急性胰腺炎累及腹膜后间隙及胸膜腔91例CT表现分析

目的：探讨急性胰腺炎（AP）扩散至腹膜后间隙和胸膜腔的CT表现。方法；分析91例经螺旋CT平扫和增强扫描并经临床确诊的AP病例。结果：本组中79例有腹膜后间隙受累，肾前筋膜增厚，48例有腹膜后间隙积液，51例有一侧或两侧胸膜腔积液。结论：AP除了胰腺及胰周邻近组织病变影像外，累及腹膜后间隙及胸膜腔的影像表现同样重要。     

腹膜后间隙的交通及急性胰腺炎扩散解剖学基础

急性胰腺炎是最常见的胰腺疾病，由于胰酶释放进入间质组织可向胰外区域扩散，其中急性胰腺炎扩散至腹膜后的途径包括：（1）沿同一解剖间隙或相通间隙扩散。病变在肾旁间隙内，向上向下及对侧扩散；病变向前扩散至横结肠系膜及小肠系膜根部及系膜内；向外侧扩散到升降结肠后及周围。（2）因胰酶破坏筋膜或病灶直接通过筋膜薄弱处而导致跨筋膜扩散。使肾前筋膜受累并进而使肾后筋膜及锥侧筋膜受累：破坏肾前筋膜或同时也破坏肾后筋膜，使病变扩散至肾周筋膜或肾旁后间隙。     

腹膜后十二指肠损伤1例

病例 男, 40岁。车祸外伤后腹部隐痛。查体上腹压痛,无反跳痛,无肌紧张。移动性浊音阳性。腹透未见异常。腹部 B超：腹腔积液。 CT检查：肝、胆、脾、胰、肾脏形态完整,未见异常。肝脏边缘见带状低密度积液影 (图 1)。腹膜后肾前间隙见低密度积气影 (图 2, 3)。十二指肠降部见稍高密度血肿影,邻近肠系膜局部浸润包裹,内见含气低密度影,呈蜂窝组织炎性改变 (图 3, 4)。 CT诊断：十二指肠损伤破裂。手术所见：于十二指肠降部见－ 30mm× 25cm血肿,血肿区十二指肠降部见 5mm破裂口。邻近肠系膜形成蜂窝组织炎。行清创修补术。 　　…     

急性胰腺炎时超声诊断胰周环死组织的价值

目的：了解急性胰腺炎（AP）时超声观察胰周环死组织的准确性。方法：回顾了本院1996.1～1998.12月3年间100例AP的108次CT检查（共648个间隙）及同期超声检验结果。结果：超声诊断胰周环死组织诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确性为73.3%、93.3%、98.4%。结论：急性胰腺炎时超声能较准确地诊断胰周坏死组织。     

螺旋CT双期扫描对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎的诊断

目的评价螺旋CT双期扫描对急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（AHNP）的诊断价值。方法对45例AHNP患者的螺旋CT平扫和双期增强扫描的资料进行回顾性分析。结果螺旋CT表现为胰腺内点状、片状或大范围无强化效应的低密度坏死灶42例,胰腺内或外见气体影6例,胰腺内或胰周蜂窝织炎内见高密度出血灶22例,胰周间隙滲出或积液30例,蜂窝组织炎26例,15例伴少量胸腔积液。结论螺旋CT双期扫描对AHNP有重要诊断价值。     

急性胰腺炎的CT诊断

目的探讨CT对急性胰腺炎的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2007年3月2009年10月收治的35例急性胰腺炎患者的CT照片。结果 35例患者中CT诊断为急性水肿型胰腺炎26例（74.3%）,急性坏死型胰腺炎9例（25.7%）。CT主要表现胰腺体积增大31例,其中胰头增大10例,胰体、尾单独或同时增大21例,4例胰腺表现基本正常。单侧或双侧肾前筋膜水肿增厚27例（77.1%）,胰腺边缘模糊、部分脂肪层消失20例（57.1%）,胆囊增大胆总管扩张17例（48.6%）,胰周蜂窝组织炎6例（17.1%）,合并左侧胸腔积液5例（14.3%）,伴有少量腹水2例（5.7%）。结论 CT检查可以显示胰腺自身肿大、坏死、出血,还能够显示胰外的腹腔、腹膜后腔以及肾筋膜的受累情况,可为临床制定合理的治疗方案并作出预后的判断提供依据。     

腹膜后占位性病变16例CT报道

腹膜后间隙指腹膜后部分与腹横筋膜之间的解剖结构。腹膜后间隙存在着肾旁间隙、肾周间隙和肾旁后间隙。随着影像学的发展，CT检查已成为腹膜后占位性病变的首选检查方法，其诊断价值也得到充分肯定。现就我院诊断的腹膜后占位性病变16例CT表现分析报告如下。     

儿童鼻腔 NK／T 细胞淋巴瘤1例并文献复习

1临床资料 患儿，男，5岁，因反复左侧鼻塞、流涕、左眼睑肿胀2个月，黑便3天入我院儿科。〈br〉 患儿入院前2个月无明显诱因出现左侧鼻塞、流涕，左眼睑出现肿胀，下眼睑淤青，于院外抗感染治疗后无好转，就诊于我院耳鼻喉科，行鼻窦 CT 检查，报告示：左眼眼睑及内眦部软组织肿胀，左眼眶内壁改变，不除外内壁骨折，左侧筛窦及左侧上颌窦密度增高影，左眼肌锥外间隙条片影，考虑炎性病变所致。临床诊断为急性鼻窦炎、眶内蜂窝组织炎，行左侧鼻窦开放术，术中见左侧中鼻甲黏膜糜烂，左侧筛窦及上颌窦内有较多粘灰黄色脓性分泌物，手术后给予抗感染、糖皮质激素治疗，患儿眼睑肿胀明显减轻，鼻塞症状明显缓解，术后病理回报：（左侧鼻腔、鼻窦）送检为炎性渗出和坏死组织。入院前1个半月患儿再次出现左侧眼睑肿胀，严重鼻塞、流涕，行眼眶 CT（冠位＋轴位）示：左侧面颊部、眼眶、眼睑及内眦区软组织增厚。左侧上斜肌增粗。左眼眶下壁骨质不规整，左侧眶内壁、部分筛板、左侧上颌窦内壁骨质不连续。左侧筛窦、左侧鼻腔及左侧上颌窦窦腔密度增高，呈近似软组织密度影。于我科抗感染治疗2周后明显好转出院。入院前3周患儿又出现上述症状，伴有发热，体温波动在37．0℃-38．0℃之间，第2次入我院耳鼻喉科，诊断为：慢性鼻窦炎急性发作，眶内蜂窝织炎。于入院前2周行鼻内镜下左侧鼻腔坏死组织清理术。术中见左侧中鼻甲黏膜部分坏死，全组筛窦内充满干酪样坏死组织，上颌窦窦口周围及窦腔内充满干酪样坏死组织。术后病理回报示：（左侧鼻腔）送检组织内纤维组织增生，有坏死及钙化，间质内有炎细胞浸润，浆细胞丰富。术后予抗感染、对症及激素治疗。但患儿仍有发热，入院前3天出现黑便     

超声观察急性胰腺炎时左肾旁前间隙的准确性及临床意义

目的：探讨超声观察急性胰腺炎（AP）时左肾旁前间隙（LAPS）的准确性及其临床意义。方法：回顾本院3年627例AP患者超声检查资料与临床资料，其中100例行108次CT检查。结果：在108例次有同期超声及CT检查的病例中超声诊断LAPS积液的敏感性，特异性及准确性分别为65．0％、92．1％及87．1％，诊断LAPS坏死组织则分别为75．0％、100％及99．1％。627例临床资料表明轻症胰腺炎组LAPS积液及坏死组织的出现率为11．8％和0．2％，而重症胰腺炎组则分别为44．0％及12．0％。有LAPS积液组平均住院日为29．0d，而无LAPS组为15．5d。结论LAPS是AP是最常受累的部位之一，LAPS病变与AP的轻重及住院时间长短有关；超声能较准确地反映LAPS病变，对指导治疗方式及手术入路选择有重要意义。     

右肝发育不良的超声诊断

目的：探讨右肝发育不良的声像图特点，方法：回顾性分析16例右肝发育不良的声像图资料。就其声像特点，解剖变异进行分析。结果：16例患者均有右肝小或相对小，左肝大，第一肝门右旋移位，胆囊向右外上移位，肝右叶门脉狭窄或闭寒等特点，胆道炎症，胆道结石（尤其是左外叶胆管结石），肝硬化是其常见并发症。结论：右肝发育不良在超声图像上有特征性表现，它是一种表现为右肝小，左肝大，同时伴有门脉，胆管，第一肝门右旋移位等先天异常的疾患，右肝大小与右门脉狭窄程度密切相关。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.