脑动静脉畸形的血管内治疗

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形（AVM）血管内治疗的方法及效果。方法 2005~2014年血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM 42例,其中单支动脉供血9例,多支动脉供血33例;NBCA胶栓塞23例,真丝线段栓塞7例,先用真丝线段栓塞后再用NBCA胶栓塞12例。结果 6例单支动脉供血用NBCA胶栓塞2次,畸形血管团完全闭塞;多支动脉供血的33例中,10例用NBCA胶栓塞3~4次,其中8例病灶明显缩小,临床症状明显改善;1例因病灶太大栓塞后临床症状略有改善;1例栓塞术中出现心室颤动死亡。真丝线段栓塞的7例中,3例出现脑血管痉挛,4例出现脑水肿,5例（71.4%）在3个月后复查造影见畸形血管再通。先用真丝线段栓塞后再用NBCA胶栓塞的12例中,2例病灶完全闭塞,10例病灶略缩小。所有术后随访1~2年,按GOS评分评估预后恢复良好40例,中残1例,死亡1例。结论 血管内栓塞是一种治疗脑AVM有效方法,对单支血管供血的病变栓塞可达到治愈的效果;用NBCA胶栓塞效果好,并发症少。     

NBCA和ONYX栓塞治疗不同类型脑动静脉畸形的对比研究

目的对比分析NBCA和ONYX两种液态栓塞系统对不同类型脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的栓塞率，对NBCA和ONYX的有效性作出评价。方法选取1998年1月至2005年6月经过NBCA和ONYX栓塞治疗的50例脑AVM病人，NBCA组30例，ONYX组20例。男32例，女18例，平均33．5岁。对两组间不同大小、供血动脉类型、供血动脉支数脑AVM的栓塞率对比分析。全部数据采用秩和检验，应用SAS 6．12统计软件分析。结果对中型、皮质多支供血和浅部引流的脑AVM，ONYX的栓塞率高于NBCA。两者对小型、单支供血的脑AVM均有较高的栓塞率。结论对中型、皮质动脉多支供血的脑AVM，ONYX栓塞率比NBCA高。对大型和混合供血的脑AVM，NBCA与ONYX两者的栓塞率并无统计学意义。对于小型脑AVM，两种栓塞剂均有着较好的栓塞率。穿支供血的脑AVM不适合经动脉行血管内栓塞。对于体积较大的伴有广泛供血和位于功能区的AVM，可以分次栓塞，并结合手术和立体定向放射治疗。     

以动静脉瘘为主的脑动静脉畸形的栓塞治疗

目的探讨以动静脉瘘为主的高血流量脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的血管内栓塞治疗方法.方法将Spinnaker-1.5F微导管送至AVM近动静脉瘘口处,超选择造影测量动静脉微循环时间,先用液态弹簧圈2～3枚经微导管作初步填塞以减慢血流,再根据不同微循环时间配制不同浓度NBCA胶(17%～33%)栓塞AVM.结果采用液态弹簧圈和NBCA胶联合栓塞13例以动静脉瘘为主的AVM,完全栓塞3例,90%栓塞5例,60%栓塞3例,40%栓塞2例,无一例出现并发症.结论采用液态弹簧圈联合NBCA胶能安全、有效地治疗以动静脉瘘为主的脑动静脉畸形.     

血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗脑动静脉畸形21例临床分析

目的 观察血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的治疗效果及适应症和并发症。方法 选择2000年9月～2002年10月住院的21例脑动静脉畸形患者施行血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗，先应用二氰基丙烯酸异丁酯(Bucrylate，NBCA)栓塞脑动静脉畸形，使体积缩小。对血液速度快、体积较大者，采取分次逐步栓塞。在最后1次栓塞3～5天后行γ刀治疗，在MRI定位下确定AVM的大小和边界，根据病灶大小、部位和类型设计照射的靶点位置、靶点个数、周边剂量、中心剂量和剂量曲线。结果 脑AVM完全闭塞者12例，闭塞率57．1％，病灶明显缩小6例(28．6％)，病灶大小无变化3例(14．3％)，术后脑AVM出血l例，无死亡病例。结论 血管内栓塞联合γ刀治疗脑AVM是一种安全有效的新手段，尤其适合于大～巨大型脑AVM、脑深部AVM或功能区、复杂AVM以及手术难度大、不能耐受开颅手术的患者。具有创伤小、住院时间短优点，费用高是其缺点。     

脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗

应用国产NBCA经血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM 32例,效果满意.讨论了NBCA的特点、栓塞的适应证、栓塞导管的置入技术、栓塞剂的配制、栓塞技术要点及栓塞后并发症的防治等问题.     

颅内多发动静脉畸形

目的：讨论颅内多发动静脉畸形（AVM）的临床特征和临床治疗方法。方法：报告2例多发脑AVM病例，分析该病的临床表现、影像特征，同时探讨其治疗方法。结果：1例多发AVM采用NBCA胶1次栓塞2个病灶，达到完全栓塞；1例多发AVM应用ONYX胶完全栓塞1个病灶，另l病灶行放射治疗。结论：血管内栓塞是治疗多发AVM的一种较好方法，但有时需结合手术及放射治疗手段才能达到治疗目的。     

脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗

应用国产NBCA经血管内栓塞治疗脑AVM 32例，效果满意。讨论了NBCA的特点、栓塞的适应证、栓塞导管的置入技术、栓塞剂的配制、栓塞技术要点及栓塞后并发症的防治等问题。     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形29例临床分析

目的总结探讨Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的方法、临床效果和安全性。方法 2006年7月至2009年12月,对29例经过DSA确诊的脑AVM患者采用Onyx胶栓塞治疗,根据栓塞程度选择分期再次栓塞、显微手术切除或伽玛刀治疗并随访。结果 1次栓塞手术后完全栓塞9例(31.0%),2次栓塞手术后完全栓塞8例(27.6%),次全栓塞7例(24.1%),部分栓塞5例(17.2%),2例残余畸形血管团行伽玛刀治疗,1例栓塞术后出现脑内血肿,显微手术清除血肿及残余畸形血管团,手术后无明显神经功能障碍,2例观察随访,无死亡病例。所有患者栓塞术后均未出现原有神经功能障碍加重的情况。结论 Onyx胶作为新型的液态栓塞剂,具有良好的弥散性和可控性,是目前较理想的治疗脑AVM的栓塞材料,能够有效地栓塞脑AVM,但要求术者具有熟练的操作技巧。     

血管内栓塞脑动静脉畸形20例报告

目的　报告采用血管内栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形 2 0例取得较满意效果。方法　经右股动脉插管 ,在DSA电视屏幕监视下采用栓塞剂 (真丝线段混悬液、IBCA、NBCA、PVA等 )栓塞脑动静脉畸形。结果　本组 2 0例经术后脑血管造影证实 ,病灶完全栓塞者 10例 ,占 5 0 % ;栓塞 75 %以上者 4例 ,占 2 0 % ;栓塞 5 0 %～ 70 %者 3例 ,占 15 % ;栓塞 <5 0 %者 3例 ,占 10 %。其中 3例属巨大AVM行分期栓塞 ,4例出现一过性神经功能障碍。结论　血管内栓塞脑AVM是目前较为理想的方法。     

脑动静脉畸形部分栓塞后的再渗透：临床、放射学及组织学研究

本文描述了用α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA)行血管内栓塞脑动静脉畸形(AVM)后与栓塞相关的组织病变及血管巢铸型(intranidal cast)的再渗透。方法:作者对26例脑AVM先以NBCA行血管内栓塞治疗,随之行手术摘除,观察与栓塞相关的组织病变及血管巢铸型。每一例病人术前均经血管造影证实有残余血流经过血管巢。结果:与栓塞相关的组织病变的类型与演变是典型的。栓塞后3个月被栓塞的组织未出现再渗透。相反,在第一次栓塞后2个月每一个行外科手术的病人均出现再渗透。对这些病例的被切除血管巢的组织学检查示毛细血管内     

11例非Galen静脉脑动静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

作者报告了1979年至1995年治疗的11例非Galen静脉的脑动静脉瘘(AVF),对其诊断标准及治疗原则进行探讨.1例以球囊栓塞失败后行手术夹闭供血动脉;8例以IBCA/NBCA栓塞治疗,其中1例经3次栓塞缩小静脉球后手术切除残留的动静脉畸形(AVM);2例以弹簧圈栓塞瘘口.结果:动静脉瘘100%闭塞8例,恢复良好.8例中的6例脑血管造影复查,未见复发;植物生存1例;死亡2例.对治疗原则,血管内栓塞进行了讨论,认为栓塞材料首选弹簧圈.     

Hemorrhage risk after partial endovascular NBCA and ONYX embolization for brain arteriovenous malformation

Abstract

Objective: To estimate for hemorrhage risk of partially endovascularly embolized brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 147 consecutive patients with BAVM-treated mainly with endovascular N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and ONYX embolization. In Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, the index date was the dated of initial endovascular embolization; cases were censored at time of subsequent intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), or loss to follow-up, and multivariate proportional-hazards regression models included age of presentation (?30 years old), clinical presentations, and other potential confounders.

Results: We reviewed 147 patients with BAVM (58·8% male; mean age±SD at treatment: 27·5±11·1 years) treated with endovascular embolization. One hundred and forty-four NBCA and 76 ONYX embolizations were performed. Complete obliteration of BAVMs was achieved in 29 patients (19·7%). Thirty-two (21·8%) patients were treated with additional Gamma-knife radiosurgery. During 499·5 years of follow-up, 15 partially treated patients suffered a further hemorrhage, which caused four deaths. The crude annual risk of hemorrhage was 3·0% and the annual death rate was 0·8%. Among partially treated patients with hemorrhage at initial presentation, the risk of hemorrhage was 3·8%, while the risk of hemorrhage for patients without hemorrhage at initial presentation was 2·5%. The annual rate of subsequent hemorrhage was 2·6% for non-ICH and 4·2% for ICH in the partial NBCA embolization group compared with 2·4% for non-ICH and 2·4% for ICH in the partial ONYX embolization group.

Conclusions: The effect of partial AVM embolization with liquid embolic agents may still be unclear as for risk reduction of annual hemorrhage rate of cerebral AVM.     

国产α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的临床研究

目的　本组报告用自行研制的胶体栓塞剂ａ氰基丙烯酸正丁酯（ＮＢＣＡ） 栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形（ＡＶＭ） １０６ 例。方法　均经股动脉和同侧颈动脉入路, 使用ＮＢＣＡ 的方法有三种： 包括完全根据畸形血管团的动静脉循环时间配制不同比例的碘苯酯和ＮＢＣＡ混合液; 微螺旋圈和ＮＢＣＡ混合栓塞; 循环时间长于２ 秒时直接注入３０ ％ 的ＮＢＣＡ混合液。结果　单支供血的ＡＶＭ均在一次栓塞后完全消除; 多支供血的ＡＶＭ 在栓塞１ ～３ 次后畸形血管团消除范围从４０％ ～１００％ 不等。结论　国产ＮＢＣＡ在栓塞脑ＡＶＭ 的弥散性能良好, 聚合速度可控制, 是治疗脑ＡＶＭ 性能良好的栓塞材料。     

脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗研究

目的：探讨脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗。方法：回顾性地分析１９５例ＡＶＭｓ患者的血管栓塞治疗过程。结果：血管内栓塞治疗１５９例,２９７次,治疗后临床症状消失,完全恢复正常生活、工作者３２例,占２０％,临床症状明显好转１２３例（占７７．４％）。结论：血管内栓塞治疗是一种脑ＡＶＭｓ首选并且有效的治疗方法,尤其终末型供血者。     

出血性脑动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤的栓塞治疗

目的 探讨出血性脑动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤的特点与血管内治疗的方法.方法 经CT或MRI确认脑出血的病例,经全脑血管造影证实为脑动静脉畸形(AVM)合并动脉瘤为36例患者,根据AVM病灶和动脉瘤的特点,采取不同的栓塞策略,经血管内超选择应用α氰基丙烯酸正丁酯、ONYX胶或弹簧圈栓塞畸形团和动脉瘤.结果 栓塞后35例动脉瘤完全栓塞,AVM病灶完全消除26例;1例残留AVM因引流静脉狭窄术后1年发生出血,行血肿清除并AVM病灶切除术治愈;另1例因残余病灶接受伽玛刀治疗3个月时发生出血,保守治疗后行2次栓塞治愈.结论 AVM病灶内或病灶旁存在动脉瘤是引起脑出血的重要原因,在栓塞前制定栓塞策略,优先处理动脉瘤样病变对防止脑出血有重要意义.     

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis after embolization of cerebral arterioveneous malformations

Cerebral arterioveneous malformations (AVM) can cause neurological symptoms and carry a risk of hemorrhage. Therapeutic options to cure or reduce AVM include surgery, embolization, irradiation, and combinations thereof. Prompted by three index cases treated in our center, we studied whether AVM embolization is associated with an increased risk of subsequent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In a monocenter series, we retrospectively analyzed the new development of ALS in patients who had been treated with embolization of cerebral AVM from 1986 to 2010 (n = 1,114). After a median follow-up of 11 years (range, 0–25 years) after first embolization, seven patients developed ALS with a median latency of 14 years (range, 12–17 years) and a median age of ALS onset of 38 years (range, 28–52 years). In all cases, the initial limb of ALS symptom onset was ipsilateral to the AVM. Five patients died within the follow-up period, with a range of 1–4 years after the onset of ALS symptoms. The seven patients belonged to a subgroup of 34 patients who had in common a rare AVM architecture characterized by significant perinidal angiogenesis. All cases were partially treated by at least three embolization sessions. As there is no known association between AVM and ALS, AVM embolization must be taken into account to have contributed to the development of ALS in the seven patients with this rare AVM architecture. Searching for underlying mechanisms, we compared frozen serum samples that were available from four of the patients who developed ALS, from eight patients with AVM of other architecture, and less than three embolizations who did not develop ALS, and of 20 controls. The concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the serum was lowest in AVM patients who developed ALS (245 ± 154 pmol/l) and highest in controls (409 ± 178 pmol/l). Although this difference was not statistically significant in the small sample, it suggests that low VEGF production by AVM with significant angiogenesis, possibly due to multiple embolization procedures, might have contributed to ALS development. ALS should be considered as a late complication of multiple embolizations of cerebral AVM characterized by significant perinidal angiogenesis.     

Combined therapy of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: histological differences between a non-adhesive liquid embolic agent and n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA)

OBJECTIVE: Based on 2 casuistics, the intraoperative qualities of a new, non-adhesive liquid embolic agent (Onyx, Micro Therapeutics. Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) are to be compared to those of n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) with regard to the histopathological results after preoperative embolization of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a case example, the intraoperative quality of the nidus after embolization of a parieto-occipital AVM with Onyx--a new, non-adhesive liquid embolic agent--consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tantalum, is described. In the second patient, embolization of a frontal high-flow AVM was performed with NBCA. Both patients underwent surgery with complete resection ofthe AVM. RESULTS: From a neurosurgical point of view, Onyx is suitable for preoperative embolization of AVMs, because the nidus intraoperatively remains elastic and formable and can be dissected from the surrounding brain tissue quite well by microsurgical technique. Inflammatory reactions can be found mainly in the lumina of the vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Onyx promises to be an embolic agent well suitable for subsequent neurosurgical resection. Further studies considering various intervals of time between embolization and resection as well as histopathological and electron microscopical examinations are necessary for evaluation of our first experience with this new embolization agent.     

高级别颅内动静脉畸形的治疗策略及并发症防治

目的探讨高级别颅内动静脉畸形（arteriovenous malforation,AVM）的治疗策略及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析13例高级别AVM病人的临床资料,采用显微手术为主结合介入和（或）放射治疗。术中均应用自体血回吸收技术,2例术前行AVM部分栓塞．1例行分次手术,2例术后病变残留病人行伽马刀治疗。结果无死亡病例;1例术前持续昏迷,术后轻度改善;其余病例均得到较好恢复。AVM全切除11例,次全切除2例。随访11—59个月,GOS评分：5分10例,4分2例,3分1例。结论娴熟的显微神经外科技术、科学的个体化治疗方案的制定是取得高级别AVM良好疗效的重要因素。术前辅助行栓塞技术,术中应用自体血回收技术,术后放射治疗,可以降低并发症的发生。