依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤疗效观察

目的观察依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效。方法将80例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例。对照组予常规综合治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上予依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗。观察2组格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）、脑水肿程度及格拉斯哥结果分级（GOS）情况。结果治疗14d后,2组GCS评分均高于治疗前,且治疗组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组脑水肿轻度患者比例高于对照组,重度患者比例均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗后,治疗组GOSV级者比例高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论早期应用依达拉奉与亚低温联合治疗急性重型颅脑损伤疗效显著,能明显提高颅脑损伤患者的治愈率,促进脑神经功能恢复,降低致残率,改善患者的远期生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的疗效

目的：观察依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗急性重型颅脑损伤患者的临床效果。方法选取2011年3月～2013年10月收治的50例急性重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各25例,对照组采取常规综合治疗,观察组在此基础上采取依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗,治疗14 d后,对比两组患者脑水肿程度,治疗前、治疗14 d后格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）和连续治疗3个月后格拉斯哥结果分级（GOS）情况。结果观察组患者脑水肿轻、中度比例（96%）明显高于对照组（68%）;两组患者治疗GCS评分均有所提高,观察组患者改善程度更为显著,且观察组GOS评分高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论急性重型颅脑损伤患者及早应用依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗的临床效果显著,可有效减轻患者脑水肿状况,有利于脑神经功能恢复,改善预后,降低病残率。     

七叶皂苷钠联合依达拉奉治疗急性重度颅脑损伤的效果分析

目的 探讨七叶皂苷钠联合依达拉奉治疗急性重度颅脑损伤的临床效果.方法 选取急性重度颅脑损伤患者98例,随机分成对照组和观察组,对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上给予七叶皂苷钠联合依达拉奉治疗.观察两组治疗前后的颅内压、脑水肿、GCS评分、GOS评分及不良反应发生率.结果 观察组的颅内压减轻程度优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.观察组的脑水肿降低程度优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.观察组治疗7、14 d的GCS评分及治疗3个月的GOS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组治疗7、14 d的GCS评分明显高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 在基础治疗上采用七叶皂苷钠联合依达拉奉治疗急性重度颅脑损伤患者可提高疗效,改善预后.     

依达拉奉治疗心肺复苏术后急性颅脑损伤的临床疗效观察

目的观察依达拉奉治疗心肺复苏术后急性颅脑损伤的疗效及预后。方法将25例心肺复苏术后急性颅脑损伤患者,随机分为依达拉奉治疗组(治疗组)16例和常规治疗组(对照组)9例,观察两组脑水肿面积的变化、GCS、APACHE-Ⅱ评分、疗效与预后情况。结果治疗后,依达拉奉治疗组在改善患者脑水肿面积、GCS、APACHE-Ⅱ评分、疗效与预后方面,显著好于对照组(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉是治疗心肺复苏术后急性颅脑损伤的有效药物,值得临床推广。     

依达拉奉治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的疗效分析

目的探讨依达拉奉对急性重型颅脑损伤的治疗作用及安全性。方法将60例患者随机分为2组,依达拉奉组30例：常规治疗基础上加用依达拉奉30mg稀释后30min内静滴注完,1次/12h连续10天。对照组30例常规治疗不给予脑保护。结果给药组伤后10天内颅内压显著升高和重度脑水肿者比例均较对照组明显减少。结论早期应用依达拉奉治疗急性重型颅脑损伤可以降低患者的颅内压升高的幅度,缩短昏迷时间促进患者神经功能恢复,降低伤残率,改善预后安全可靠。     

依达拉奉治疗急性重型颅脑损伤40例疗效分析

目的 观察依达拉奉治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效.方法 将80例急性颅脑损伤患者随机分为依达拉奉组(治疗组)和常规治疗组(对照组),每组40例.对照组予以常规治疗,包括脱水、抗感染以及依手术指征清除颅内血肿、去骨瓣减压等治疗.治疗组在对照组基础上加用依达拉奉30 mg+ 5％葡萄糖溶液100 ml静脉滴注,30min内...     

依达拉奉治疗急性重度颅脑损伤的临床观察

目的：观察依达拉奉治疗急性重度颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法选取本院2011年8月-2013年8月收治的急性重度颅脑损伤患者48例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各24例。对照组入院后进行常规治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用依达拉奉治疗,2周后观察两组临床疗效。结果观察组临床治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）;出院时观察组格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）;出院后观察组恢复率高于对照组,病死率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0.05）。结论依达拉奉治疗急性重度颅脑损伤临床效果明显,能明显减轻脑水肿和颅内高压,保护神经组织,降低患者病死率,提高患者生活质量。     

依达拉奉对颅脑损伤患者氧自由基MDA、SOD的影响及临床疗效

目的观察自由基清除剂依达拉奉对颅脑损伤患者氧自由基的影响。方法随机选取符合标准的颅脑损伤患者150例分别作为常规治疗组,亚低温治疗组,依达拉奉治疗组;亚低温治疗体温控制在33℃～35℃,时间48～72h,平均63.2h。依达拉奉注射液60mg/d,应用14d。氧自由基的测定在患者入院后6h、第3天、第7天、第14天空腹抽血,测血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量。结果治疗后三组氧自由基的结果,MDA伤后明显增高,治疗后含量开始降低,降幅以依达拉奉组差异最明显;SOD伤后先反应性升高,3d后下降,降幅以依达拉奉组差异最明显;结论依达拉奉降低氧自由基的产生及其所引起的脂质过氧化反应,可以提高颅脑损伤患者治愈率,降低致残率。     

依达拉奉治疗急性重型颅脑损伤患者的安全性及护理

目的探讨依达拉奉治疗急性重型颅脑损伤的安全性及护理措施。方法将我院2009年2月~2012年2月收治的80例急性重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各为40例。治疗组给予常规护理及常规的药物治疗,包括脱水降颅压、解痉、扩血管、保护脑细胞、抗感染、激素治疗及营养支持等治疗措施,在此基础上使用30mg依达拉奉+250mL生理盐水,静脉滴注,每天2次,14d为一个疗程。对照组不用依达拉奉,其余治疗和护理两组相同。术后随访3~6个月,观察两组患者的疗效。结果治疗14d后,对两组患者进行神经功能缺损评分及疗效比较。两组患者颅内压及脑水肿程度都有所减轻,但依达拉奉治疗组减轻程度好于常规治疗组,治疗组神经功能缺损评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗组疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05),具有统计学意义。治疗期间未见严重不良反应发生。结论依达拉奉具有促进意识恢复及改善神经功能的作用,安全可靠,能够有效的提高了急性重型颅脑损伤患者预后及治愈率。     

依达拉奉治疗急性颅脑损伤80例初期临床观察

目的探讨依达拉奉在急性颅脑损伤中的初期应用。方法对符合标准的80例患者随机分组。对照组和治疗组基础药物应用大致相同,治疗组应用依达拉奉。结果治疗组复查CT示脑水肿或脑梗死体积小于对照组（P〈0．05）。未观察到与用药有关的不良反应。结论依达拉奉对急性颅脑损伤有良好的疗效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.