乳腺隐匿性病变定性诊断探讨

应用X线立体定位手术切除活检(needle lo-calized biopsy,NLOB)或直接穿刺活检(sterotaciccore needle biopsy,SCNB)技术对104例不可触及的乳腺隐匿性病变(nonpalpable breast lesion,NPBL)患者进行了检查,报道如下。     

乳腺X线立体定位穿刺活检术的临床应用

目的　探讨应用乳腺X线立体定位穿刺活检技术 (SMCNB)对不可触及的乳腺病变 (NPBL)定性诊断上的价值。　方法　本组 32例行SMCNB ,其中 2 1例行手术 ,对 2 1例SMCNB的病理与手术病理进行对照。　结果　SCNB病理与手术病理诊断准确率为 95 % ,灵敏度为 80 % ,特异性为 10 0 % ,假阴性 1例 (2 0 % ) ,无假阳性。　结论　SCNB是一种定位准确、操作简单、损伤小的诊断方法 ,可明确一些常规检查无法确诊的乳腺微小病灶 ,提高早期乳腺癌的诊断水平。     

乳腺X线摄影、局部数字化处理与立体核心活检对乳腺癌诊断的意义（附122例分析）

目的：评估立体核检在乳腺癌诊断中的意义。方法：1999年3月15日－2000年3月15日,我院外科门诊应用意大利Giotto乳腺诊断系统行高清晰乳腺X线摄影（HI－TECH mammography,HT-M)1888例,对其中符合：（1）临床Meng及乳腺肿块,性质不明：（2）X线片发现肿块;（3）X线片上有多形性、集簇性微小钙化灶;（4）双侧摄片出现局限不对称、高密度区或结构畸形等适应证者,进行数字化局部处理（digital spot image,DSI)与Bard 16G针立体核心活检（stereotactic core needle biopsy,SCNB)122例,占HT－M总数的6．46％。结果：诊断为乳腺癌（包括2例原位导管癌,1例早期导管浸润癌）59例,全部手术证实：良性病变（包括乳腺增生、纤维腺瘤、导管乳头状瘤、囊腺瘤等）63例,其中23例为手术证实,40例随诊中未发现癌变。在乳腺癌中,SCNB真阳性率为89．83％（53／59）,假阴性率为10．17％（6／59）;乳腺良性病变中SCNB无一例假阳性,故SCNB对乳腺良恶性病变的敏感性和特异性分别为89．83％和100％,全部122例SCNB者均无并发症发生。结论：为保证该项诊断技术的准确性,我们的初步经验是：（1）必须有一套包括高清晰成像、快速准确定位和活检的高质量;（2）由一个有高中级外科医师、外科护师（技师）与病理医师组成的专业小组,参与门诊临床检查→HT－M、DIS、SCNB→病理检查→手术→随1 全过程,不断提高操作的娴熟性、准确性,并在综合分析的基础上作出诊断;（3）自动弹射式Bard 16G针适用于大多数病人,但对X线片上的微小病灶采用负压切削式Mammotome针,能将SCNB正确率提高到95％－100％,想念通过克服传统旧观念,将HT－M、DIS与SCNB广泛用于医院门诊与高危人群的普查,能大大改善我国乳腺癌病人治疗的生存率与生活质量。     

钼靶、超声、乳管镜下放置定位针在引导切除触诊阴性乳腺病变中的应用探讨

目的 探讨钼靶、超声、乳管镜三种不同方法放置定位针在引导切除触诊阴性乳腺病变（NPBL）中的应用。方法 首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院于2013年6月至2014年12月间对83例临床NPBL病人进行手术,根据检出病灶的影像学方法及病灶特性的不同,术前分别采用钼靶、超声、乳管镜等不同方法放置定位针,引导切除病灶。回顾性分析病人的影像学检查、穿刺定位方法、手术情况、病理组织学及综合治疗情况。结果 钼靶下穿刺定位并接受手术的乳腺钙化灶27例,术后证实27例钙化灶均准确切除,定位针均较好固定于病变附近,术后病理学检查证实恶性病变8例。超声下穿刺定位并接受手术的乳腺病变32例,病理学检查证实准确切除病灶30例,未见明确病灶2例,术后病理学检查证实恶性病变4例。乳管镜下放置定位针或联合亚甲蓝染色并接受手术的乳腺导管内占位性病变24例,术后病理学检查证实24例病人均准确切除病灶,除1例回形头脱落外,其余23例定位针均较好固定于病变乳管侧壁,术后病理学检查证实恶性病变5例。结论 钼靶、超声及乳管镜放置定位针引导切除NPBL,提高了临床中手术切除NPBL的准确性,有助于NPBL的定性诊断,促进触诊阴性乳腺癌病灶的早发现与早诊断,提高了乳腺癌的诊断水平。     

乳腺钼靶立体定位手术活检在TO乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的 探讨乳腺钼靶立体定位手术活检技术在T0乳腺癌诊断中的价值。方法 利用乳腺钼靶立体定位手术活检技术，对22例乳腺隐匿性可疑病变进行立体定位手术活检。结果 22例隐匿性可疑病变均一次性准确定位，切除完整，诊断准确率100％；其中9例乳腺癌，2例导管内乳头状瘤，11例小叶增生。结论 乳腺钼靶立体定位手术活检技术，定位准确，诊断明确；能确定乳腺隐匿性病变的性质。     

近红外线对不可触及的乳腺病变的诊断体会

所谓不可触及的乳腺病变(nonpalpable breast lesion NPBL)是指临床上未发现任何异常,而仅在乳腺摄片中发现的病变。各种乳腺疾病都可表现为NPBL。乳腺钼靶摄片普查表明3％～4％的妇女患有NPBL,其中10％～30％为恶性病变。所以采用何种方法对     

乳腺X线立体定位穿刺活检的现状、存在的问题及前景

对影像学发现的乳腺疾病,特别是可疑恶性病变,为明确病变的性质,以往需行乳腺手术活检,而这些病变中有70％～90％为良陛,可不必手术活检。X线立体定位下乳腺穿刺活检解决了这一难题,其损伤小,又能达到病理学诊断目的,目前主要取材方法有细针穿刺抽吸（fine needle aspiration,FNA）和立体定位核芯针活检（stereotactic neeedle corebiopsy,SCNB）。后者所取样本的病理结果能更好地区分乳腺良恶性病变,目前使用广泛。     

数字化乳腺X线立体定位真空辅助活检53例

目的:探讨数字化乳腺X线立体定位真空辅助活检(stereotactic vacuum assisted breast biopsy,SVAB)在乳腺微小病变中的临床应用价值。方法:采用全数字化乳腺X线机、三维立体定位系统以及真空负压旋切活检系统,对53例临床不可触及的可疑乳腺微小病变(BI-RADS分级为Ⅳ级及以上)行SVAB。结果:SVAB诊断的特异性为100%,敏感性为96%;阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为95%;假阴性率为1.9%,无假阳性病例。结论:SVAB具有定位准确,操作安全、简便,手术成功率高,损伤小等特点,是临床诊断不可触及的乳腺微小病变的理想活检方法。     

数字化乳腺X线立体定位真空辅助活检53例

目的:探讨数字化乳腺X线立体定位真空辅助活检(stereotactic vacuum assisted breast biopsy,SVAB)在乳腺微小病变中的临床应用价值.方法:采用全数字化乳腺X线机、三维立体定位系统以及真空负压旋切活检系统,对53例临床不可触及的可疑乳腺微小病变(BI-RADS分级为Ⅳ级及以上)行SVAB.结果:SVAB诊断的特异性为100%,敏感性为96%;阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为95%;假阴性率为1.9%,无假阳性病例.结论:SVAB具有定位准确,操作安全、简便,手术成功率高,损伤小等特点,是临床诊断不可触及的乳腺微小病变的理想活检方法.     

乳腺微小钙化灶的外科微创治疗

目的探讨乳腺微小钙化灶的外科微创治疗。方法采用意大利IMS生产的GITTOHI—TECH高频钼靶X线机及其配套的数字化立体定位活检系统,对30例钼靶X片上乳腺有微小钙化病灶、无任何临床体征的患者,在X线定位下穿刺活检,进行病理组织学检查。明确诊断后采取相应的手术方式治疗。结果全部病灶定位准确,病变完全切除并明确诊断。浸润性导管癌3例(10%),导管内癌6例(20%),重度不典型增生2例(6.7%),纤维腺瘤6例(20%),导管内乳头状瘤3例(10%),乳腺增生病10例(33.3%)。无金属导丝折断现象,无感染、切口延迟愈合及气胸等并发症。结论对X线片显示有恶性可能的钙化病灶、而临床未触及肿块者,行乳腺钼靶引导下导丝定位活检,切除乳腺组织少,能确定乳腺微小病变的性质,对早期乳腺癌的诊断有重要价值。     

Ductal carcinoma in situ and atypical ductal hyperplasia of the breast diagnosed at stereotactic core biopsy

Abstract: Stereotactic core needle biopsy (SCNB) allows specific histopathologic diagnoses to be made without surgery and has been demonstrated to be an accurate, cost-effective method of diagnosing breast disease, particularly nonpalpable lesions. However, recent studies have concluded that the diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) by means of SCNB has resulted in nearly equal odds that a coexisting malignant lesion will be missed. Furthermore, others have concluded that SCNB diagnosed as DCIS cannot reliably indicate the absence of tumor invasion in surgical excision. Between 1993 and 1998, 1,221 consecutive SCNB of mammographically identified lesions were performed using a 14-gauge automated device with an average of 5.3 cores obtained per lesion. ADH was identified in 19 (1.6%) lesions and DCIS in 89 (7.3%). Surgical biopsy was performed in 89 of these patients and histopathologic results from SCNB and surgical biopsies were reviewed and correlated. In 12 cases of ADH diagnosed by SCNB, surgical biopsy showed ADH in 8 (67%) cases and DCIS in the other 4 (33%) cases. In 77 cases of DCIS diagnosed by SCNB, a surgical biopsy showed DCIS in 55 (71%) cases, 6 more cases (8%) had DCIS with focal microinvasion, and 15 (19%) had invasive ductal carcinoma. In one case no residual tumor was found at surgery. In the author's patient population, the diagnosis of ADH at SCNB indicates high probability of DCIS or residual ADH in the surgical biopsy. The diagnosis of DCIS at SCNB is confirmed in the majority of surgical biopsies; however, a significant number of cases may show microinvasion or invasive carcinoma.     

Comparison of histologic diagnosis between stereotactic core needle biopsy and open surgical biopsy

Background: This study correlates the histologic findings of stereotactic core needle biopsy (SCNB) with open surgical biopsy (OSB) and identifies which lesions can be treated definitively based only on the SCNB histology. Methods: Women who underwent SCNB between July 1, 1993, and January 1, 1969, were identified by retrospective chart review. Mammographic (MGM) lesions found by SCNB to be ductal or lobular hyperplasia with atypia, or carcinoma underwent OSB. When the histologic findings by SCNB were inconsistent with the MGM findings, the lesion also underwent OSB. Results: 799 women underwent SCNB with 96 (12%) of these going on to OSB. MGM findings in the 92 who presented without a palpable mass included microcalcifications (MCS) in 39, mass in 47, MCS and mass in 7, and tissue distortion in 3. One hundred one breast lesions biopsied first by SCNB, then by OSB were correlated histologically. Sensitivity of SCNB is 89%, with a specificity of 94%. Eight-four women (88%) were able to have definitive treatment at time of OSB because of prior SCNB, and 703/799 (88%) of women were spared OSB entirely. Conclusion: SCNB accurately identifies benign breast histology and invasive cancers in women with MGM abnormalities, a distinct advantage over fine needle aspiration cytology. SCNB does not reliably identify women with DCIS and invasion. All women with SCNB diagnosis of ductal or lobular atypia should also undergo OSB.     

Stereotactic breast biopsy: a study of first core samples.

Stereotactic core needle biopsy (SCNB) is a sensitive and specific indicator of breast pathology. Commonly the first biopsy core is taken from the center of the lesion in question. Multiple cores are then taken from points peripheral to the central core. The sensitivity and specificity of the central core to diagnose breast disease is unclear. We compared the pathology of the central core biopsy with that of the remaining cores in a prospective study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the central core to diagnose breast disease. All patients undergoing SCNB for breast lesions in a single surgical office during a 7-month period were eligible for inclusion. One hundred thirty-three patients with first cores from 145 biopsy sites were included. The histologic diagnosis from 117 (81%) of the first cores from these 145 biopsy sites were representative of their respective samples as a whole. Seventy-seven (53%) of the first cores were in complete agreement with the final histologic diagnosis whereas 40 (28%) had minor differences with the histologic diagnosis that had little or no clinical significance. Twenty-eight (19%) central core samples did not agree with the final pathologic diagnosis. Seven of these 28 patients each had a final diagnosis of cancer missed by the central core biopsy. The first core sample had a sensitivity for cancer detection of 79 per cent and specificity 100 per cent. SCNB remains a sensitive and specific identifier of breast pathology. When mammographic evidence of calcifications was the primary indication for SCNB (n = 75) calcification was present in the central core in 51 (68%). In these 51 patients the central core biopsy was in agreement with the final histologic diagnosis in 46 (90%) specimens. Histologic review of the first core sample alone lends no increased benefits and in fact misrepresents the pathology present in a significant number of patients. When analyzed as an independent predictor of breast pathology the first core is a more sensitive indicator than subsequent individual cores, but the most accurate predictor of pathology is examination of the entire group of core samples. This study confirms the need for acquisition of multiple cores from each lesion in question.     

对不可触及的乳腺病灶行超声下导丝定位活检41例报告

目的探讨超声对体检时不可触及的乳腺病灶（NPBL）的检查意义以及术前超声下导丝定位、手术活检对NPBL的应用价值。方法2006年1月至2006年12月间,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院外科收治41例女性病人,对超声发现的NPBL在超声引导下,将金属导丝置于病灶内或其邻近处进行定位,手术切除病灶送病理。结果42个超声下发现的病灶经超声引导、导丝定位后全部准确切除,获得病理学诊断,其中12%证实为乳腺癌。结论NPBL须审慎对待,超声下导丝定位活检是一种简单、准确、实用的方法。     

Surgical biopsy findings in patients with atypical hyperplasia diagnosed by stereotaxic core needle biopsy

Purpose: To correlate the stereotaxic core needle biopsy results with those of surgical biopsy in patients with atypical lobular or ductal hyperplasia (atypical hyperplasia) diagnosed at stereotaxic core needle biopsy (SCNB). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the mammograms and pathology reports of 358 consecutive SCNBs performed in 323 patients. The results of SCNBs of 22 lesions reported as atypical hyperplasia were correlated with histologic findings at surgical biopsy. Results: A histologic diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia at SCNB was found to be a poor predictor of the final surgical results. In the 19 patients with 22 lesions, surgical biopsy and SCNB results were in disagreement in 16, partial agreement in two, and complete agreement in only four lesions. Furthermore, five cases of atypical hyperplasia were shown to have invasive carcinoma on open biopsy, and five had ductal carcinoma in situ in the surgical biopsy, none of which was present on SCNB. Conclusion: Given the frequent occurrence of malignancy in patients diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia by SCNB, it is recommended that all such patients undergo excisional biopsy. Presented at the 1994 RSNA Scientific assembly.     

术中标本摄片用于乳腺可疑钙化病变组织活检

目的 观察术中标本摄片用于乳腺可疑钙化病变组织活检的价值。方法 对48例乳腺单发可疑钙化病变患者行X线三维立体定位引导活检术,对其中12例行核芯针穿刺活检(SCNB)、22例行真空辅助旋切活检(SVAB)、14例行导丝定位手术切检(SNLB),术中以标本摄影系统对组织标本行X线摄片,之后对标本中的钙化进行标记并送病理检查;评估标本摄片在3种活检方式中显示钙化的清晰度及组织学低估情况,观察SNLB术中标本摄片所示钙化数目及切缘状态,并与术前乳腺X线片进行比较。结果 所有标本均获得目标钙化组织。术中标本摄片显示钙化清晰度优于术前乳腺X线片,显示SNLB组织内钙化数量多于术前乳腺X线片。14例SNLB中,12个术中标本摄片显示切缘阴性,与术后病理结果一致;2个切缘阳性,且钙化呈多灶性分布,术中快速冰冻切片结果均为恶性并切缘阳性,手术计划由保乳手术改为乳腺癌改良根治术。SCNB、SVAB活检结果及SNLB术中冰冻切片结果与手术病理结果均一致。结论 术中标本摄片用于乳腺可疑钙化病变组织活检具有一定价值。     

Stereotactic core-needle breast biopsy by surgeons: minimum 2-year follow-up of benign lesions

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of stereotactic core-needle breast biopsy (SCNB) performed by surgeons to detect histologically benign tissue. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Stereotactic core-needle breast biopsy is widely used to obtain tissue for definitive pathologic diagnosis of mammographically suspicious breast lesions. It has an incidence of malignancy detection similar to that of open biopsy. The potential for sampling error is a concern. Minimal data regarding follow-up and failure rate are available, especially from series performed exclusively by surgeons. METHODS: Pertinent medical records of all patients who underwent SCNB between April 1995 and October 1997 were reviewed. Breast lesions were classified by mammographic Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data Systems (BI-RADS) categories before SCNB. Benign biopsy specimens were classified as nonproliferative or proliferative. Malignant lesions and those with atypical histopathology by SCNB were excluded from this analysis. All lesions initially reported as benign were followed up mammographically for at least 2 years for any suspicious change requiring repeat biopsy. RESULTS: During the 31-month period, SCNB was performed on 694 lesions in 619 patients. Histologic evidence of malignancy was found in 112 lesions (16%). The initial histologic diagnosis for the remaining 582 lesions was benign. Four hundred lesions were available for follow-up; of these, 373 (93%) were mammographically categorized as BI-RADS 3 (probably benign) or 4 (suspicious). Three hundred forty-three lesions were categorized as nonproliferative and 151 as proliferative (94 had combined nonproliferative and proliferative histology). Follow-up ranged from 24 to 48 months (mean 33 months). During the follow-up period, 87 lesions (21.8%) underwent either image-guided or open biopsy. At the time of follow-up rebiopsy, ductal carcinoma in situ was found in four lesions and infiltrating ductal carcinoma was found in one, for an overall false-negative rate of 4.3% (5/117) and a negative predictive value of 98.8% (395/400). For the five false-negative cases, the interval from initial SCNB to definitive diagnosis ranged from 7 to 36 months. No correlation was found between the type of initial histopathology and development of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: These results support SCNB as an alternative to open biopsy and show the reliability of SCNB when benign pathology is obtained. However, given the possibility of sampling error and the nature of breast disease, close mammographic and clinical follow-up is necessary. The false-negative rate and negative predictive value in this series compare favorably with those in other reports, supporting the fact that surgeons can confidently use SCNB in the evaluation and treatment of breast disease.     

Mammotome手术诊治乳腺不可触及病灶的研究

目的探讨乳腺不可触及病灶（nonpalpable breast lesion,NPBL）的性质及Mammotome（MMT）手术诊治的价值。方法2005年6月-2007年12月,B超诊断NPBL254例328处,176例行高频X线检查未见肿块影及钙化,行MMT手术及病理检查。结果328处NPBL中纤维腺瘤269处（82.0%）,囊肿34处（10.4%）,乳腺癌3处（0.9%）,乳管内乳头状瘤3处（0.9%）,腺病19处（5.8%）。本组良性251例（98.8%）,随访未发生复发及恶变。3例（1.2%）浸润性导管癌,行改良根治术,无肿瘤残余,低估率为0。251例良性单纯MMT,术后239例（95.2%）美容效果满意。结论超声引导下MMT活检可以有效、微创、快速地确诊NPBL,是“一步手术”诊治的最佳选择,可降低早期乳腺癌漏诊的风险,减少低估。     

Ductal carcinoma in situ presenting as microcalcifications: the effect of stereotactic large-core needle biopsy on surgical therapy

The aim of this investigation was to study the efficacy of surgical therapy in patients with non-palpable ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) presenting as microcalcifications diagnosed by means of stereotactic large-core needle biopsy (SCNB). This is a retrospective study with a historical control group within a 12-year period. Two groups of consecutive patients diagnosed with DCIS (1991-2002) by means of needle-localised open breast biopsy (NLBB, n=49) and SCNB (n=51) were studied. Both groups were comparable for clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics. The therapeutic interval (time from presentation to definitive of therapy) was 62-days in the SCNB group versus 32-days in the NLBB group (p<0.001). In the SCNB group fewer surgical procedures were required for completion of surgical therapy (p=0.006) and after local excision the surgical margins were more often tumour free (p=0.002). It is postulated that the need for fewer surgical procedures and the greater frequency of tumour-free margins after local excision may be attributable to SCNB.     

Should all breast cancers be diagnosed by needle biopsy?

BACKGROUND: Although much data support the National Quality Forum recommendation that breast cancers should be diagnosed by needle biopsy before surgical resection, the exclusion criteria for those that may not be suitable have yet to be defined. METHODS: We reviewed all patients treated over the past 3 years at the Yale Breast Center to determine the percentage of patients not diagnosed by needle biopsy, and why. RESULTS: Reasons for the 17% of 630 patients who were not diagnosed by needle biopsy were as follows: inability to cooperate (1%); small or superficial lesion less than 1 cm that technically was easier to excise in the office (4%); bloody discharge without clinical or mammographic mass (1%); lesion adjacent to implant (.5%); a mammographic lesion that was too posterior, too superficial, or too faint to be performed stereotactically (5%); or patient preference (5%). CONCLUSIONS: Needle biopsy is the preferred method of diagnosis in most cases, but there are valid reasons why all breast cancers will not be diagnosed in this fashion.