关节突关节角度与退行性腰椎滑脱的关系

目的:探讨关节突关节角度与退行性腰椎滑脱(DLS)的关系。方法:选取2008年7月～2010年6月我院收治的60例单纯退行性L4/5节段前滑脱患者为DLS组,年龄55.6±8.8岁,排除腰椎骨折及峡部不连者;对照组为57例同期无滑脱及腰腿痛的其他疾病患者,年龄53.7±9.4岁。两组均行腰椎CT检查,在CT定位像上测量DLS组患者L4/5节段滑移距离及下位椎体矢状径,计算腰椎滑脱程度(Taillard指数);在CT图像上测量两组L3/4、L4/5及L5/S1节段关节突关节角并进行比较分析;骨窗条件下观察DLS组L4/5关节突关节退变程度,按Fujiwara标准进行分级,并按不同退变等级分3组比较滑脱程度;对DLS组L4/5的关节突关节角与滑脱程度进行直线相关性分析。结果:DLS组L4/5均为Ⅰ度滑脱,Taillard指数为0.1679±0.0365。DLS组L4/5关节突关节角为33.1°±12.2°,小于对照组的49.5°±11.4°,差异有显著性(P<0.001);DLS组与对照组L3/4关节突关节角分别为36.1°±9.1°与38.6°±8.0°,无显著性差异(P>0.05);DLS组与对照组L5/S1关节突关节角分别为48.5°±13.0°与51.9°±13.0°,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。DLS组L4/5滑脱Taillard指数与其关节突关节角度无相关性(r=0.065,P>0.05)。DLS组患者L4/5关节突关节退变程度为Ⅱ度4例,Ⅲ度23例,Ⅳ度33例,其滑脱Taillard指数分别为0.1837±0.0418、0.1723±0.0370和0.1589±0.0343,各组间滑脱程度差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:DLS患者滑脱节段的关节突关节角明显小于非滑脱患者的相应节段,但关节突关节角度与DLS的关系尚不明确。     

腰椎关节突关节的方向和退变程度对退行性腰椎滑脱的影响

目的:探讨退行性腰椎滑脱(degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS)患者腰椎关节突关节的方向与退变程度的变化规律及其临床意义.方法:随机选取2002年7月～2007年7月我科收治的DLS患者52例作为观察组,同期年龄、性别相匹配的非DLS志愿肯50例作为对照组.将所有研究对象的CT片、侧位X线片图像输入计算机,测量L4/5关节突关节的关节面与椎体矢状面的夹角、L4椎体前后缘中点连线与椎间关节突关节间隙的央角(关节突关节-椎弓根角),在CT片上观察关节突关节退变的程度,并对所测参数进行相关性分析.结果:DLS患者的关节突关节与椎体欠状面的夹角与对照组比较更偏向呈矢状位(34.93°±9.14°vs 47.22°±5.37°,P＜0.001),关节突关节-椎弓根角更倾向于水平位(113.57°±5.96°vs 102.50°±4.96°,P＜0.001),关节突关节的退变程度与其方向的改变高度相关.结论:DLS与关节突关节方向欠状化及水平化相关,腰椎关节突关节的关节面方向矢状化与关节突关节退变程度高度相关,腰椎关节突关节退变程度及其方向的变化对DLS具有病因学意义.     

关节突关节角变化与退变性腰椎滑脱间关系的研究

目的探讨关节突关节角的改变与退变性腰椎滑脱(degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS)发生之间的因果关系。方法回顾性选取2011-07-2014-07我科收治的50例L4-5单节段退变性前滑脱患者作为DLS组,另选同期50例无腰腿痛和脊椎滑脱的正常患者作为对照组,且使性别、年龄与DLS组相匹配。两组均行站立位腰椎正侧位X线片及腰椎三维CT检查,在腰椎侧位X线上测量腰椎滑脱指数;在CT矢状位图像上选取平行于L3-4、L4-5、L5-S1椎间隙上缘终板的CT横断位图像作为关节突的头侧部分;过椎弓根下缘且平行于L3-4、L4-5、L5-S1椎间隙下缘终板的CT横断图像作为关节突的尾侧部分,在横断位上进行关节突角度测量,同时在骨窗下对关节突的退变进行评估。结果 DLS组L3-4头侧关节突关节角(61.9±6.3)°大于对照组的(56.3±7.5)°,尾侧关节突关节角(57.1±6.9)°大于对照组的(51.9±6.8)°;DLS组L4-5头侧关节突关节角(55.8±5.6)°大于对照组的(50.2±6.7)°,尾侧关节突关节角(53.2±6.8)°大于对照组的(47.0±5.9)°;DLS组L5-S1头侧关节突关节角(49.1±7.8)°大于对照组的(43.9±6.9)°,尾侧关节突关节角(45.1±6.9)°大于对照组的(41.7±5.1)°,差异均具有显著性(P0.05)。DLS组患者L4-5头尾侧角度差值(2.1±0.8)°小于对照组的(5.0±1.3)°,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。DLS组L4-5左右两侧关节突关节角不对称度(8.0±2.0)°大于对照组的(4.2±1.3)°,差异有显著性(P0.05)。按关节突关节退变等级将DLS患者分成3组,各组间滑脱指数差异具有显著性(P0.05),不同退变等级中头、尾侧关节突关节角度差异具有显著性(r=0.457,P0.05)。结论关节突关节矢状化改变更可能是腰椎退变性滑脱发生预先存在的解剖学因素。     

退变性腰椎滑脱的关节突关节形态学分析

目的：探讨腰椎关节突关节形态学变化在退变性腰椎滑脱（degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS）发生中的病因学意义。方法自2007年1月至2013年7月收治的L4,5 DLS患者中随机选取115例作为观察组,男28例,女87例;年龄41~76岁,平均57.3岁。自体检人群（无脊柱滑脱及腰腿痛表现）中随机选取与DLS组年龄、性别相匹配的115例作为对照组,男31例,女84例;年龄45~77岁,平均56.4岁。两组均行腰椎正、侧位X线片,CT平扫及多层面重建检查。于侧位X线片测量DLS组患者腰椎滑脱程度（Taillard指数）,CT图像分别测量滑脱组及对照组L3,4、L4,5节段两侧关节突关节角并评估两组小关节不对称程度,矢状面CT重建图像测量两组L3,4、L4,5关节突关节椎弓根角（pedicle facet angle,P?F角）,对两组相应节段所测角度进行比较分析;CT横断面骨窗下对两组L4,5关节突关节进行退变程度分级并比较,且对DLS组不同退变等级之间的滑脱程度进行分析。对DLS组L4,5的关节突关节角、P?F角与滑脱程度进行相关性分析。结果 DLS组L4,5均为Ⅰ度滑脱。DLS组L3,4、L4,5节段关节突关节角与对照组相应节段相比明显偏向矢状位;P?F角均较对照组大,更倾向于水平位。小关节不对称程度,L4,5节段DLS组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义,而L3,4节段的差异无统计学意义。两组L4,5关节突关节退变程度比较差异有统计学意义,DLS组患者L4,5关节突关节不同退变等级之间,滑脱程度的差异无统计学意义。DLS组L4,5滑脱程度与其关节突关节角、P?F角无相关性。结论关节突关节形态学变化（更小的关节突关节角、水平化的P?F角、小关节不对称）对退变性腰椎滑脱的发生具有一定的病因学意义,但其作用不应被夸大;关节突关节退变是随着年龄增长出现的继发性改变,而腰椎滑脱加剧了小关节的退变。     

关节突关节的方向性与腰椎退变性滑脱

目的：探讨腰椎关节突关节的方向性在腰椎退变性滑脱的病因学意义。方法：对５３名Ｌ４～５退变性滑脱患者及５３名正常对照者的ＭＲＩ资料进行分析。分别测量Ｌ４～５关节突关节的方向性及对称性。并根据Ｔ２加权像椎间盘信号强度判定椎间盘退变程度,根据腰椎Ｘ线片记录腰椎滑脱程度。结果：腰椎退变性滑脱患者的关节突关节方向与正常者相比更偏向矢状位（Ｐ〈０．０５）。不对称程度也更为明显（Ｐ〈０．０５）。在退变性滑脱患者     

退变性腰椎滑脱当前手术的进展和争议

退变性腰椎滑脱是在1955年由Newman首先提出,他记载了腰椎关节突关节退变性关节炎所产生具有完整椎弓的椎体的滑动。腰椎退变与退变性滑脱腰椎退变的病变基础是椎间盘,在其退变的基础上,脊椎的关节软骨、关节突及其韧带发生相关的变化,而出现神经根的压迫,腰椎的滑动。与之对应     

脊柱－骨盆矢状位参数及关节突关节角度对退变性腰椎滑脱的影响

目的：探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数及关节突关节角度对退变性腰椎滑脱的影响及相关性研究。方法：以2016年7月至2019年9月确诊的120例L₄-L₅单节段退变性滑脱患者为观察对象（滑脱组）,以性别和年龄相匹配的120例L₄-L₅节段退变性椎管狭窄患者为对照（对照组）。通过影像学资料测量如下参数：骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）,骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）,骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）,腰椎前凸（lumbar lordosis,LL）,胸椎后凸（thoracic kyphosis,TK）,矢状面平衡（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）,L₄-L₅头侧关节突关节角,尾侧关节突关节角及小关节不对称性。比较两组患者参数的差异并对有意义参数行Logistic回归分析。对退变性腰椎滑脱患者关节突关节方向与脊柱-骨盆参数进行相关性分析。结果：两组患者在PI、PT、LL、SVA、头侧关节突关节角、尾侧关节突关节角差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;Logistic回归分析发现PI、PT及头侧关节突关节角是腰椎滑脱程度的危险因素（P<0.05）。滑脱组头侧关节突关节矢状化与PI、PT呈现显著相关（P<0.05）。结论：高PI、PT及头侧关节突关节矢状化是腰椎滑脱的危险因素,并且关节突关节矢状化程度和大PI、PT密切相关。     

退变性腰椎滑脱患者L4, 5关节突关节的形态学特点

目的基于Roussouly分型观察不同脊柱骨盆类型的退变性腰椎滑脱(degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, DLS)患者L4, 5关节突关节的形态学特点。方法回顾性分析2018年8月至2022年5月于西南医科大学附属医院骨科就诊的142例DLS患者资料, 男33例, 年龄(65.0±10.7)岁;女109例, 年龄(61.8±9.6)岁。在CT图像上测量L4, 5关节突关节的形态学参数:关节突关节角(facet joint angle, FJA)、椎弓根-关节突关节角(pedicle facet angle, PFA)、关节突关节的不对称性(facet joint tropism, FT)和关节突关节的骨关节炎(osteoarthritis, OA)程度;在术前站立中立位腰椎侧位X线片上测量骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope, SS)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis, LL)、L4椎体滑移程度(percentage of slip distance, SDP)。根据Roussouly分型将患者分为四组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ型), 比较各组间...     

退变性腰椎滑脱中腰椎-骨盆结构参数的特点分析

目的:分析退变性腰椎滑脱(degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,DLS)中腰椎-骨盆结构特点及其在退变性腰椎滑脱症中的意义。方法:对2015年4月至2017年1月收治的45例单纯退行性L_4,5节段腰椎滑脱患者(滑脱组)的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期50例(对照组)体检资料齐全的健康者进行比较。通过影像学资料对受试者的腰椎-骨盆结构参数进行统计分析,分析DLS患者的脊柱-骨盆特点。观察退变性腰椎滑脱患者椎间盘及关节突关节退变特点。利用Spearson分析各观察项目之间的相关性。结果:滑脱组L_4,5关节突关节角、腰椎前凸角、骨盆入射角、骨盆倾斜角、骶骨倾斜角为(36.5±11.2)°、(44.2±7.3)°、(66.5±11.6)°、(22.2±10.0)°、(33.4±11.3)°。对照组L_4,5关节突关节角、腰椎前凸角、骨盆入射角、骨盆倾斜角、骶骨倾斜角为(44.4±8.2)°、(36.7±8.5)°、(55.4±13.2)°、(14.4±7.0)°、(42.3±13.1)°,滑...     

退变性腰椎滑脱症手术治疗

退变性腰椎滑脱症的主要病理改变是椎间盘退变、脊柱运动节段不稳定和相应的神经根受压,导致腰背部疼痛、神经源性跛行和相应的神经支配区出现感觉、运动损害.持续性腰腿痛和(或)神经症状是手术治疗的指征.手术方法包括单纯减压、减压加后路植骨融合、减压加椎体间融合、减压加后路内固定融合和动力性稳定技术等.术前应根据患者病情选择手术方式、术中减压范围并掌握好内固定器械适应证.适度的减压和选择适当的融合节段是预防术后邻近节段退变的关键.植骨材料主要选择自体髂骨.生物材料的近期疗效令人满意,其远期疗效尚需长期随访证实.     

The biomechanical influence of the facet joint orientation and the facet tropism in the lumbar spine

Background contextFacet joint orientation and facet tropism (FT) are presented as the potential anatomical predisposing factors for lumbar degenerative changes that may lead in turn to early degeneration and herniation of the corresponding disc or degenerative spondylolisthesis. However, no biomechanical study of this concept has been reported.PurposeTo investigate the biomechanical influence of the facet orientation and FT on stress on the corresponding segment.Study designFinite element analysis.MethodsThree models, F50, F55, and F60 were simulated with different facet joint orientations (50°, 55°, and 60° relative to coronal plane) at both L2–L3 facet joints. A FT model was also simulated to represent a 50° facet joint angle at the right side and a 60° facet joint angle at the left side in the L2–L3 segment. In each model, the intradiscal pressures were investigated under four pure moments and anterior shear force. Facet contact forces at the L2–L3 segment were also analyzed under extension and torsion moments and anterior shear force. This study was supported by 5000 CHF grant of 2011 AO Spine Research Korea fund. The authors of this study have no topic-specific potential conflicts of interest related to this study.ResultsThe F50, F55, and F60 models did not differ in the intradiscal pressures generated under four pure moments: but under anterior shear force, the F60 and FT models showed increases of intradiscal pressure. The F50 model under extension and the F60 model under torsion each generated an increase in facet contact force. In all conditions tested, the FT model yielded the greatest increase of intradiscal pressure and facet contact force of all the models.ConclusionsThe facet orientation per se did not increase disc stress or facet joint stress prominently at the corresponding level under four pure moments, but FT could make the corresponding segment more vulnerable to external moments or anterior shear force.     

Facet joint remodeling in degenerative spondylolisthesis: an investigation of joint orientation and tropism

This study analyzed transverse facet joint angulations at the three lower lumbar levels in 132 patients assigned to one of four groups. Group A comprised 23 patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) at the level L4-5, group B comprised 40 patients above the age of 50 years, group C comprised 38 patients aged between 35 and 50 years, and group D comprised 31 patients under the age of 35 years. Groups B, C, and D had no evidence of DS. Measurements were taken from hard copies of axial MR or CT images. The transverse plane of facet joints was more sagittally oriented in group A than in any other group. This difference was highly significant at the L4-5 level. The incidence of more sagittally oriented L4-5 facet joints was also significantly higher only in group A. The incidence of facet joint tropism, however, was not different in group A. These results support the view that the pronounced sagittal alignment of facet joints in patients with DS represents a secondary remodeling rather than a pre-existing morphology. Facet joint asymmetry does not seem to play a major role in the development of DS. Received: 12 January 1998 Revised: 6 June 1998 Accepted: 16 June 1998     

Direct repair of defect in lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis by bone grafting, with or without facet joint fusion

Forty-six patients with lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis were managed with direct repair of the defect with or without facet joint fusion in the affected segment. There were 24 males and 22 females, ranging in age from 15 to 56 years (average, 38.2 years). These patients had experienced clinical symptoms due to spondylolysis for between 4 months and 20 years (average, 5.3 years). Of 46 patients, 28 had no spondylolisthesis, 11 had Meyerding grade I vertebral slippage and 7 had grade II. Direct repair of 98 defects was performed on these patients. Twenty-six patients, in whom the disc adjacent to the defect was determined as degenerative by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), simultaneously underwent facet joint fusion; 17 in one segment and 9 in two segments. The average period of follow-up was 50 months (24-92 months). Ninety-four defects achieved bony healing. As a result, 28 patients were graded as having an excellent outcome, 15 good, and 3 fair. Bone grafting in the defects achieves union between the loose lamina and the anterior element of lumbar vertebrae, and reconstructs the anatomic structure and physiologic functions of the lumbar vertebrae. There was no significant difference in outcome between the spondylolytic/spondylolisthetic patients with non-degenerative disc, who were treated with direct repair of defect only, and those with degenerative disc, who additionally underwent a fusion procedure (P > 0.05). The present series demonstrates a satisfactory result and a high rate of bony healing of the pars defect by this operative procedure in patients with lumbar spondylolysis and mild isthmic spondylolisthesis. Preoperative assessment of the disc degeneration with MRI is of great assistance in making the protocol choice of whether to opt for fusion.     

Comparison of minimally invasive fusion and instrumentation versus open surgery for severe stenotic spondylolisthesis with high-grade facet joint osteoarthritis

Purpose

The object of this study was to compare minimally invasive surgery (MIS) with open surgery in a severely affected subgroup of degenerative spondylolisthetic patients with severe stenosis (SDS) and high-grade facet osteoarthritis (FJO).

Methods

From January 2009 to February 2010, 49 patients with severe SDS and high-grade FJO were treated using either MIS or open TLIF. Intraoperative and diagnostic data, including perioperative complications and length of hospital stay (LOS), were collected, using retrospective chart review. Surgical short- and long-term outcomes were assessed according to the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) for back and leg pain.

Results

Comparing MIS and open surgery, the MIS group had lesser blood loss, significantly lesser need for transfusion (p = 0.02), more rapid improvement of postoperative back pain in the first 6 weeks of follow-up and a shorter LOS. On the other hand, we experienced in the MIS group a longer operative time. The distribution on the postoperative ODI (p = 0.841), VAS leg (p = 0.943) and back pain (p = 0.735) scores after a mean follow-up of 2 years were similar. The overall proportion of complications showed no significant difference between the groups (29 % in the MIS group vs. 28 % in the open group, p = 0.999).

Conclusion

Minimally invasive surgery for severe SDS leads to adequate and safe decompression of lumbar stenosis and results in a faster recovery of symptoms and disability in the early postoperative period.     

Early histologic changes in lower lumbar discs and facet joints and their correlation

Biomechanical and histologic studies have highlighted the close functional relationship between lumbar discs and their associated facet joints, and it is conceivable that their degenerative changes are interdependent. However, separation of cause from effect remains controversial. Hitherto, no study in humans has correlated the changes histologically. The present study assessed histologic changes in lower lumbar discs and their associated facet joints in patients under the age of 40 years using classification systems developed for this investigation. A specific objective was to correlate changes in discs and facet joints. Data from 15 lower lumbar spine specimens were obtained. Three parasagittal sections per disc and one section per facet joint were graded histologically. The results were correlated with age, within the functional spinal unit (FSU), and with the adjacent level. Histologic changes were found in discs and facet joints from all FSUs. There was no correlation between the age of the subject and the degree of degeneration of the disc or facet joints at either level. The extent of disc degeneration at L4/5 correlated significantly with changes at L5/S1 (P < 0.01). There was no correlation between changes in discs and the associated facet joints at either level. The results of the study showed that microscopic changes are seen in the disc and facet joints from an early age and can be quite marked in some individuals before the age of 40 years. A correlation of degenerative changes within the FSU could not be established. Received: 24 February 1999 /Revised: 1 September 1999 /Accepted: 16 September 1999     

腰椎关节突关节不对称

对７６名正常人及１７３名因下腰痛而手术患者的Ｘ线平片、ＣＴ扫描及ＭＲＩ资料进行分析以调查腰椎关节突关节的对称性与某些腰椎疾患的联系。在７６名正常对照者中有２１人存在Ｌ４～５或Ｌ５～Ｓ１关节突关节不对称，占２７．６％，而在腰椎手术病人中则有８４例，占４８．６％，差异具有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１），提示腰椎关节突关节的不对称具有病因学意义。     

腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎的CT分级及其临床意义

目的:探讨腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎的CT分级及其临床意义。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月～2010年12月在我院就诊的100例腰痛或腰痛伴下肢麻木疼痛患者的腰椎CT。男43例,女57例;年龄23～81岁,平均52.5岁。采用CT骨窗轴位像关节突关节的关节间隙宽度、骨赘形成及骨质变化情况作为分级依据征象,将每个征象按照其严重程度分为4个等级,相应赋予0～3分,按3个征象总分分为4级:0级,0分;Ⅰ级,1～3分;Ⅱ级,4～6分;Ⅲ级,7～9分。由初、中、高级职称3位医师在PACS系统对100例患者从L1/2至L5/S1节段的双侧关节突关节分别进行2次独立分级,Kappa分析评价3位医师分级结果的一致性。同时对患者腰痛VAS评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和年龄与分级结果进行Spearman相关分析。结果:3位医师分别2次对100例患者的1000个腰椎关节突关节进行分级,0级200～211个(20.0%～21.1%),Ⅰ级384～403个(38.4%～40.3%),Ⅱ级301～310个(30.1%～31.0%),Ⅲ级85～106个(8.5%～10.6%)。同一医师前后分级一致的关节突关节数为84.1%～88.4%,Kappa值为0.773～0.833;不同级别医师分级一致的关节突关节数为82.9%～87.9%,Kappa值为0.756～0.827。患者VAS评分和ODI与分级结果的相关系数分别为0.186、0.192,无显著相关性(P>0.05);年龄与分级结果的相关系数为0.558,呈显著性正相关(P<0.05)。结论:腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎CT分级具有良好的一致性,对关节突关节退变程度的评估和研究有指导意义;腰椎关节突关节骨性关节炎CT分级与年龄呈正性相关,而与腰痛程度及腰椎ODI无显著相关性。     

腰椎小关节不对称与椎间盘变性

对54例年龄大部分在50岁以下、经保守治疗效果不明显的慢性腰痛患者，为进一步查明病因而作了CT扫描及MRI成像检查。应用CT扫描测量小关节角度并决定两侧小关节的对称性。用MRIT2加权像观察L3－4、L4-5和L5－S1水平的椎间盘有无变性。结果显示，由L3－4～L5－S1小关节角度逐渐增加。同一水平一侧小关节增大，即两侧小关节不对称与该节段的椎间盘变性有权明显的相关性。腰椎小关节不对称者，该节段椎间盘变性的发生率明显增加。作者认为，小关节不对称增加了椎间盘退变的危险性，可能是椎间盘早期发生退变的重要因素。