脂肪酸诱导的3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的: 观察不同种类、不同浓度脂肪酸对3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运的影响，探讨高脂负荷在胰岛素抵抗形成中的意义，并建立最佳的脂肪酸诱导胰岛素抵抗产生的细胞模型。方法: 以3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和诱导分化成熟的3T3-L1脂肪细胞为研究对象，利用2-脱氧-［³H］-D-葡萄糖掺入法，观察最大葡萄糖摄取率时最佳胰岛素作用浓度和时间；在此基础上研究不同浓度油酸（C18:1）、棕榈酸(C16:0)对前脂肪细胞和脂肪细胞摄取葡萄糖的影响。结果:胰岛素刺激15 min（P<0.05）-1 h（P<0.01），葡萄糖转运呈升高的趋势，至6 h（P>0.05）逐渐下调；胰岛素浓度升高至50 nmol/L时，葡萄糖转运增加336%（P<0.01），100 nmol/L时达最高峰，是基础状态的492%（P<0.01）。0.125 mmol/L油酸或棕榈酸均可明显抑制胰岛素刺激状态下的3T3-L1前脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运（P<0.05），并呈浓度依赖性抑制；油酸及棕榈酸浓度分别达0.5 mmol/L和1.0 mmol/L时，分化成熟脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运显著受抑（P<0.05）。结论: 胰岛素刺激下的3T3-L1脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运有一定的时序性和浓度依赖性，100 nmol/L胰岛素刺激1h，葡萄糖转运率最高。1 mmol/L油酸或棕榈酸作用16-18 h可显著诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

糖皮质激素对3T3-L1脂肪细胞PI-3K、p38 MAPK磷酸化的影响

目的： 观察地塞米松对3T3-L1脂肪细胞糖转运活动的影响,及介导糖转运的胰岛素信号通路PI-3K/AKT、p38 MAPK途径在其中的作用,探讨糖皮质激素诱导脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的可能机制。方法: 将3T3-L1脂肪细胞与1 μmol/L地塞米松共孵育48 h,加或不加100 nmol/L胰岛素继续温育30min。以葡萄糖氧化酶法测定3T3-L1脂肪细胞中糖转运活动,以Western blotting测定3T3-L1脂肪细胞Glut4的表达及分布、Akt、phospho-Akt、p38 MAPK、phospho-p38 MAPK的蛋白表达水平。结果: 地塞米松抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞的糖转运活动。对细胞内总Glut4蛋白表达无影响,但抑制了胰岛素刺激的Glut4转位,同时抑制了胰岛素激活的Akt、p38 MAPK磷酸化水平。结论: 地塞米松抑制胰岛素激活的PI-3K/Akt、p38 MAPK信号途径,影响Glut4的转位及活性,下调胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运,并可能由此诱导胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

游离脂肪酸诱导3T3-L1细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的建立

目的观察不同种类和浓度游离脂肪酸(FFA)对3T3-L1细胞葡萄糖摄取及胰岛素敏感性的影响,建立FFA诱导的胰岛素抵抗细胞模型。方法3T3-L1细胞体外诱导分化为脂肪细胞,油红O染色鉴定,不同浓度软脂酸(PA)和油酸(OA)诱导,测定基础状态和胰岛素刺激下葡萄糖特异性转运情况。结果3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导率为98%±1.3%,PA和OA各组胰岛素刺激后的葡萄糖特异性转运呈时间和浓度依赖性下降趋势,均显著低于对照组(p<0.01);0.5mM PA作用24h后基础葡萄糖特异性转运明显低于对照组和PA 0.25mM作用24h组(p<0.05)。结论3T3-L1细胞在体外可稳定分化为成熟脂肪细胞,经FFA诱导成为胰岛素抵抗细胞模型;随FFA作用时间延长和浓度增加,胰岛素抵抗程度加重,并以时间和浓度依赖性方式抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素刺激后的葡萄糖特异性转运,高浓度时抑制基础状态下的葡萄糖特异性转运。     

脂肪酸诱导脂肪细胞促酰化蛋白抵抗及机制研究

目的:观察不同浓度单不饱和脂肪酸(油酸)和饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸)对3T3-L1(前)脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运的影响,探讨高游离脂肪酸(FFA)负荷在促酰化蛋白(ASP)抵抗形成中的意义,及FFA诱导的3T3-L1(前)脂肪细胞ASP抵抗的机制。方法:体外培养3T3-L1细胞,诱导细胞分化,用不同浓度FFA作用于3T3-L1(前)脂肪细胞,孵育过夜后收获细胞,采用2-脱氧-[3H]-D-葡萄糖掺入法,观察3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞和前脂肪细胞基础状态和ASP刺激状态的葡萄糖摄取率;采用Western blotting法检测基础状态和ASP刺激的鸟苷酸结合蛋白alpha-q/11(Gαq/11),鸟苷酸结合蛋白beta(Gβ),磷酸化蛋白激酶Calpha(p-PKCα)和磷酸化蛋白激酶Czeta(p-PKCζ)蛋白表达。结果:ASP刺激后,3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞和前脂肪细胞葡萄糖摄取率分别是基础状态的1.98倍(P0.01)和2.87倍(P0.01)。低浓度FFA不影响ASP刺激的葡萄糖转运;而1.0mmol/L时油酸组和棕榈酸组ASP刺激的成熟脂肪细胞葡萄糖摄取率分别减少47%(P0.05)和34%(P0.05),前脂肪细胞葡萄糖摄取率分别减少43%(P0.05)和62%(P0.01)。1.0mmol/L油酸和棕榈酸抑制成熟脂肪细胞基础状态和ASP刺激的Gβ、Gαq/11、p-PKCα和p-PKCζ蛋白表达,油酸组ASP刺激的蛋白表达分别减少了47%Gβ(P0.01),44%Gαq/11(P0.05)、39%p-PKCα(P0.05)和20%p-PKCζ(P0.05);棕榈酸组也可观察到类似现象(P0.05或P0.01)。在前脂肪细胞,油酸仅抑制ASP刺激的p-PKCα和p-PKCζ(均P0.05)蛋白表达;而棕榈酸下调上述4种信号蛋白的表达(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:油酸或棕榈酸抑制3T3-L1成熟脂肪细胞和前脂肪细胞ASP刺激的葡萄糖转运,证明FFA诱导脂肪细胞产生胰岛素抵抗状态下同时存在ASP抵抗。FFA诱导的ASP抵抗的发生机制与其干扰ASP-C5L2信号转导途径有关。ASP抵抗参与了"脂毒性"-胰岛素抵抗/肥胖症的病理生理过程。     

参麦注射液改善3T3-L1细胞的胰岛素抵抗

 目的: 探讨参麦注射液改善3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞胰岛素抵抗模型的效果及其作用机制。方法:使用地塞米松等将3T3-L1前脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟脂肪细胞,使用油红O染色法检测脂肪细胞分化情况;用胰岛素诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞以建立胰岛素抵抗模型,并使用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测细胞上清液中葡萄糖浓度,以评价模型建立情况。将建立胰岛素抵抗的细胞分为空白对照组、10 μmol/L罗格列酮阳性对照组、25 g/L参麦组和50 g/L参麦组。MTT检测各组药物作用8、16、24和36 h后的细胞活力。药物作用8、16和24 h后测定细胞上清液葡萄糖浓度。免疫印迹检测葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)、AKT和磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)在各组中的蛋白水平。结果:成功建立3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,葡萄糖浓度数据显示参麦注射液(25、50 g/L)可以改善胰岛素抵抗并可以明显增加3T3-L1细胞GLUT4、PI3K及p-AKT的蛋白水平。结论:参麦注射液可以改善3T3-L1胰岛素抵抗细胞的葡萄糖利用,并且与增加GLUT4、PI3K及p-AKT的蛋白水平有关。     

醛固酮对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞与脂肪细胞内脂素表达和分泌的影响

目的:探讨醛固酮对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和脂肪细胞内脂素基因表达和蛋白分泌的影响。方法:10-8和10-6mol/L醛固酮加或不加10-6mol/L安体舒通分别干预3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和脂肪细胞24h和48h,用实时RT-PCR测定内脂素和盐皮质激素受体(MR)mRNA的表达,酶联免疫法测定培养液中内脂素的浓度。结果:醛固酮作用于3T3-L1前脂肪细胞,内脂素mRNA表达减少,培养液中蛋白浓度变化不明显,MR mRNA表达增高。醛固酮作用于脂肪细胞,内脂素mRNA表达和蛋白浓度均降低,MR mRNA表达增高。安体舒通在一定程度上可对抗醛固酮对内脂素的抑制作用。结论:醛固酮抑制3T3-L1脂肪细胞内脂素的基因表达和分泌。     

积雪草酸改善小鼠脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的机制研究

 目的： 观察番石榴叶三萜化合物积雪草酸对小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖、分化以及胰岛素抵抗脂肪细胞糖脂代谢的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法：MTT法检测药物对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖的影响;油红O染色法观察药物对其分化的影响。地塞米松诱导建立脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗模型,药物干预后采用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测培养液中葡萄糖消耗量;比色法检测游离脂肪酸浓度;ELISA法检测脂联素水平;Western blotting法检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）和蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶1B(PTP1B)蛋白表达的变化。结果：与溶媒对照组相比,积雪草酸在10~100 μmol/L时能显著促进3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖,但明显抑制其分化（P<0.05或P<0.01）;在30和100 μmol/L时,无论是基础状态还是胰岛素刺激状态,均能显著增加胰岛素抵抗脂肪细胞葡萄糖的消耗,减少游离脂肪酸的产生（P<0.05）;其对胰岛素抵抗脂肪细胞的脂联素分泌和PPARγ蛋白表达无明显影响（P>0.05）,但能显著下调PTP1B蛋白的表达（P<0.05或P<0.01）。结论：积雪草酸能显著改善脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗,增加胰岛素抵抗脂肪细胞葡萄糖的消耗和减少游离脂肪酸的产生,其机制可能是其下调胰岛素信号转导的负性调节因子PTP1B的表达,增强胰岛素信号转导,从而改善胰岛素抵抗。     

神经肽Y促进3T3L1前脂肪细胞的增殖和分化

目的:观察神经肽Y对3T3L1前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响,并对其机制进行初步探讨。方法:3T3-L1细胞由3-异丁基-1-甲基黄嘌呤(3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine,IB-MX)、胰岛素和地塞米松联合诱导分化,2 d后将细胞分为空白对照组(未加任何诱导剂组)、经典诱导组(胰岛素诱导)和NPY干预组(10-8、10-9、10-10mol/L NPY)。培养的第7、12天用相差显微镜观察各组细胞形态的变化,培养第12天用油红O染色观察脂肪细胞分化程度。MTT检测细胞增殖。Western blot检测脂肪细胞分化相关基因过氧化物体增殖剂活化受体-γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,PPAR-γ)、CAAT/增强子结合蛋白-α(CCAAT/enhancer-bind-ing protein-α,C/EBP-α)蛋白的表达。结果:10-8mol/L NPY能促进3T3-L1细胞的分化。10-9mol/L NPY,10-8mol/L NPY均能促进3T3-L1细胞增殖。10-8mol/L NPY增加C/EBPα、PPARγ的表达。结论:NPY促进3T3L1前脂肪细胞的增殖和分化,其机制可能与上调PPARγ、C/EBPα的表达有关。     

蛋白激酶C对3T3-L1脂肪细胞抵抗素表达的影响

目的：观察蛋白激酶C转导途径对3T3-L1脂肪细胞抵抗素表达的影响。方法：3T3-L1脂肪细胞诱导分化为成熟的脂肪细胞后，分别于培养瓶中加入浓度为50 nmol/L的12-肉豆蔻酰-13-乙酸佛波酯（PMA）和浓度为5 μmol/L马来酰亚胺甲磺酸盐(Ro-31-8220)，培养24 h，用RT-PCR的方法检测3T3-L1脂肪细胞抵抗素mRNA的表达，用Western blotting检测3T3-L1脂肪细胞抵抗素表达结果：PMA组可以明显提高3T3-L1脂肪细胞抵抗素基因及蛋白的表达，明显高于对照组，两者的差异显著（P<0.01）；Ro-31-8220组其表达低于对照组，两者的差异显著（P<0.01）。结论：蛋白激酶C转导途径可以调控3T3-L1脂肪细胞抵抗素的表达。     

高糖磷酸化IKKβ Ser181诱导3T3-L1脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

目的:探讨IKKβ及胰岛素信号转导分子在高糖诱导3T3-L1 脂肪细胞胰岛素抵抗中的作用.方法:采用高糖加胰岛素诱导的胰岛素抵抗细胞模型,以2-脱氧-[3H]-D-葡萄糖摄入法观察葡萄糖的转运率,用Western blot检测IKKβ蛋白,IKKβ Ser181磷酸化,IRS-1蛋白,IRS-1 Ser307磷酸化,PI-3K p85蛋白及GLUT4蛋白的表达.结果:仅高糖加胰岛素模型组,胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运减少55%,同时IKKβ Ser181 磷酸化、IRS-1 Ser307磷酸化的表达显著增加,IRS-1蛋白和PI-3K p85蛋白的表达显著减少,而IKKβ蛋白及GLUT4蛋白的表达无明显影响.结论:只有在胰岛素存在的条件下,高糖才可以诱导胰岛素抵抗,其分子机制可能与其激活IKKβ Ser181,使其下游的IRS-1和PI-3K p85蛋白表达减少抑制葡萄糖转运有关,而与IKKβ蛋白及GLUT4蛋白的表达无关.     

3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaric Aciduria

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria was found in a newborn infant whose parents are first cousins. The patient presented at 5 days of life with hyperammonemia, hypoglecemia, and metabolic acidosis. There was no ketonuria. Diagnosis was made by analysis of the pattern of organic acids excreted in the urine. A profound deficiency in activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase was found in cultured skin fibroblasts. The parents had intermediate levels of enzyme activity.     

γδ cells involved in contact sensitivity preferentially rearrange the Vγ3 region and require interleukin-7

Ptak and Askenase showed that both αβ and γδ cells are required for transfer of contact sensitivity (CS). This study confirms that day 4 immune cells depleted of γδ cells fail to transfer CS to trinitrochlorobenzene (TNP-Cl) systemically and demonstrates that administration of anti-γδ monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in vivo abolishes the CS reaction. Moreover, γδ cells accumulate at the antigen challenge site: these cells have the unusual phenotype CD8α⁺, CD8β^-, IL-4 R⁺ which we suggest is due to their state of activation. Following immunization with contact sensitizer on the skin, the absolute number of γδ cells increases in the regional lymph nodes with a peak at 4 days. Of the γδ cells, 80%, both in the lymph nodes of TNP-Cl-immune mice and accumulating at the antigen challenge site are Vγ3⁺. The γδ cells expressing Vγ3, which is characteristic of dendritic epithelial T cells (DETC), obtained 4 days after sensitization, proliferate in response to interleukin (IL)-7, but only poorly to IL-2 and IL-4. They also respond to concanavalin A and immobilized anti-γδ mAb, but not to haptens or heat-shocked syngeneic spleen cells. Furthermore, injection of mice with mAb to IL-7 inhibits accumulation of Vγ3⁺ cells both in the lymph nodes after skin sensitization and at the antigen-challenge site. Altogether, these results strongly support the view that DETC are related to, or the original source of, the γδ cells found in the lymph node after skin sensitization and at the site of challenge, and that IL-7 is implicated in these phenomena.     

DNM3OS Facilitates Ovarian Cancer Progression by Regulating miR-193a-3p/MAP3K3 Axis

PurposeLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulators in the development of ovarian cancer (OC). Nonetheless, the function of lncRNA DNM3 opposite strand/antisense RNA (DNM3OS) in OC remains unclear. This work aimed to investigate the biological roles and underlying mechanisms of DNM3OS in OC.Materials and MethodsQuantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was conducted to examine DNM3OS, microRNA (miR)-193a-3p, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAP3K3) mRNA expression in OC tissues and cell lines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was employed to analyze the relationship between DNM3OS expression and the prognosis of OC patients. Cell counting kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine, and transwell experiments were conducted to monitor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. Western blot was applied to examine epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated protein (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) expression. Luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to confirm the relationships among DNM3OS, miR-193a-3p, and MAP3K3. Pearson''s correlation analysis was adopted to analyze the correlations among DNM3OS, miR-193a-3p, and MAP3K3 mRNA.ResultsDNM3OS expression was remarkably increased in OC tissues and cell lines, which was associated with the unfavorable prognosis of the patients. DNM3OS overexpression enhanced OC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; suppressed E-cadherin protein expression; and facilitated N-cadherin protein expression, while the transfection of miR-193a-3p mimics had the opposite effects. DNM3OS directly interacted with miR-193a-3p, and miR-193a-3p targeted MAP3K3 by directly binding to 3′UTR. DNM3OS could up-regulate the expression of MAP3K3 via repressing miR-193a-3p expression.ConclusionDNM3OS, as an oncogenic lncRNA, increases the malignancy of OC cells via regulation of an miR-193a-3p/MAP3K3 axis.     

Human γδ T Cells Express a Higher TCR/CD3 Complex Density Than αβ T Cells

The aim of our study was to compare CD3 expression on γδ T cells and αβ T cells in human patients. The antigen density of TCR and CD3 on both subsets was assessed by a quantitative method in eight patients. In parallel, we developed and validated a reliable direct tricolor staining protocol that we tested on samples from hospitalized and healthy individuals (n = 60). Our results demonstrate that human γδ T cells constitutively express approximately twofold more of the TCR/CD3 complex than αβ T cells. We suggest that this enhanced expression of the TCR/CD3 complex could contribute to the higher reactivity of γδ T cells compared to αβ T cells. These clinical laboratory results confirm the fundamental data described elsewhere. γδ T cells deserve further clinical investigations to understand their precise role in human immunity.     

Preferentially expanding Vγ1+ γδ T cells are associated with protective immunity against Plasmodium infection in mice

γδ T cells play a crucial role in controlling malaria parasites. Dendritic cell (DC) activation via CD40 ligand (CD40L)‐CD40 signaling by γδ T cells induces protective immunity against the blood‐stage Plasmodium berghei XAT (PbXAT) parasites in mice. However, it is unknown which γδ T‐cell subset has an effector role and is required to control the Plasmodium infection. Here, using antibodies to deplete TCR Vγ1⁺ cells, we saw that Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells were important for the control of PbXAT infection. Splenic Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells preferentially expand and express CD40L, and both Vγ1⁺ and Vγ4⁺ γδ T cells produce IFN‐γ during infection. Although expression of CD40L on Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells is maintained during infection, the IFN‐γ positivity of Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells is reduced in late‐phase infection due to γδ T‐cell dysfunction. In Plasmodium‐infected IFN‐γ signaling‐deficient mice, DC activation is reduced, resulting in the suppression of γδ T‐cell dysfunction and the dampening of γδ T‐cell expansion in the late phase of infection. Our data suggest that Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells represent a major subset responding to PbXAT infection and that the Vγ1⁺ γδ T‐cell response is dependent on IFN‐γ‐activated DCs.     

Covalent binding of guanine nucleotides to the CD3-γ chain of the T cell receptor/CD3 complex

In a search for proteins involved in signal transduction through the T cell receptor (TcR/CD3 complex), a recently developed highly efficient method for labeling of nucleotide binding proteins in permeabilized cells was applied. Here, we report that human CD3-γ could be labeled by periodate-oxidized [α-³²P] GTP (GTP_oxi). In contrast to GTP_oxi labeling of CD3-ξ, (Peter, M. E., Hall, C, Ruhlmann, A., Sancho, J. and Terhorst, C, EMBOJ. 1992. 11: 933), GTP-specific labeling of CD3-γ reached a maximum when nucleotides were added 60 min prior to the cross-linking reaction. As CD3-γ did not contain a known consensus sequence for nucleotide binding and since labeling kinetics of CD3-γ coincided with those of cytosolic GTP-binding proteins, labeling may have been caused by a GTP-binding protein. This putative protein was not T cell specific because labeling of CD3-γ could also be achieved when expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In CHO cells, labeling by GTP_oxi took place only when CD3-γ was associated with CD3-ξ, whereas labeling could not be established upon association of CD3-γ with CD3-δ or TcR α. The observation that CD3-γ was labeled without leaving the endoplasmic reticulum led to the hypothesis that the association of CD3-γ with a GTP-binding protein might be involved in an early step of the TcR/CD3 complex formation or transport.     

IFN-γ-induced TNF-α is a prerequisite for in vitro production of nitric oxide generated in murine peritoneal macrophages by IFN-γ

The effect of IFN-γ to stimulate formation of nitric oxide (NO) by normal murine peritoneal macrophages (Mϕ) has been found to be completely dependent on the ability of IFN-γ to activate secretion of TNF-α. The NO-stimulatory effect of IFN-γ was abolished by anti-TNF-α antibodies, the inhibitory intervention of which could be fully reversed by exogenously supplied TNF-α. Accordingly, the failure of Mϕ from C3H/HeJ mice to secrete TNF-α upon stimulation with IFN-γ was associated with their complete incapability to generate NO, unless they were simultaneously treated with IFN-γ + TNF-α. Collectively, the data document that similar to the NO up-regulatory action of other cytokines, the effect of IFN-γ is not independent, but depends on a synergistic cooperation with the self-produced TNF-α. The findings thus indicate that a widespread opinion claiming that IFN-γ per se is able to stimulate biosynthesis of NO needs revision.