宁波市鲜活水产品抗生素残留调查研究

目的：系统了解宁波市市售鲜活水产品中抗生素的残留现状。方法：随机选择35个采样点,共采集230份样品,采用液相色谱或ELISA方法进行抗生素检测。结果：氯霉素检出范围0-0.31μg/kg,超标率5.2%;土霉素检出范围0-6 300μg/kg,超标率22.2%;金霉素检出范围0-2 300μg/kg,超标率50.4%;四环素检出范围0-1 300μg/kg,超标率23.5%;恩诺沙星检出范围0-322.1μg/kg,超标率6.5%;诺氟沙星检出范围0-49.33μg/kg,无超标;氟苯尼考检出范围0-23.07μg/kg,无超标;呋喃唑酮检出范围0-6.2μg/kg,无超标;磺胺（总）检出范围0-256.5μg/kg,超标率1.3%。各抗生素在海水养殖产品中超标率高于淡水养殖产品。结论：宁波市市售鲜活水产品存在部分抗生素残留超标,海水养殖产品中超标情况尤为严重,需要加强水产品养殖、销售的管理。     

宁波市场鲜活水产品中无机物的含量及评价

目的：了解宁波市场鲜活水产品中无机物污染物状况。方法：通过收集宁波市11县（市、区）35个菜场230份样品,进行无机物污染物检测。结果：宁波市场鲜活水产品中无机盐污染物质量分数分别为铅：0-2.921mg/kg,超标率0.4%;总砷：0-6.673 mg/kg,超标率19.1%;无机砷：0-0.650 mg/kg,超标率0.9%;镉：0-0.340 mg/kg,超标率0%;汞：0-0.192 mg/kg,超标率0;铜：0.098-85.9mg/kg,超标率0.4%;锌：0.146-187.8 mg/kg,超标率0.4%;锰：0.03-47.82 mg/kg,超标率6.9%;铁：0-2824.76 mg/kg,超标率8.3%;铬：0-84.11 mg/kg,超标率22.6%;氟：0.12-84.11 mg/kg,超标率29.1%。结论：从检测数据可以看到无机污染物主要是铜、锰、铬,其他无机物污染物在鲜活水产品中均能达到国家标准限制范围质量安全性,能够得到保证。     

宁波市鲜活水产品有机氯农药残留现状及对策分析

目的了解宁波市市售鲜活水产品中有机氯农药的残留现状。方法随机选择35个采样点，共采集230份样品，采用气相色谱方法进行农药含量检测。结果“六六六”检出范围为ND～0．402mg／kg，超标率5．2％；“滴滴涕”检出范围为ND～0．370mg/kg，未超标。“六六六”除鲫鱼外，其他各种类都有超标，超标率最高的是鳊鱼（9．5％），“六六六”超标率在海水产品和淡水产品中差异无统计学意义；“滴滴涕”检出率最高的是黄鱼（67．7％）。结论宁波市鲜活水产品中主要的有机氯农药残留污染物是“六六六”，需要加强水产品养殖、销售中有机氯农药残留的监测和管理。     

上海市水产品中重金属污染情况

目的了解上海市市售水产品中重金属含量水平。方法在上海市采集具有代表性的水产品6类685件,测定铅、镉、总汞和总砷(部分无机砷)的含量。采用重金属污染指数(MPI)评价其污染程度。结果不同种类水产品中重金属水平存在差异,其中铅均未超标,镉的超标率依次为海水甲壳类(28.1%)、头足类(20.0%)和双壳类(13.6%),海水甲壳类中海水蟹中镉污染较为严重,平均值为0.913 mg/kg(超标率61.7%)。大闸蟹分组研究结果显示,肌肉组织和蟹膏蟹黄的重金属(镉、总汞、总砷)污染水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。MPI评价重金属污染总体程度为双壳类海水甲壳类头足类淡水甲壳类海水鱼类淡水鱼类。结论上海市市售水产品有一定程度的重金属污染,尤其以双壳类、海水甲壳类和头足类中镉超标比较严重。     

绍兴市水产品中6种重金属调查

为了解绍兴市常见水产品中铅、镉、镍、铬、总汞和总砷的污染水平,于2015年在绍兴市的农贸市场、超市等随机采集6类343份水产品,采用国家标准方法检测铅、镉、镍、铬、总汞和总砷的含量,按GB 2762—2012《食品中污染物限量》评价检测结果,采用单因子污染指数法和金属污染指数法评价污染程度。结果显示,6类343份水产品中,铅、镉、镍、铬、总汞和总砷的中位数分别为0.036、0.012、0.041、0.062、0.012和0.220 mg/kg,镉的超标率为3.79%(13/343),其余重金属均未超标。海水甲壳类中镉含量中位数为0.027 mg/kg,超标率为15.79%(12/76),单因子污染指数中位数为0.054;其中梭子蟹中镉含量中位数为0.30 mg/kg,超标率为44.44%(12/27),单因子污染指数中位数为0.60。金属污染指数最高的为海水双壳类(0.110)最低的为淡水鱼类(0.021)。提示2015年绍兴市水产品中重金属总体污染水平不高,但梭子蟹中镉污染较严重,建议继续加强监测并分析污染来源。     

广州市水产品污染状况调查

目的:了解广州市水产品卫生状况,为食品卫生安全监管提供依据。方法:在广州市餐饮单位、超级市场和肉菜综合市场随机采集鲜活鱼、虾蟹、贝壳、冰鲜产品等水产品样品进行抗生素、重金属、农药、甲醛、肝吸虫、致病菌等项目的检测。结果:鲜活虾蟹、鱼、贝壳类产品土霉素、四环素残留超标率较高,土霉素残留超标率虾蟹类为72.2%,贝壳类42.1%,鲜活鱼为18.9%;四环素残留超标率虾蟹类为33.3%,贝壳类5.3%,鲜活鱼为16.2%;虾蟹类产品检出禁止使用的氯霉素。重金属污染以镉为主,铅、砷合格率100%;水产品甲醛含量合格率为69.5%,最高含量达852 mg/kg。结论:广州市水产品抗生素残留、甲醛超标现象较为严重,危及食品卫生安全,需加强监督管理。鲜活水产品肝吸虫、副溶血性弧菌检出率高,生食水产品危险度高。     

杭州产大米中重金属污染状况调查及暴露风险评估

目的了解杭州地区本地产大米中砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、镍污染状况,对杭州农村居民大米重金属暴露进行风险评估。方法随机采集杭州地区主要产粮区的大米样品,用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测;用人均月(周)摄入大米量和平均体质量估算米中重金属摄入量占暂定每月(周)允许摄入量的比重。结果 113份大米中镉含量为0.010 mg/kg～2.46 mg/kg,超标率为42.6%;铅含量为0.000 14 mg/kg～0.262 mg/kg,超标率为0.88%;总汞含量为0.001 4 mg/kg～0.019 6 mg/kg;铬含量为0.005 8 mg/kg～0.377 mg/kg;总砷含量为0.051 mg/kg～0.204 mg/kg;镍含量为0.041 mg/kg～1.003 mg/kg;总汞、铬均未有超标。估算农村居民每月通过大米摄入镉为22.30μg/kg·BW;每周分别摄入铅的平均量为0.46μg/kg·BW;摄入汞的平均量为0.21μg/kg·BW;摄入铬的平均量为1.87μg/kg·BW;摄入砷的平均量为2.44μg/kg·BW;摄入镍的平均量为5.68μg/kg·BW。结论本地产大米中砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、镍均有检出,其中镉含量偏高,暴露风险较高,应加强监测,采取措施,控制污染。     

海南省市售苦丁茶和鹧鸪茶中31种元素含量调查

目的了解海南省不同地区苦丁茶和鹧鸪茶中31种元素的含量,为茶叶种植、加工生产和安全质量控制提供参考依据。方法 2017—2018年采集海南省主要产地和市场50份苦丁茶和27份鹧鸪茶,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱同时测定铝、锰、铜、铬、钡、钒、镉、铅、硒、镍、锑、砷、锂、汞、锡和16种稀土(钇、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、铕、钆、铽、镝、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、钪)含量。结果不同地区的苦丁茶中镉和稀土含量比较差异有统计学意义。苦丁茶和鹧鸪茶中含量较高的金属元素为铝、锰、铜、镉和稀土,苦丁茶中镉检出范围为0.031～12.400 mg/kg,平均值为5.465 mg/kg,超标率为82.0%,稀土元素检出范围为0.000～2.390 mg/kg,平均值为0.862 mg/kg,超标率为8.0%。鹧鸪茶稀土元素检出范围为0.080～15.316 mg/kg,平均值为2.900 mg/kg,超标率为25.9%。苦丁茶和鹧鸪茶茶汤中稀土含量均小于2 mg/kg。结论海南市售的苦丁茶中镉污染情况应引起重视;我国茶叶类的重金属元素标准不完善,相关部门应尽快制定出相应标准。     

钟祥市饮用井水重金属含量现况调查与分析

目的:了解钟祥市饮用井水重金属(Fe、Cu、Mn、Pb、As)含量,为当地生活饮用水管理提供科学依据。方法:按照中国国家生活饮用水卫生标准和生活饮用水标准检验方法,随机抽取钟祥市13个乡镇监测点267份井水进行重金属检测和评价。结果:钟祥市井水铁的中位水平为0.37(0.13～1.19 mg/L)、超标率为54.7%,锰为0.15(0.03～0.73 mg/L)、超标率为56.93%,各监测点间水样中铁、锰含量及超标率差异均有统计学意义,P0.01。1.12%的水样As超标,Cu和Pb均未超标。结论:钟祥市井水中铁、锰超标现象严重,需要高度重视。     

2014年绍兴地区食品中重金属监测结果分析

目的了解绍兴地区食品中重金属的污染水平,为绍兴地区食品中重金属污染的监管和环境污染治理提供依据。方法采用国家标准检测方法,于2014年对绍兴地区部分食品中铅、镉、总汞、总砷、镍、铬和铜的含量进行检测,按GB 2762─2012《食品中污染物限量》评价检测结果。结果共检测10类1384份食品中铅、镉、总汞和总砷,超标率分别为2.0%、3.0%、1.5%和0.22%,中位值分别为0.019、0.0085、0.0024和0.015 mg/kg;共检测8类273份样品中镍,检出率为48.4%,中位值为0.010 mg/kg;共检测7类255份样品中铬,检出率为14.9%,中位值为0.0050mg/kg;共检测9类486份样品中铜,检出率为94.0%,中位值为1.34 mg/kg。水产品、动物内脏和粮食的重金属超标率相对较高,分别为16.9%、7.9%和7.3%,梭子蟹中镉超标严重,超标率为38.9%。结论 2014年绍兴地区食品中重金属整体污染水平不高,但部分食品(水产品、动物内脏和粮食等)污染相对较突出,存在铅、镉、总汞和总砷超标问题。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.