闭合复位空心加压螺纹钉治疗股骨颈骨折52例分析

目的探讨闭合复位空心加压螺纹钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的方法和疗效。方法自2002年9月至2009年3月,采用闭合复位2～3枚空心加压螺纹钉内固定治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折52例,强调骨折解剖复位和围手术期的治疗。结果所有病例获得随访,获得骨性愈合46例,出现股骨头缺血坏死3例、骨折不愈合3例,优良率88.5%,无刀口感染、骨髓炎,无螺钉松动、退出等。结论闭合复位空心加压螺纹钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折疗效可靠,有较高的愈合率,是临床治疗的首选方法。对于高龄股骨颈骨折的患者,加强围手术期处理,是提高手术疗效的关键。     

闭合复位钛合金空心加压螺钉治疗股骨颈骨折

目的探讨闭合复位钛合金空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折的方法和疗效。方法自2005年1月~2010年1月对收治的112例新鲜股骨颈骨折,采用闭合复位、经皮空心加压螺钉内固定治疗。结果所有病例获得随访,随访时间5个月~36个月,平均26个月。骨折断端骨性愈合92例,占82.14%,股骨头坏死8例,占7.14%,螺钉穿出股骨头3例,占2.67%,骨折不愈合9例,占8.04%。结论闭合复位空心加压螺钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折,操作方便,手术风险及创伤小,固定牢靠,治疗费用少,是治疗股骨颈骨折的有效方法 。     

微创空心加压螺纹钉治疗中青年股骨颈骨折

目的总结中青年股骨颈骨折的微创治疗原则和疗效。方法18岁以上新鲜股骨颈骨折患者59例,在充分术前准备情况下,59例新鲜中青年股骨颈骨折采用C臂X线机监控下闭合复位AO空心钉内固定微创治疗。结果59例均获随访,随访时间6～42个月,其中51例骨折愈合且无股骨头坏死;Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型8例股骨头坏死和骨不愈合。结论闭合复位AO空心螺钉微创治疗中青年股骨颈骨折,手术创伤小、方法简便,对中青年股骨颈骨折治疗效果满意。     

空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折临床观察

股骨颈骨折是老年人常见的骨折类型之一,不愈合率和股骨头坏死率较高。闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定是目前治疗股骨颈骨折的常用方法。我们2005年2月-2008年4月采用空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折36例,取得良好效果,现报告如下。     

空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折临床观察

股骨颈骨折是老年人常见的骨折类型之一,不愈合率和股骨头坏死率较高.闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定是目前治疗股骨颈骨折的常用方法.我们2005年2月～2008年4月采用空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折36例,取得良好效果,现报告如下.     

青壮年股骨颈骨折急诊闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定治疗临床观察

目的探讨急诊闭合复位加压空心螺钉内同定治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的方法及疗效。方法对42例股骨颈骨折患者采用在C臂X光机透视下急诊行闭合复位后加压空心螺钉内固定。结果随访10～24个月，全部患者骨折骨性愈合，股骨头发生囊性变1例。结论急诊闭合复位加压空心螺钉内固定是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的积极有效、安全可靠的方法。     

闭合复位AO空心加压螺钉固定治疗老年股骨颈骨折体会

目的：探讨闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法：选择2004年6月～2009年6月采用闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折32例。GardenⅠ2例,GardenⅡ16例,GardenⅢ13例,GardenⅣ1例。受伤至手术时间为1～7 d,平均3 d。结果：所有患者均得到随访,随访时间平均为35个月。31例骨折愈合,其中有7例（22.6%）后期发生股骨头无菌性坏死;1例（3.1%）骨折不愈合。骨折愈合时间平均为5.4个月。无感染发生。结论：闭合复位空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折是一种损伤小,且固定可靠的治疗方法。     

空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折的临床研究

目的探讨空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折的效果。方法遵循生物学固定理念,应用空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折47例,按Garden分型均为Ⅱ~Ⅳ型。术中在C臂X线透视下闭合复位、呈三角形拧入三枚空心加压螺钉。结果经2.5~4年随访,骨折愈合时间为4~12个月,平均5.8个月;骨折44例愈合,愈合率93.6%,3例头下型发生股骨头缺血性坏死,股骨头坏死率6.4%。根据Harris髋关节功能评分标准,优35例,良8例,优良率91.5%;可1例(2.1%),差3例(6.4%)。结论空心加压螺钉治疗中老年股骨颈骨折,具有手术创伤小,操作简单,固定牢靠,骨折愈合率高,并发症少等优点,是生物学固定理念的具体应用     

空心加压螺钉联合股方肌蒂骨瓣移植治疗不同类型股骨颈骨折疗效分析

目的 探讨用不同手术方法治疗不同类型的股骨颈骨折.方法 对基底型及经颈型股骨颈骨折采用手法复位2枚加压空心钉内固定(14例),对头下型及头颈型股骨颈骨折采用2枚加压空心钉内固定加殷方肌蒂骨瓣移植术(32例)治疗,并对疗效平均随访3年10个月.结果 股骨颈骨折愈合率为97.5%,股骨头坏死率2.4%,优良率92.6%.结论 闭合复位,加压空心钉内固定治疗经颈型及基底型股骨颈骨折;开放复位,2枚加压空心钉内固定加股方肌蒂骨瓣移植治疗股骨颈骨折头下型及头颈型,其操作简单,手术损伤小,出血少,骨折端愈合率高,股骨头坏死率低,是治疗不同类型股骨颈骨折的较为理想的方法.     

闭合复位早期空心加压螺钉固定治疗股骨颈骨折72例临床分析

目的 探讨闭合复位早期空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效.方法 选择2003年1月～2009年1月采用闭合复位早期空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折72例,其中Garden Ⅰ型10例,Garden Ⅱ型38例,Garden Ⅲ型17例,Garden Ⅳ型7例;受伤至手术时间为1～4 d.结果 所有病人随访时间平均为28个月.66例骨折骨性愈合,其中有11例(15.2%)后期发生股骨头无菌性坏死;6例(8.3%)骨折不愈合.骨折愈合时间平均为7.5个月;无感染病例.结论 闭合复位早期空心加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折是一种创伤小且疗效显著的治疗方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.