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Objective: To explore the patterns of prenatal smoking among women whose first and second pregnancies ended in live births. Methods: We used population-based data to explore prenatal smoking among 14,732 white and 8968 black Georgia residents whose first and second pregnancies ended in live births during 1989–1992. Smoking status was obtained from birth certificates linked for individual mothers. Because of demographic differences, we analyzed white and black women separately. Results: Approximately 15% (2253) of white women and 4% (318) of black women smoked during their first pregnancy. Of those smokers, 69% (1551) of white women and 58% (184) of black women also smoked during their second pregnancy. For both white and black nonsmokers during the first pregnancy, low education was the most significant predictor of smoking during the second pregnancy, after adjusting for consistency of the father's name on the birth certificate, prenatal care, birth interval, mother's county of residence, and birth outcome. Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking in this study may be low because of underreporting of prenatal smoking on birth certificates. The majority of women who smoked during their first pregnancy also smoked during their second, suggesting that these women exposed their first infant to tobacco smoke both in utero and after delivery. Practitioners should offer smoking cessation programs to women during, as well as after, pregnancy. Pediatricians should educate parents on the health risks to young children of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and refer smoking parents to smoking cessation programs. 相似文献
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Emilie Rune Hegelund Stine Kjaer Urhoj Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen Laust Hvas Mortensen 《Maternal and child health journal》2018,22(7):1008-1015
Objectives To investigate the associations of interpregnancy interval (IPI) with miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery and small for gestational age delivery. Methods The study population comprised all women who had a live birth and at least one subsequent pregnancy in Denmark during the period from 1994 to 2010 (N?=?328,577). Linear regression was used to estimate risk differences for miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery and small for gestational age delivery according to IPI. Results The results were heterogeneous: the risk of miscarriage increased monotonically with the length of the IPI. Compared to women with IPIs of 18–23 months, women with IPIs of 0–5 months experienced 18.7 (13.1–24.2) fewer miscarriages per 1000 pregnancies, while women with IPIs of ≥?60 months experienced 28.7 (23.4–34.0) more miscarriages per 1000 pregnancies. We found that women with IPIs of ≥?60 months had 1.7 (0.4–3.0) more stillbirths per 1000 births compared to women with IPIs of 18–23 months. U-shaped associations were seen for preterm delivery and small for gestational age delivery with women with IPIs of 18–23 months experiencing the lowest risks of these outcomes. Conclusions for Practice The heterogeneity in associations between IPI and adverse pregnancy outcomes suggests that different mechanisms of action may be at play at various times in the antepartum period. While the finding for miscarriage suggests that fecundity is an important determinant for IPI, the findings for preterm delivery and small for gestational age delivery suggest the coexistence of the maternal depletion syndrome mechanism and the physiological regression mechanism and the finding for stillbirth speaks against a strict maternal depletion syndrome explanation. 相似文献
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