大脑半球离断术后无癫痫发作的脑电图特征及其对停药选择的影响

目的 分析大脑半球离断术后无癫痫发作患者的脑电图(EEG)特征及其对停药的影响。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2022年6月首都医科大学三博脑科医院收治的54例行半球离断术后均无癫痫发作的患者。收集术前术后临床资料及抗发作药物服药情况。结果 术前EEG显示36例(66.7%)患者仅在手术侧半球记录到癫痫样放电,10例(18.5%)患者有双侧半球独立放电伴泛化,3例(5.6%)患者有双侧半球同步癫痫样放电;术后6～12个月EEG显示所有患者手术半球背景活动减弱,42例(77.8%)患者仅在手术半球有癫痫样放电,6例(11.1%)患者双侧半球均有癫痫样放电,3例(5.6%)患者放电位于手术半球及中线区,3例(5.6%)患者在两侧均无癫痫样放电,3例(5.6%)患者手术半球出现EEG发作但无临床症状。术后随访平均随访3年,14例患者(25.9%)停用抗发作药物后均无发作。结论 大脑半球离断术对双侧半球癫痫样放电的患者仍可达到术后无发作。术后无临床发作但EEG显示存在癫痫样放电的患者可逐渐减停抗发作药物。     

颞叶癫痫海马萎缩与头皮脑电发作时放电相互矛盾的手术策略(附5例临床分析)

目的本文报告了一侧海马硬化对侧颞叶头皮脑电放电的临床特点、手术策略及预后。方法本组回顾了5例MRI提示海马萎缩,头皮EEG表现为发作放电在海马萎缩对侧。采用深部电极检查并与头皮EEG和MRI检查结果进行了比较,手术方法为前颞叶切除加海马-杏仁和切除术。结果5例病人均有发作先兆表现;发作放电时头皮EEG表现出的痫样放电波在海马萎缩对侧5例,发作放电间期的头皮EEG表现出的痫样放电波与海马萎缩同侧者3例,1例在海马萎缩对侧,1例为双颞叶弥漫性放电;深部电极检查与MRI结果一致;术后随访2~4年,Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级1例。结论颞叶癫痫发作间期痫样放电比发作期痫样放电定位更为准确;MRI与头皮EEG检查结果不一致时,深部电极检查有助于术前定位。     

视频脑电图结合磁共振扫描对颞叶癫痫术前定位的探讨

目的 探讨视频脑电图及磁共振扫描对颢叶癫痫术前定位的准确性.方法 回顾分析146例颞叶癫痫病例,术前均行长程视频脑电图(V/EEG)监测及磁共振扫描(MRI),发作时V/EEG所示的痫样放电部位与MRI检查所发现的病变同侧时,将此侧颞叶作为癫痫灶颞叶;MRI未见异常,则根据三次以上发作时V/EEG定侧.所有患者经术中皮层脑电图和深部脑电监测后,行前颞叶切除术.结果 术中皮层脑电图及深部脑电监测均发现有痫样放电,与术前V/EEG监测吻合.术后102例(70%)癫痫发作完全消失,显著改善35例(24%),良好6例(4%),无改善3例(2%).结论 V/EEG结合MRI对颞叶癫痫术前能进行准确定位.     

颅骨修补围手术期癫痫灶的脑电研究

目的:研究颅骨缺损与外伤性癫痫(PTE)的关系。方法:随机对33例重型颅脑外伤后颅骨修补术病人围手术期多形式脑电图(EEG)进行了前瞻性研究。结果:33例中术前28例EEG局灶性异常,术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)31例有痫样放电。29例癫痫灶全切除,2例因癫痫灶位于功能区仅行部分切除。术后31例无癫痫发作,2例仍有癫痫发作,但较术前减轻,近期效果良好。结论:本研究结果提示,颅骨修补围手术期应常规作多形式EEG及术中ECoG监测,发现癫痫灶时尽可能切除,可望降低颅骨修补术后PTE的发生率。     

头皮脑电图偶极子定位在癫癎外科中的应用研究

目的研究头皮脑电图(EEG)偶极子定位方法在癫痫手术病人中的应用价值及其准确性。方法在84例难治性癫痫手术病人中，术前在发作间期头皮EEG上用偶极子定位方法定出痫源发放(epileptogenic discharges)位置，术中以ECoG(皮层脑电图)及深电极记录确定致痫区，对比偶极子定位的准确性，按EcoG定出的位置直接对致痫区进行手术处理，术后随访手术效果。结果在颞叶癫痫，偶极子定位与EcoG及深电极定位完全一致；在额、顶、枕叶癫痫，偶极子位置误差为10～15mm。随访6～24个月(平均13个月)，80例中71％的病人无癫痫发作，25％的病人发作减少75％以上，手术有效率96％。结论头皮EEG的偶极子定位方法无创、准确，相当于脑磁图，可避免创伤性检查用于癫痫病人的术前定位。     

动态脑电图在癫痫与发作性疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断上的意义

目的　探讨动态脑电图(AEEG)对癫痫及发作性疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断的意义。方法　272例患者使用常规脑电图( EEG)与 AEEG 检查,并作比较。结果　272 例中 EEG 异常 105 例(38.60%),其中痫样放电 48 例( 17. 65%); AEEG 异常 174 例( 63. 97%),其中痫样放电 113 例(41.54%)。113例AEEG痫样放电中癫痫组87例,发作性疾病组 26 例,经χ2 检验均有非常显著差异(P <0.000 1)。结论　AEEG可提高痫样放电的检出率,在癫痫、发作性疾病的诊断、鉴别诊断上具有重要意义。     

SEEG监测对癫痫的诊断及鉴别诊断的价值

目的 探讨睡眠脑电图(SEEG)监测对癫痫及可疑癫痫患者诊断和鉴别诊断的临床价值.方法 对2006年3月～2007年6月间,在本院常规进行视频脑电图描记,其中清醒期脑电图(EEG)无痫样放电的183例临床诊断为癫痫、及52例可疑癫痫患者的SEEG资料进行回顾性分析.结果 癫痫组SEEG痫样放电检出率为84.7%(155/183),可疑癫痫组痫样放电检出率为34.6%(18/52).82.1%的痫样放电出现在睡眠I和II期.结论 SEEG监测可显著提高痫样放电的检出率,为癫痫的诊断及鉴别诊断提供重要依据,并有助于癫痫发作类型的分型.     

835例癫痫及发作性疾病动态脑电图分析

目的分析癫痫及发作性疾病患者的动态脑电图(ambulatory EEG monitoring,AEEG),探讨其在诊断和鉴别诊断的中的价值。方法对2010年7月~2014年6月间,本院住院、门诊中临床诊断为癫痫475例及发作性疾病360例患者进行动态脑电图监测并分析。结果癫痫组动态脑电图(AEEG)与常规脑电图(routing-EEG,REEG)比较痫样放电检出率和异常率均有显著差异(P0.01)。癫痫组与发作性疾病组比较痫样放电检出率和异常率均有显著差异(P0.01)。痫样放电多见于睡眠期,以非快速眼动睡眠Ⅰ-Ⅱ期(NREMⅠ-Ⅱ期)为主。在脑电图记录过程中,癫痫组有临床发作36例:5例仅在发作期可见痫样放电,发作间期未见痫样放电;31例两期均可见痫样放电。发作性疾病组有临床发作44例:2例仅发作期可见痫样放电,发作间期未见痫样放电;4例两期均可见痫样放电;其余均未见痫样放电,占86.4%。结论癫痫及发作性疾病患者AEEG检查痫样放电检出率优于REEG检查;在临床症状类似癫痫的发作性疾病中,AEEG及REEG痫样放电检出率只为8.6%及3.6%。因此,发作性疾病需要行AEEG检查,帮助鉴别诊断和确诊。     

脑电图在脑动静畸形所致癫痫手术治疗中的应用价值

我院自1981年以来应用头皮、皮层及深部电极脑电图(EEG)对脑动静脉畸形所致癫痫患者进行手术前、中定位及术后随访观察,以探讨其应用价值。共16例,男10例,女6例,平均年龄28岁,癫痫病史平均10.7年(1～25年)。全部病例AVM均位于额、顶、颞、枕叶大脑皮层。16例均行AVM+致痛灶切除(其中1例行左侧大脑半球切除)。术前EEG结果:15例(93.7％)发现病灶侧有不同程度及不同形式的局灶性痫样放电,其中9例颞叶病灶者采用蝶骨电极描记,也均有局灶性痫样放电。     

术中皮层脑电图在颞叶癫痫手术中的应用

目的 探讨术中皮层脑电图(ECoG)在颢叶癫痫手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析105例前颞叶切除手术患者的临床资料与ECoG的监测结果,统计对ECoG的影响因素及其对手术疗效的影响.结果 术前ECoG平均监测时间为72 min,结果显示:无异常11例、颢叶或前颞叶局限性放电73例、广泛痫性放电21例;术后ECoG平均监测时间为38 min,结果显示:无异常91例、颞叶后部痫性放电9例、广泛痫性放电5例.年龄与术前EcoG结果无明显相关性;而病程＜5年者术前EcoG痫性放电局限于前颞叶的比率较高,达到83.3%,且与另外两组差异有统计学意义.有6例(5.7%)根据术后ECoG结果行颞叶皮层后部扩大切除.术前ECoG显示痫性放电局限于前颞叶和术后ECoG正常与其他同期结果间的手术疗效差异有统计学意义,提示术后无癫痫发作.结论 颞叶癫痫患者ECoG监测可发现70%的痫波局限于前颞区,术前和术后ECoG监测结果可用于初步判断手术疗效,ECoG监测对颞叶癫痫手术具有一定的应用价值.     

Callosotomy and subsequent surgery for children with refractory epilepsy

Callosotomy has been considered as a palliative therapy for refractory epilepsy patients with non-focal onset seizures. Residual partial seizures and unilateral epileptiform discharges on electroencephalography (EEG) are sometimes observed after callosotomy. These findings suggest that some patients may be candidates for subsequent resective surgery. Of 149 children who received a callosotomy, resective/disconnective surgery was subsequently performed in 19 patients. Most patients had generalized seizures and epileptiform discharges on EEG before callosotomy. Two-third had normal neuroimaging studies at initial presurgical evaluation. After callosotomy, ictal symptoms evolved into asymmetric features suggesting partial onset seizures. Post-callosotomy EEG showed completely lateralized or localized epileptiform discharges responsible for residual partial seizures in 16 of 19 patients. Fifteen patients underwent resective surgery of the unilateral frontal lobe, and the remaining received hemispherotomy or posterior quadrantectomy. After subsequent surgery, favorable seizure outcomes were obtained in 11 patients (57.9%). Favorable seizure outcomes may be achieved with callosotomy and subsequent surgery in selected patients who are not candidates for a conventional resective surgery at initial presurgical evaluation.     

Prediction of Surgical Outcome by Interictal Epileptiform Abnormalities During Intracranial EEG Monitoring in Patients with Extrahippocampal Seizures

PURPOSE: Ictal intracranial EEG recordings obtained during continuous preoperative monitoring are often used to localize the region of seizure onset for purposes of surgical resection in patients with extrahippocampal seizures. Whether interictal epileptiform abnormalities during long-term monitoring can predict surgical outcome in this group is not established. METHODS: Intracranial EEGs of patients who underwent extrahippocampal resective epilepsy surgery were reviewed for interictal epileptiform abnormalities before medication discontinuation or first seizure occurrence. Interictal abnormalities were categorized as within or beyond the confines of surgical resection. We correlated these findings with the region of seizure onset, the pathologic substrate, and surgical outcome (by using Engel criteria) at 1-year minimum follow-up. RESULTS: Of 13 patients with interictal epileptiform abnormalities, six patients had interictal epileptiform discharges extending beyond the confines of surgical resection. These patients all had poor surgical outcome even if the region of electrographic seizure onset was resected. Seven patients had focal interictal epileptiform discharges, the entire extent of which were resected. All had good outcomes. All patients with structural lesions had focal interictal epileptiform abnormalities and good surgical outcomes. The spatial extent of interictal epileptiform discharges varied among patients with nonstructural lesions. However, those whose regions of interictal epileptiform abnormality were included in surgical resection also had good surgical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of interictal epileptiform discharges extending beyond the area of resection correlates with poor surgical outcome in patients with extrahippocampal epilepsy. In contrast, patients with focal interictal epileptiform discharges included in surgical resection have good surgical outcomes.     

EEG predicts surgical outcome in lesional frontal lobe epilepsy

BACKGROUND: Because of the relatively poor results of frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) surgery, identification of prognostic factors for surgical outcome is of great importance. METHODS: To identify predictive factors for FLE surgery, we analyzed the data of 61 patients (mean age at surgery 19.2) who had undergone presurgical evaluation and resective surgery in the frontal lobe. Postoperative follow-up ranged from 0.5 to 5 years (mean 1.78). Fifty-nine patients had MRI-detectable lesions. Histopathologic examination showed dysplasia (57.4%), tumor (16.4%), or other lesions (26.2%). Thirty postoperatively seizure-free patients were compared with 31 non-seizure-free patients with respect to clinical history, seizure semiology, EEG and neuroimaging data, resected area, and postoperative data including histopathology. RESULTS: Three preoperative and two postoperative variables were related to poor outcome: generalized epileptiform discharges, generalized slowing, use of intracranial electrodes, incomplete resection detected by MRI, and postoperative epileptiform discharges. The only preoperative factor associated with seizure-free outcome was the absence of generalized EEG signs. Multivariate analysis showed that only the absence of generalized EEG signs predicts the outcome independently. Moreover, the occurrence of a somatosensory aura, secondarily generalized seizures, and negative MRI was identified as additional independent risk factors for poor surgical results. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of generalized EEG signs is the most predictive variable for a seizure-free outcome in FLE surgery. Furthermore, nonlesional MRI, somatosensory aura, and secondarily generalized seizures are risk factors for poor surgical results.     

EEG and Seizure Outcome After Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The significance of the EEG after epilepsy surgery is not fully understood. We investigated the as- sociation between postoperative EEG abnormalities and persistent seizures after epilepsy surgery as they relate to pathologic lesions. Among 254 patients who underwent epilepsy surgery between 1987 and 1991, we identified 78 patients who had mesiotemporal sclerosis (MTS) and 47 patients who had low-grade brain tumors, all of whom had 6-to 18-month postoperative follow-up including EEG. Patients who had other pathology, multiple operations, callosotomy, or hemispherectomy, or who were aged <18 years or who had insufficient EEG data, were excluded. Patients were classified as having persistent seizures or being seizure-free since operation. EEG abnormalities were abstracted from EEG reports 6–18 months postoperatively. Seizures persisted in 24% of the MTS group and in 27% of the tumor group. Of those with normal EEGs, none of the MTS patients and only 1 of the tumor patients had persistent seizures (p = 0.03 for MTS and p = 0.42 for tumor). Epileptiform discharges and focal slowing were associated with seizure persistence in both groups, but to a significant extent only in the MTS group. In the MTS group, patients who had both epileptiform discharges and focal slowing were more likely to have persistent seizures than were those with either abnormality alone.     

临床下痫样放电对青少年癫痫患者认知功能影响的研究

目的探讨临床下痛样放电对青少年癫痫患者认知功能的影响。方法以全身强直阵挛性发作（GTCS）为临床表现的特发性癫痫患者65例,无临床发作均超过3个月,其中35例动态脑电图或普通脑电图显示有痫样放电,30例患者动态脑电图均正常。65例患者均服用左乙拉西坦治疗,随访6个月,服药前后分别进行基本认知能力测试,分析两组患者6个月前后认知功能的变化。结果63例完成本实验,两组实验前后IQ均在正常范围且差异不明显。但6个月后有痛样放电组认知功能明显下降（P〈0．01）,具体表现在数字鉴别（P〈0．01）、汉字快速比较（P〈0．01）、汉字旋转（P〈0．01）、图形再认（P〈0．01）等方面,而脑电图正常组认知功能无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论临床下痫样放电可损害患者的认知能力,应受到重视,采取适当的干预措施。     

Focal Status Epilepticus: Clinical Features and Significance of Different EEG Patterns

PURPOSE: Focal status epilepticus is typically diagnosed by the observation of continuous jerking motor activity, but many other manifestations have been described. EEG evidence of focal status may take several forms, and their interpretation is controversial. We detailed the clinical spectrum of focal status in patients diagnosed by both clinical deficit and EEG criteria and contrasted clinical manifestations in patients with different EEG patterns. METHODS: Patients were diagnosed with a neurologic deficit and discrete recurrent focal electrographic seizures or rapid, continuous focal epileptiform discharges on EEG. Clinical findings were determined by chart review. RESULTS: Of 41 patients with focal status, acute vascular disease was the cause in 21; 10 of 41 had exacerbations of prior epilepsy. A variety of clinical seizure types occurred, both before and after the EEG diagnosis, but the diagnosis was not expected in 28 patients before the EEG. Three had no obvious clinical seizures. Focal motor seizures and an abnormal mental status were the most common manifestations at the time of the EEG. With antiepileptic drugs, almost all had control of clinical seizures, and most improved in mental status. Patients with rapid continuous focal epileptiform discharges were nearly identical in presentation, likelihood of diagnosis, subsequent seizures, response to medication, and outcome to those with discrete seizures on EEG. CONCLUSIONS: Focal status epilepticus may be seen with a wide variety of clinical seizure types or without obvious clinical seizures. The diagnosis is often delayed or missed and should be considered after strokes or clinical seizures when patients do not stabilize or improve as expected. The diagnosis should be made equally whether patients have discrete electrographic seizures or continuous rapid focal epileptiform discharges on the EEG, and the same response to medications and outcome should be anticipated for the two groups.     

Does Physical Exercise Influence the Occurrence of Epileptiform EEG Discharges in Children?

Summary: Purpose: To determine if, and how, epileptiform EEG discharges in children were influenced by physical exercise.
Methods: Twenty-six children with intractable partial and generalized epilepsy exercised during video-telemetry recording, aiming at exhaustion after ∼10 min.
Results: During the exercise, epileptiform discharges decreased in 20 of 26 children (17 children had at least 25% reduction) and showed a rebound increase after the exercise (17 of 26 children) compared to baseline conditions. This exercise-induced reduction in epileptiform discharges reached statistical significance only in the 16 patients with localization-related epilepsy. Five patients showed an atypical EEG response to exercise with either unchanged or increased epileptiform activity while exercising. As compared to the other patients, these 5 children had experienced frequent clinical seizures during or immediately after exercise in their leisure time.
Conclusions: In the majority of the tested children, epileptiform EEG discharges decreased during exercise. "Exercise-EEG" may be a helpful diagnostic tool to identify patients who are disposed to have exercise-induced seizures.     

Effect of sleep deprivation on the EEG of learning-impaired children with absence seizures.

Learning-impaired children can present with a clinical history suggesting additional problems, including attention deficit disorder and absence seizures. Physicians use clinical judgment in diagnosing the former, but rely heavily on the electroencephalogram (EEG) to diagnose the latter. Most clinicians are reluctant to treat patients with anticonvulsants without seeing 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges in an EEG. We studied 21 learning-impaired and 7 control children, ages 5 through 12 years, with normal baseline EEGs. All had an additional EEG recorded after 24 hour sleep deprivation. Nine learning-impaired children had a history compatible with absence seizures; 8 of them showed spike-and-wave discharges after sleep deprivation. Of the 12 learning-impaired children with no history of absence seizures, 2 showed spike-and-wave discharges after sleep deprivation. These results are significant (p less than 0.001). Of the 7 controls, none had epileptiform activity following sleep deprivation. Our results show that routine EEGs may be falsely negative in patients with absence seizures, and that sleep deprivation is a potent activator.     

Patients with temporoparietal ictal symptoms and inferomesial EEG do not benefit from anterior temporal resection

PURPOSE: The role of posterior structural lesions leading to inadequate results after inferomesial temporal resection is well recognized. Here we present poor surgical outcome in six patients with nonlesional intractable epilepsy, well-defined focal anterior and inferomesial temporal epileptic discharges, and posterior temporoparietal symptoms. METHODS: We reviewed patient data including scalp video-EEG telemetry, intracranial EEG recording, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences (1.5 Tesla), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings. RESULTS: Ictal onset was uni- or bilateral diffuse with late preponderance over one temporal, or centrotemporoparietal regions. Four patients had preresection intracranial EEG monitoring, which suggested an epileptogenic zone in the posterior temporal and inferior parietal area in two, in the temporal lobe in one, and was inconclusive in the remaining one, who showed late epileptiform activity in the temporal neocortex. A second intracranial implantation was performed in three of them after a first anterior temporal resection. This led to posterior temporal neocortical localization in two and posterior temporal-inferior parietal localization in one. Including subpial transection, these six patients had one to four operations each, but only limited improvement occurred as a result of surgery in this group of individuals. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that anterior and inferomesial interictal epileptiform temporal discharges and at times even intracranial EEG monitoring may be misleading. Anteromesial temporal resection is ineffective in patients with posterior temporoparietal clinical ictal features.     

The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: electroencephalographic characteristics, clinical correlates, and follow-up studies.

Electroencephalographic and clinical findings are reported for 100 patients with the Lennox-Gastaut (LGS) triad of slow bilateral spike and wave (BSW), retardation and multiple seizures. Neurological and mental deficits were frequently observed, especially in patients who developed seizures before age 1 yr. More than half of the patients had focal epileptiform discharges that peaked in occurrence at age 4-6 yrs. EEG follow-up showed that background frequency slowed when patients developed the LGS pattern, and increased after recovery. Only 2 patients developed normal EEGs on follow-up, although 22 patients no longer showed the LGS pattern after an average of 3 yrs 3 mos follow-up.