儿童期虐待、自尊、自我效能感对医学生焦虑抑郁影响的路径分析

目的:探讨医学生儿童期虐待、自尊、自我效能感与焦虑抑郁症状的关系。方法:采用整群抽样法,对某医学院262名医学生进行调查,使用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)、自尊量表(SES)、一般自我效能感(GSES)、贝克抑郁自评问卷、焦虑自评量表等问卷进行现场测试,用结构方程模型分析软件Amos7.0作路径分析。结果:儿童期虐待对焦虑、抑郁有直接正向影响(Sβ=0.342,0.389;P<0.01),对自尊、自我效能感有直接负向影响(Sβ=-0.130,-0.148;P<0.05);自尊对焦虑、抑郁有直接负向影响(Sβ=-0.061,-0.217;P<0.05),自我效能感对焦虑、抑郁有直接负向影响(Sβ=-0.133,-0.087;P<0.05)。结论:自尊、自我效能感作为中介变量调节儿童期虐待对医学生焦虑、抑郁症状的影响。     

海洛因依赖者的生活事件与情绪问题调查

目的 探索海洛因依赖患者的生活事件发生情况和焦虑、抑郁情绪问题,以及生活事件与焦虑、抑郁情绪的相关性.方法 采用生活事件量表(LES)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对139名吸毒者进行测评.结果 根据生活事件量表(LES)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评定结果,76.26%受试者经历...     

高中毕业生焦虑、抑郁情绪及相关性分析

目的探讨青岛市高中毕业生的焦虑、抑郁情绪及其相关因素。方法从青岛市4所高中以班为单位整群抽取,采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、个人评价问卷（PEI）、自尊量表（SES）及青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）对337名高三学生进行测查。结果有焦虑情绪63名,占20．1％,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;有抑郁情绪92名,占29．4％,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;相关性分析显示焦虑、抑郁情绪与自我评价、自尊、生活事件总分及其各因子分均有非常显著相关性（P〈0．01）。结论高中毕业生焦虑、抑郁情况严重,不容忽视。     

初中毕业班学生不良情绪及相关因素分析

目的探讨初中毕业生的焦虑、抑郁不良情绪及其相关因素。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、个人评价问卷（PEI）、自尊量表（SES）及青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）对随机抽取的青岛市8所中学的345名初中毕业生进行测查。结果有焦虑情绪者118名,占总调查人数的36.5%,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。有抑郁情绪者84名,占总调查人数的26.0%,男女两性比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。有抑郁组和无抑郁组之间以及有焦虑组和无焦虑组之间的生活事件总分及各因子分、自我评价总分和自尊得分均存在非常显著的相关性（P〈0.001）。结论初中毕业生焦虑、抑郁情况严重,不容忽视;改善初中毕业生的成长环境,减少各种负性生活事件的发生率,并努力培养学生良好的心理品质,提高其对负性生活事件的承受能力和对负性情绪的调控能力,可能是提高初中毕业生心理健康水平的有效途径。     

高职学生抑郁焦虑情绪及其影响因素分析

目的研究分析青岛市高职学生抑郁焦虑情绪及其影响因素,旨在探讨促进高职院校大学生心理健康的对策和方法。方法采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、个人评价问卷（PEI）、自尊量表（SES）和青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）实施评定,通过分层抽样在青岛市选取10所高职院校,测评了有效样本565个,并进行了比较分析。结果抑郁标准分≥50分为108人,男女两性抑郁情况比较差异无显著性（t=1.007,P〉0.05）;焦虑标准分≥50分的为84人,男女两性焦虑情况比较差异无显著性（t=1.005,P〉0.05）。焦虑、抑郁情绪与自尊、自我评价、生活事件总分及其因子分人际关系、学习压力、受惩罚、丧失、健康及其它均有显著相关性。结论高职院校大学生的心理健康教育亟待加强。     

中学生焦虑、抑郁、自尊水平与学习成绩的相关性研究

目的 研究不同性别、城乡中学生焦虑、抑郁、自尊水平、学习成绩之间的差异及四者的相关性。方法 采用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS），Rosenberg编制的自尊量表对452名中学生进行测查，利用统计软件，比较不同性别、城乡中学生三个量表测值及学习成绩的差异，并分析这4个方面的相关性。结果（1）城乡中学生学习成绩存在着极显著差异；（2）高自尊组与低自尊组学生的焦虑、抑郁测值、学习成绩存在着极显著差异；焦虑组与对照组学生的自尊、抑郁测值、学习成绩存在着极显著差异；抑郁组与对照组学生的焦虑、自尊测值、学习成绩存在着极显著差异；（3）焦虑、抑郁、自尊水平、学习成绩之间存在着显著的相关。结论（1）城市学生学习成绩优于乡村学生；（2）中学生学习成绩受焦虑、抑郁、自尊水平的影响；（3）焦虑、抑郁、自尊测值有显著的相关性，情绪的调节可提高自尊水平，自尊水平的提高，有利于良好情绪的培养及学习成绩的提高。     

儿童期虐待对大学生焦虑抑郁情绪的影响：人格、社会支持和生活事件的中介作用

目的 探讨人格、社会支持和生活事件在儿童期受虐待与大学生焦虑、抑郁情绪之间的 中介作用。方法 采用整群随机抽样法,以班级为单位选取徐州市 3 所高校的 2 420 名大学生,使用焦 虑自评量表（SAS）、贝克抑郁自评问卷（BDI）、儿童期虐待史自评量表（PRCA）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、 青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）、简式大五人格问卷（NEO-FFI-R）进行评估。采用 Pearson 相关和多重线性 回归分析儿童期受虐待大学生的焦虑、抑郁与人格、社会支持、生活事件、虐待之间的关系,并构建儿 童期受虐待大学生焦虑、抑郁形成机制的结构方程模型。共发放问卷 2 420 份,回收有效问卷 2 374 份, 有效回收率为 98.1%。结果 2 374 名大学生中,有 929 名（39.1%）在儿童期遭受过虐待。儿童期受 虐待大学生的 BDI 评分、SAS 评分与 PRCA 总分、ASLEC 评分、神经质评分呈正相关（r=0.366～0.632, P＜ 0.001）,与 SSRS 总分、外向性评分、开放性评分、友善性评分和谨慎性评分呈负相关（r=-0.440～ -0.128,P＜ 0.001）。NEO-FFI-R 各分量表评分、SSRS 总分、ASLEC 评分、PRCA 总分两两之间存在相关 性（r=-0.515～-0.065、0.220～0.456;P＜ 0.05）。回归分析结果显示,儿童期受虐待对大学生人格、生活 事件、社会支持、焦虑、抑郁有直接影响（P＜ 0.05）;人格对生活事件、社会支持、焦虑、抑郁有直接影响 （P＜ 0.01）;社会支持对生活事件有直接影响（P＜ 0.01）,对焦虑、抑郁无直接影响;生活事件对焦虑、抑 郁有直接影响（P＜ 0.05）。模型的拟合指数中,卡方 / 自由度为 3.361,简约调整适配度指数为 0.648、简 约调整比较适配指数为 0.712、简约调整规准适配指数为 0.696;渐进残差均方和平方根为 0.049,适配度 指数为 0.952,调整后适配度指数为 0.930;规准适配指数为 0.925、相对适配指数为 0.900、增量拟合指数 为 0.946、非规准适配指数为 0.928、比较适配指数为 0.946,模型适配度良好。结论 儿童期受虐待大学 生容易出现焦虑、抑郁情绪,人格特质、社会支持和生活事件在儿童期虐待和大学生焦虑、抑郁情绪之 间发挥着中介效应。     

生态心理学视域下来华留学生抑郁障碍影响因素研究

目的 探讨生态心理视域下来华留学生抑郁障碍影响因素,重点考察依恋焦虑、自尊和学术适应对留学生抑郁障碍的影响.方法 研究选取来自南京中医药大学和江苏大学331名来华留学生作为研究对象,运用自评抑郁量表、成人依恋量表、自尊和学术适应量表进行测验.结果 留学生抑郁障碍总分在性别维度上存在显著差异(t=-2.098,P＜0.0...     

某高校医学生儿童期虐待、人格、家庭关系、自尊和自我效能感及不安全感关系的调查研究

目的 考察医学生不安全感心理、儿童期虐待、人格、家庭关系、自尊和自我效能感的关系.方法 采用整群抽样法,对某医学院262例医学生进行调查,使用儿童期虐待史自评量表(PRCA)、不安全感心理自评量表(SRFIS)、简式大五人格问卷(NEO- FFI- R)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、自尊量表(SES)、一般自我效能感(GSES)、世界卫生组织生存质量简表(WHOQOL- BREF)、人口社会经济学资料调查问卷等进行现场测试,用结构方程模型分析软件Amos 7.0作统计学分析.结果 结果显示,儿童期虐待对不安全感、人格和家庭关系有直接影响(Sβ=0.255,-0.189,0.285;P ＜0.01);家庭关系对不安全感、人格有直接影响(Sβ=0.220,-0.221; P＜ 0.01);人格对不安全感、自尊和自我效能感有直接影响(Sβ=-0.295,P＜0.05;Sβ=0.598,P＜0.01);自尊和自我效能感对不安全感有直接影响(Sβ=-0.524,P＜0.01);家庭关系、人格、自尊和自我效能感作为中介变量调节儿童期虐待对医学生不安全感的影响.模型Ⅱ的拟合指数为x2/df ＜3.000,P＞0.05,RMSEA=0.050,PGFI=0.612、PNFI=0.655、PCFI=0.717,均大于0.500,GFI=0.956、AGFI=0.931、NFI=0.909、RFI=0.873、IFI=0.995、TLI=0.992、CFI=0.995,均大于0.900,模型拟合良好.结论 家庭关系、人格、自尊和自我效能感作为中介变量,调节着儿童期虐待对医学生不安全感的影响.     

老年高血压与生活事件

用生活事件量表、焦虑自评量表、流调用抑郁自评量表，对老年高血压患进行调查，结果发现：老年高血压病的发生、发展和生活事件有密切关系，并且部分高血压病患存在情绪障碍。     

Self-injury in Japanese junior and senior high-school students: Prevalence and association with substance use

The present study examined the prevalence of self-injury and its association with substance abuse in 2974 junior and senior high-school students, by self-reporting questionnaires. Consequently, 9.9% of students (boys, 7.5%; girls, 12.1%) reported an experience of self-injury at least once. Significant differences were found in substance use-related problems including alcohol abuse, smoking, and illicit drug use ( P  < 0.001) between students with and without an experience of self-injury. The results also suggest that self-injuring students may more easily gain access to illicit drugs even if they had not yet experienced the use of illicit drugs. Self-injury in adolescence may be associated with substance use and is considered to be a risk factor predicting future illicit drug use.     

Attitudes among medical and nonmedical university students toward the survivors of childhood abuse

ObjectiveChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) is increasing, and current studies should address issues such as stigmas and casual attitudes that may be amenable to intervention. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of education on the attitudes of medical students toward CSA survivors.MethodWe divided medical students into 2 groups: preclinical and clinical medical students. We compare the attitudes of nonmedical students with the attitudes of medical students with respect to survivors of CSA. All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about stigmatization.ResultsThere were 572 students in our study, 347 of whom were enrolled in medical school. Of the 347 medical students, 151 were from the preclinical group, and 196 were from the clinical practice group. The remainder of the participants (n = 225) were in other fields of university. Of the medical students, 68.3% responded negatively about “asking a survivor of abuse to supervise their child for a few hours,” whereas 62.7% of the nonmedical students responded negatively. When asked, “What would you think if your child wanted to marry a survivor of sexual abuse?”, 72.9% of the medical students and 59.1% of the nonmedical students displayed negative attitudes toward that idea. Our research also found that significantly more preclinical students than clinical students would not want to be in a companionship/friendship with a CSA survivor at work (P = .015) or in their neighborhoods (P = .034).ConclusionBoth medical and nonmedical students seem to have negative thoughts about sexual abuse survivors, particularly when the issue involves their own children and/or social situations. Thus, the medical professionals must be careful and should avoid over interpretations of findings on childhood abuse studies that may lead to stigmatization.     

Effects of childhood physical abuse on depression, problem drinking and perceived poor health status in adolescents living in rural Taiwan

Aims: The aim of the present study was to investigate the magnitude and independence of the effects of childhood physical abuse on adolescent depression, problem drinking and perceived poor mental health in Taiwanese indigenous and non‐indigenous adolescents living in rural areas controlling for individual and familial characteristics. Methods: A sample of adolescents was randomly selected from junior high schools in the rural areas of southern Taiwan. The associations between childhood physical abuse and adolescent depression, problem drinking and perceived poor health status were examined on univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of the 1684 adolescents who completed the questionnaires, 374 (22.2%) reported that they had experienced physical abuse in childhood. Controlling for individual and familial factors, childhood physical abuse significantly increased the risk of depression, problem drinking and perceived poor health status in the present sample of adolescents on multivariate logistic regression. Conclusion: History of childhood physical abuse should be elicited from adolescents in treatment for depression, alcohol abuse or physical discomfort of unknown etiology. This finding may be of clinical benefit in terms of the design and implementation of intervention.     

Symptoms of ADHD and depression in a large adolescent population: Co-occurring symptoms and associations to experiences of sexual abuse

Background: Symptoms of either attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression constitute the most common reasons for contact with child and adolescent psychiatry. The development of psychiatric symptoms can be explained by a combination of environmental stress events and genetic vulnerability. One common form of environmental stress with high impact on health is sexual abuse. Aims: To investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of symptoms of ADHD and depression in relation to experiences of sexual abuse in a large adolescent general population. Method: All 15- and 18-year-old students (n = 4910) in the Swedish county of Vestmanland answered a school-based screening instrument including the six-question ADHD self-rating scale (ASRS), the Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) and questions relating to experiences of sexual abuse. Results: The prevalence of co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and depression was 2.4% (boys 1.0%, girls 3.9%). The prevalence of experience of any sexual abuse was 20.9% (boys 13.3%, girls 28.7%). Of those with co-occurring symptoms, 48% of the boys and 47% of the girls reported a history of sexual abuse. Conclusions: School-based screening for co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and depression might be a method that identifies students at psychiatric and psychosocial risk.     

Prevalence of psychoactive drug use among medical students in Rio de Janeiro

Background Drug use and abuse may hamper learning capabilities and the development of technical skills in medical students and, therefore, the quality of care offered to patients. The aim of this investigation was to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive drug use among medical students of public universities in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to identify characteristics associated with substance use. Method This was a cross-sectional investigation designed to include all medical students of four universities. The final sample included 1,054 students. Patterns of licit and illicit drug use (at least once in lifetime drug use, drug use in the last 30 days (LTD) and CAGE) before and during medical school were assessed by a multiple-choice, self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Results Alcohol abuse was more prevalent among male students from higher income families. Alcohol LTD use was more prevalent among male students with college-educated parents. Tobacco, cannabis and inhalant lifetime use was more prevalent among males and tranquillizer use among females. Tobacco, cannabis and tranquillizer lifetime use was more prevalent among students with divorced or dead parents. Inhalant lifetime use was more prevalent among students from higher income families. Students who had college-educated, divorced or dead parents or evidenced tobacco, cocaine or inhalant lifetime use were more prevalent among cannabis users. Male students from higher income families had higher prevalence of cocaine lifetime use. Conclusion Substance use in this group of medical students is not widespread compared to rates reported for developed countries. Preventive efforts should focus on alcohol and cannabis use by medical students.     

Child sexual abuse in women who take overdoses: I. A study of prevalence and severity

There is now considerable evidence that people reporting a history of child abuse have an increased prevalence of deliberate self-harm, a term that includes deliberate self-poisoning (overdose) and deliberate self-injury, but little information is available on the prevalence of abuse experiences in those who have harmed themselves. Modified versions of standardised self-report questionnaires of sexual, physical, and psychological abuse were administered to a sample of 257 female patients consecutively admitted over a one year period to a general hospital in England after taking an overdose. This study suggests that sexual abuse is very prevalent in the female overdose population. Seventy-two percent reported some form of sexual abuse, and 51% reported sexual abuse involving attempted or actual penetration. Grand repeaters (five overdoses or more) had been more severely abused for all three types of abuse. They were also more likely to have been sexually abused at a younger age (before age 13), for longer periods, and for the sexual abuse to have occurred again in adulthood. Our results support the view that childhood sexual abuse may place adults at special risk of subsequent overdoses or other deliberate self-injury. Therefore, clinicians should ask about abuse experiences during the routine psychiatric assessment following an overdose, and especially in those who harm themselves repeatedly.     

分离特质在儿童期虐待与医学生情感症状中的中介作用

目的：构建医学生儿童期虐待、分离特质与情感症状的关系模型。方法采用整群抽样法抽取某医学院262名医学生,使用儿童期虐待史自评量表（PRCA）、解离特质量表（DTS）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、贝克抑郁自评问卷（BDI）、自杀意念量表（SIS）等问卷进行现场测试,用 Amos 7．0作路径分析。结果路径分析结果显示,儿童期虐待对分离特质具有直接正向影响（B ＝0．303,P ＜0．01）,对情感症状具有直接正向影响（B ＝0．282,P ＜0．01）;分离特质对情感症状具有直接正向影响（B ＝0．545, P ＜0．01）。模型的拟合指数为χ2／d f ＝1．550＜3．000,PGFI ＝0．613,PCFI ＝0．725,PN FI ＝0.697,均＞0．50;RMSEA ＝0．046＜0．050,GFI ＝0．937,AGFI ＝0．904,均＞0．90;NFI ＝0．940,RFI ＝0．920,IFI ＝0．978,TL I ＝0．970,CFI ＝0．978,均＞0．90,模型拟合良好。结论分离特质作为中介变量,调节着儿童期虐待对医学生情感症状的影响。     

Locations of facilities with special programs for older substance abuse clients in the US

BACKGROUND: Given the growth of our aging population, developing strategies for managing late-life alcoholism is increasingly important. OBJECTIVE: We compared substance abuse treatment facilities with and without services designed for older adults and explored the location of these services relative to the regional distribution of older adults across the United States. METHODS: A public use dataset from a national survey of facilities offering substance abuse treatment was used to address this issue. This survey included all identified substance abuse/dependence treatment facilities in the US and surveyed the facilities' treatment services, services for special groups, number of clients admitted, type of ownership (e.g. public, private for profit), and whether or not the facility was associated with a hospital, as well as questions about licensure and income sources. RESULTS: Of the 13 749 responding facilities, relatively few programs (17.7%) were specifically designed for older adults (i.e. over age 65). Facilities with such programs tended to be associated with hospitals, particularly those with a psychiatric inpatient service. Importantly, the number of facilities with special programs for older adults did not correlate with size of the older population in each state. CONCLUSION: Despite an increasing need for older adult substance abuse services, there are relatively few programs available designed for this age group. The setting where patients with substance abuse are identified (e.g. in a hospital) may partially explain the pattern of locations of age-specific programs.     

Mental Pain and Suicidal Tendencies in Sexual and Physical Abuse Victims

We examine differential effects of mental pain and suicidal tendencies in female victims who have been sexually and physically abused, hypothesizing that sexual abuse victims report more mental pain and suicidal tendencies than physical abuse victims. A group of 98 women completed questionnaires that measured mental pain, suicidal tendencies and thoughts, and demographic details. Sexual abuse victims suffered more mental pain than physical abuse victims while the physical abuse victims demonstrated more repulsion by life than sexual abuse victims. Only sexual abuse victims demonstrated less attraction to life and only physical abuse victims showed more attraction to death.