药率<5%,红霉素、利福平耐药率> 80%。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、环丙沙星的耐药率分别为12.8%、11.6%、57.0%,屎肠球菌对四环素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀耐药率分别为23.1%、18.4%,其中38株VRE菌株测序分析均为van A基因型。结论 医院尿液标本中屎肠球菌检出率呈上升趋势且高于粪肠球菌,VRE多数为屎肠球菌且主要为van A基因型,肠球菌属内不同种间耐药率存在显著差异。     

201株肠球菌属的临床分布及耐药分析

目的 了解肠球菌属的临床分布特点及耐药状况.方法收集医院2005年7月-2008年6月常规培养检出的201株肠球菌属,分析其在各种临床标本中的分布特征、耐药状况、高浓度氨基糖苷类耐药状况及β-内酰胺酶检测结果.结果检出粪肠球菌106株(52.7%)、屎肠球菌76株(37.8%)、其他19株(9.5%),其中尿液102株(50.8%)、痰液46株(22.8%);粪肠球菌对红霉素、四环素、利福平、环丙沙星的耐药率均>75.0%,屎肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素、利福平,环丙沙星、呋喃妥因耐药率均>93.0%;万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率分别为14.4%和10.4%;筛选出高浓度氨基糖苷类药物耐药株1 51株(75.1%);检测出β-内酰胺酶阳性株74株(36.8%).结论肠球菌属感染以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌为主,可引起泌尿和呼吸系统等多部位感染;多药耐药和高耐现象相当严重.     

尿路感染患者尿液标本分离肠球菌的临床分布、耐药性及毒力特征

目的 分析尿路感染患者尿液标本分离肠球菌的临床分布、耐药性及毒力特征。方法 选取2019年6月-2021年6月海口市中医医院收治的尿路感染患者300例为研究对象，收集和分析患者送检尿液标本分离肠球菌的临床分布，采用纸片扩散法(K-B)检测肠球菌耐药情况，采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法检测毒力基因。结果 300例尿路感染患者分离病原菌347株，检出屎肠球菌39株(11.24%)、粪肠球菌30株(8.65%);屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌在泌尿外科分布最高，其次为肛肠外科与肾内科；屎肠球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率最高(97.44%),粪肠球菌对四环素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀的耐药率最高(73.33%、70.00%),且屎肠球菌与粪肠球菌对不同抗菌药物的耐药性存在差异(P<0.05);69株尿液标本分离肠球菌中，毒力基因esp阳性率最高，其次为ace、efa,粪肠球菌毒力基因(hyl除外)阳性率均高于屎肠球菌(P<0.05)。结论 医院尿液标本分离肠球菌在泌尿外科中的分布最高，对常用抗菌药物均具有较高的耐药性，同时携带多种毒力基因，应引起医院高度重视。     

泌尿系感染患者中段尿液中肠球菌属的耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿系感染患者中段尿液中肠球菌属的分布及其耐药情况。方法收集2019例泌尿系感染患者中段尿液进行细菌培养、鉴定及药敏试验。结果 454例中检出细菌493株,阳性率为22.49%,其中肠球菌属151株,分离率为30.63%,大肠埃希菌137株,分离率为27.79%;粪肠球菌对青霉素及呋喃妥因、喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率明显低于屎肠球菌,屎肠球菌对喹奴普汀/达福普汀的耐药率明显低于粪肠球菌;粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌未见对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药。结论肠球菌属在尿液中细菌检出率较高,对常见抗菌药物均存在不同程度的耐药性,对万古霉素和替考拉宁具有高度的敏感性,药敏试验结果可指导临床合理选用抗菌药物。     

肠球菌属医院感染的耐药性分析

目的了解2007-2011年粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌在医院感染中的检出率及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌鉴定系统VITEK-32型和VITEK Compact进行菌株鉴定,采用GPS110和GP535药敏卡测定其对11种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 2007年4月-2011年4月医院感染标本中共检出粪肠球菌43株、屎肠球菌50株,50株屎肠球菌主要来自手术切口分泌物、尿液标本,分别占42.0%、16.0%;43株粪肠球菌同样主要来自手术切口分泌物、尿液标本,分别占39.5%、23.3%;屎肠球菌对环丙沙星、青霉素G、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林耐药率均较高,分别为86.0%、90.0%、74.0%、84.0%,而粪肠球菌分别为53.5%、37.2%、44.2%、27.9%,屎肠球菌对上述抗菌药物的耐药率均高于粪肠球菌,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);屎肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺均敏感;粪肠球菌仅1株对替考拉宁耐药,对万古霉素和利奈唑胺均敏感;4年未检出耐万古霉素肠球菌属。结论粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌在医院感染中的耐药性明显不同,在治疗其引起的感染时应按药敏试验结果用药。     

2012-2015年肠球菌属临床感染及耐药性变迁

目的探讨2012-2015年肠球菌属临床检出及耐药性变迁,为临床抗菌药物的合理使用及减少耐药菌株的发生提供参考依据。方法采用VITEK-2-compact全自动微生物分析系统及配套GP鉴定卡、药敏卡,使用WHONET5-4软件对2012-2015年临床分离肠球菌属进行统计分析。结果 4年间共检出肠球菌252株,其中粪肠球菌148株,屎肠球菌91株,鸟肠球菌6株,铅黄肠球菌4株,鹑鸡肠球菌2株,耐久肠球菌1株,粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌检出率为58.73%、36.11%;粪肠球菌4年间高浓度链霉素和高水平氨基糖苷类平均耐药率为22.64%、56.71%;屎肠球菌4年间高浓度链霉素和高水平氨基糖苷类平均耐药率为24.92%、65.27%;粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对于万古霉素耐药不同年份检出不同,并占有一定比率,且万古霉素耐药菌株近几年检出率呈下降趋势,其他肠球菌未检出万古霉素耐药株。结论临床肠球菌感染以粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌为主,其他肠球菌检出率呈上升趋势,各菌株之间的耐药机制无明显规律,临床应落实相关抗菌药物使用管理制度,合理选择抗菌药物,以延缓肠球菌耐药性的产生。     

2015年河北省耐药监测网肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测

目的了解河北省肠球菌属细菌的分布及耐药性,为医院感染控制提供可靠依据。方法收集2015年1月1日-12月31日河北省耐药监测网51所医院检出的肠球菌属细菌;采用仪器法进行菌株鉴定,Kirby-Bauer纸片法或仪器法进行药敏试验;采用WHONET5.6软件进行统计分析。结果河北省51所医院共分离肠球菌属细菌4 159株,其中屎肠球菌2 258株占54.3%,粪肠球菌1 575株占37.9%,鸟肠球菌95株占2.3%,鹑鸡肠球菌86株占2.1%,铅黄肠球菌64株占1.5%,鸽肠球菌51株占1.2%,其他菌30株占0.7%;粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率最低为0.9%,对红霉素耐药率最高为74.5%;屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为2.4%,对红霉素耐药率为87.7%;此外,分离自尿液标本和非尿液标本的肠球菌属耐药率有明显差异。结论临床肠球菌属感染以屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌为主,耐药现状严重,临床应结合具体药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌的耐药性分析

目的:了解屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌的耐药性,为临床提供治疗依据。方法:回顾性统计分析2005年1月～2009年9月间临床分离的屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌的分布与药敏试验结果。结果:检出屎肠球菌1286株和粪肠球菌1042株,均主要分离于尿液和痰液。屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁的耐药率≤5.0%,对利福平耐药率≥74.3%。屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素和左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率≥92.3%,而粪肠球菌对相应药物的耐药率≤22.5%。屎肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素和呋喃妥因的耐药率亦高于粪肠球菌。只有四环素的耐药率相反。结论:屎肠球菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率高于粪肠球菌,已发现万古霉素耐药肠球菌,应引起重视。     

166株肠球菌属的临床分布及耐药分析

目的了解肠球菌属的分布及常用抗菌药物的耐药性情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法细菌鉴定应用API 20Strep板条和ATB NEW系统,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果临床分离到的166株肠球菌属中,粪肠球菌96株(57.83%),屎肠球菌68株(40.96%);主要分离自尿液53株(31.93%)、脓液42株(25.30%)和伤口分泌物29株(17.47%);屎肠球菌的耐药率普遍较粪肠球菌高,特别是对红霉素的耐药率最高,为95.59%,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、青霉素、氨苄西林、利福平及高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率均80.00%;粪肠球菌对红霉素和四环素耐药率均80.00%,未发现喹奴普汀/达福普汀敏感粪肠球菌;虽然肠球菌属的药敏要求对其进行β-内酰胺酶的检测以推导对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林耐药性,但未发现有β-内酰胺酶阳性菌株,也未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株。结论肠球菌属是医院感染的重要病原菌之一,临床治疗肠球菌属引起的感染时应根据药敏结果合理用药。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.