抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清对成骨-破骨细胞共培养体系中破骨细胞功能的影响

目的:观察补肾方抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中对大鼠破骨细胞(OC)骨吸收功能的影响。方法:取1 d龄SD大鼠的胎鼠颅骨与四肢骨分别分离、培养成骨细胞和破骨细胞,建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系,实验分为不同浓度(低、中、高)的补肾方含药血清组和对照组进行比较,用重氮盐法检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)和光镜观察骨陷窝数。结果:25%的补肾方含药血清组在48 h、72 h、96 h成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中OC分泌TRAP的活性明显降低于对照组;25%的补肾方含药血清组在48 h、72 h、120 h所形成骨吸收陷窝的数目明显低于对照组(P0.01)。结论:补肾方抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清在共育体系中能够抑制OC活性。     

密骨打老儿丸含药血清对共育体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能的影响

 目的： 观察密骨打老儿丸（Migu-Dalaoer pill,MDP）含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中对成骨细胞（osteoblasts,OB）增殖和破骨细胞（osteoclasts,OC）骨吸收功能的影响。方法： 利用分段酶消化法从胎鼠颅骨中分离出OB,取1日龄SD大鼠四肢股骨和胫骨分离培养OC,建立培养上清相通但2种细胞间互不接触的成骨-破骨细胞共育模型。实验分为不同浓度（低、中、高）的MDP含药血清组和对照组进行比较,以细胞增殖（MTT 法）和碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）活性代表OB的成骨活性,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP）活性和骨吸收陷窝数目代表OC的破骨能力进行测定。结果： 与对照组相比,中、高浓度MDP含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中6和7 d 能显著提高OB数目和 ALP 活性（P<0.01）。与对照组相比,中、高浓度MDP含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中6和7 d 能显著降低OC骨吸收陷窝的数目和分泌 TRAP 的活性（P<0.01）。结论： 密骨打老儿丸含药血清在共育体系中能够促进OB增殖和骨形成,同时抑制OC骨吸收功能。     

建立小鼠成骨与破骨细胞相互作用的共育新体系

背景：众所周知,骨重建是骨组织中重要的生物学反应过程,其中成骨细胞与破骨细胞发挥了关键作用。但目前,关于骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞间信号传递的深层机制还不清楚。 目的：利用transwell技术,在体外建立一种成骨与破骨细胞的新型共育体系,为深入研究骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞的相互作用提供成熟的实验模型。 方法：采用MC3T3-E1成骨样细胞株与RAW264.7破骨前体细胞株,进行体外成骨与破骨细胞的诱导分化,并利用Transwell共培养板(0.4 µm聚酯膜)建立成骨与破骨细胞的共育体系。共培养6 d后,通过测定细胞活性和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活力分析成骨细胞的增殖和分化活性,利用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色、甲苯胺蓝(TB)染色、TRAP活性测定及扫描电镜技术观察破骨细胞的分化及骨吸收功能。 结果与结论：共培养体系中成骨样细胞的无限增殖能力减弱,而分化活性明显增强,同时破骨前体细胞被诱导分化为成熟的破骨细胞,并具有一定的骨吸收功能。因此,该共培养体系可用于骨重建中成骨与破骨细胞间信号通路的深层研究。     

破骨细胞释放凋亡小体微小RNA-30a对成骨活性的影响

目的 探讨破骨细胞凋亡释放凋亡小体介导成骨活性的作用。 方法 通过小鼠（n=10）骨髓单核细胞体外诱导破骨细胞,用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色和细胞骨架F-actin与DAPI双标免疫荧光鉴定破骨细胞,破骨细胞与小鼠成骨细胞MC-3T3E1共培养体系,DNA片段化ELISA分析破骨细胞凋亡,凋亡小体标志物检测,骨形成标志物Real-time PCR分析,凋亡小体微小RNA (miRNA)表达谱芯片筛查。 结果 100 μmol/L 阿伦膦酸钠(ALN) 诱导成熟破骨细胞凋亡,并释放凋亡小体;Western blotting检测表明,ALN诱导凋亡小体特异性表面标志物蛋白表达增强;破骨细胞凋亡小体蛋白C3b表达增高与成骨细胞活性负相关;凋亡小体表达谱芯片筛查提示,miR-30a与骨形成标志物血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)相关。 结论 破骨细胞凋亡释放的凋亡小体携带miR-30a抑制成骨细胞活性,凋亡小体可能参与破骨细胞与成骨细胞的对话。     

益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中对大鼠成骨细胞增殖、ALP 活性及IL-11 mRNA表达的影响

目的：观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠成骨细胞(OB)增殖、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性及白细胞介素-11(IL- 11)mRNA表达的影响。方法：(1)取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养OB，取5 d龄 SD大鼠四肢股骨、胫骨分离培养破骨细胞(OC)，建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平 面式成骨- 破骨细胞共育体系，实验分为两组(含药血清组和对照组)。 (2) MTT法检测OB增殖，氨基安替吡啉测酚法测定ALP活性，FQ-PCR法测定IL-11 mRNA相对表达量。结果：含药血清组中OB的A值、ALP活性、IL-11/β-actin比值均高于对照组(P<0.05) 。结论：益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中可促进OB增殖、增强OB ALP活 性，提高IL-11 mRNA的表达。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对大鼠破骨细胞凋亡和分泌抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶的影响

目的:观察益骨胶囊含药血清对体外培养的大鼠破骨细胞(OC)分泌抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)和凋亡的影响。方法:(1)将20只12月龄SD大鼠随机分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水灌胃组, 制备含药血清和对照血清;(2)分离培养新生SD大鼠OC, 加血清培养后, 重氮盐法检测TRAP, 倒置显微镜下观察OC存活数及荧光染色法观察OC凋亡情况。结果:与空白血清组比较, 含药血清组在24h、48h和72h时TRAP的活性均明显降低, OC存活数明显降低, 凋亡比率明显高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:益骨胶囊含药血清可以抑制体外培养OC分泌TRAP, 诱导OC凋亡, 提示这可能是该方防治骨质疏松的机理之一。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对共育体系中破骨细胞活性和凋亡的影响

目的： 观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠破骨细胞（OC）活性和凋亡的影响。 方法： (1)取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养成骨细胞（OB），取5d龄SD大鼠四肢股骨、胫骨分离培养OC，建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系，实验分为含药血清组和对照组；（2）将10月龄SD雌性大鼠分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水对照组，制备含药血清和对照血清；（3）重氮盐法检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）和光镜观察骨陷窝数；（4）光镜和荧光显微镜下观察共育体系中OC凋亡情况。 结果： 含药血清组在48 h、72 h、96 h对成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中OC分泌TRACP的活性均明显降低于对照组，OC的存活数明显低于对照组，OC的凋亡率明显高于对照组且呈明显的时效关系；所形成骨吸收陷窝的数目明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。 结论： 益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中能够抑制OC活性，诱导破骨细胞的凋亡。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对共育体系中成骨细胞表达骨保护素mRNA的影响

目的 观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠成骨细胞表达骨保护素(OPG)mRNA的影响.方法 取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养成骨细胞(OB);取5d龄SD大鼠四肢长骨分离培养破骨细胞(OC).建立上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系,实验分为含药血清组和对照组.将10月龄SD雌性大鼠分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水对照组,制备含药血清和对照血清.检测共育体系中成骨细胞OPG mRNA的表达.结果 含药血清组与对照组比较,OPGmRNA表达明显升高(8.2567±0.1118比3.3350±0.9854),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中通过刺激OB表达OPG来实现对OC的活性和凋亡的调节.     

清络通痹颗粒对滑膜成纤维细胞与单核细胞共培养诱生的破骨样细胞的影响

目的:建立关节炎大鼠滑膜成纤维细胞和单核细胞共培养诱生破骨样细胞的方法,研究清络通痹颗粒对破骨样细胞分化、增殖的影响及机制。方法:分离佐剂性关节炎大鼠外周血单核细胞和滑膜组织,将滑膜成纤维细胞和单核细胞共培养诱生破骨样细胞并以TRAP染色鉴定;制备清络通痹颗粒含药血清,加入共培养体系,MTT法检测破骨样细胞增殖、TRAP试剂盒检测培养上清TRAP活性、扫描电镜观察骨吸收作用、ELISA法检测培养上清中IL-1、TNFα-和RANKL水平。结果:关节炎大鼠滑膜成纤维细胞和外周血单核细胞共培养可诱生出破骨样细胞;清络通痹颗粒3.6、7.2、14.4 g/kg给药的大鼠含药血清可不同程度抑制破骨样细胞的增殖、TRAP活性和骨吸收,降低培养上清中IL-1、TNFα-和RANKL的水平。结论:清络通痹颗粒可抑制共培养诱生的破骨细胞的分化和活性,这一作用与抑制共培养体系中细胞因子的过度分泌有关。     

周期性张应变对破骨前体细胞和破骨细胞增殖和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶的影响

目的研究不同强度的力学载荷对破骨细胞及其前体细胞增殖、分化和功能的影响。方法以破骨诱导液培养RAW264.7破骨前体细胞,同时施加3 d的周期性张应变,然后培养4 d;另外一组RAW264.7细胞以破骨诱导液培养4 d,将其诱导为破骨细胞,再施加3 d的周期性张应变。结果在不同张应变下,两组细胞增殖活性的变化大致相同,但细胞抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatage,TRAP)活性和破骨细胞(TRAP阳性多核细胞)数量的变化明显不同。在2 500με的中等强度张应变下,第1组的TRAP活性降幅和破骨细胞数量减幅均最高,而后者TRAP活性降幅和破骨细胞数量减幅均最低。结论不同张应变对分化初期破骨前体细胞和已分化出破骨细胞的破骨前体细胞的破骨分化和功能状态的影响有明显差异。     

流体剪应力对大鼠破骨细胞骨吸收活性的影响

探讨流体剪应力对大鼠破骨细胞骨吸收活性的影响。我们采用低温离心法获取6月龄健康雌性SD大鼠椎骨骨髓细胞,以1.6×106细胞密度种植于血盖片上,采用1,25-(OH)2维生素D3体外诱导获取破骨细胞。于破骨细胞诱导的第7d取出细胞爬片,置于流体剪应力装置中,分别加载5.97、11.36、16.08、20.54dyne/cm2大小的流体剪应力,持续30min,以未加载流体剪应力的破骨细胞为对照组。实验结束时,以2.5%戊二醛固定细胞爬片,置于0.25mol/L氢氧化铵液超声处理10min,清除细胞爬片上的破骨细胞,经1%硪酸固定,梯度酒精脱水,醋酸异戊酯置换酒精,CO2临界点干燥,喷金后扫描电镜观察骨吸收陷窝并计数,图像分析法测定骨吸收陷窝的面积;同时分别收集每次灌流液10ml,冻干,用1ml复溶后,紫外分光光度仪检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)活性的变化。结果显示:在本实验中所选用的流体剪应力可增强破骨细胞TRAP活性,而骨吸收陷窝的数量和面积也增加,尤其是剪应力在16.08dyne/cm2时,破骨细胞TRAP活性增强以及骨吸收陷窝的数量和面积增高最为明显。结果表明,一定范围内的流体剪应力可以增强破骨细胞的骨吸收活性。     

Alveolar mononuclear cells can develop into multinucleated osteoclasts: an in vitro cell culture model

Previous studies have shown that osteoclasts are derived from mononuclear cells of hemopoietic bone marrow and peripheral blood. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the presence of multinucleated osteoclasts after adding alveolar mononuclear cells to new-born rat calvaria osteoblasts in vitro. To utilize osteoclast-free bone, fetal calvariae were obtained from newborn Wistar-rats and cultured in DMEM medium for 14 days. On the day of osteoblast culture, alveolar mononuclear cells were isolated from newborn Wistar rats with a serial washing method and then co-cultured with the calvarial osteoblasts. Bone resorption characteristics were observed both with light and scanning electron microscopy. When alveolar mononuclear cells were cultured for 14 days on the calvarial osteoblasts in response to 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, they formed tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive mononuclear and multinucleated cells. Resorption pits were seen in the 7-14 days long-term cultures. These results indicate that osteoclasts can be derived from alveolar mononuclear cells in vitro when a suitable microenvironment is provided by calvarial osteoblasts and vitamin D(3).     

Ultrastructural study of cell-cell interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts/stroma cells in vitro

Many biochemical reports support cell-cell interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts/stroma cells in vitro, however there have been few morphological studies supporting this. Details of cell-cell interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts/stroma cells remain unclear. The present study examined cell-cell interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts/stroma cells by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Osteoclasts, osteoblasts/stroma cells, and bone marrow cells obtained from 10-day-old ddY mice were cultured on dentin slices for 72 hr. Specimens were fixed, and some were examined by SEM. Specimens were decalcified, embedded in Epon after determination of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity (TRAP), and TRAP-positive cells for investigation were serially sectioned by alternating semithin and ultrathin sections, and then examined by TEM. By SEM, many cellular contacts were seen between the cells cultured on the dentin, but by TEM there were few special structures on the cell membranes between osteoclasts and osteoblasts/stroma cells, or between osteoclasts and bone marrow cells. A special structure on the cell membranes of osteoclasts was observed between an osteoclast and a cytoplasmic process of osteoblast/stroma cells, and this cell membrane was coated with electron dense or bristle-like structures. These bristle-like structures were very similar to those of coated pits. The present results show that the coated pit-like structure plays an important role in cell-cell interaction between osteoclasts and osteoblasts/stroma cells in vitro, and suggest that macromolecules binding to the osteoclast-surface receptor via ligands, accumulate in the coated pits, and enter the osteoclast as receptor-macromolecule complexes in endocytic vesicles.     

Genotype-phenotype relationship in human ATP6i-dependent autosomal recessive osteopetrosis

Autosomal-recessive osteopetrosis is a severe genetic disease caused by osteoclast failure. Approximately 50% of the patients harbor mutations of the ATP6i gene, encoding for the osteoclast-specific a3 subunit of V-ATPase. We found inactivating ATP6i mutations in four patients, and three of these were novel. Patients shared macrocephaly, growth retardation and optic nerve alteration, osteosclerotic and endobone patterns, and high alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. Bone biopsies revealed primary spongiosa lined with active osteoblasts and high numbers of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive, a3 subunit-negative, morphologically unremarkable osteoclasts, some of which located in shallow Howship lacunae. Scarce hematopoietic cells and abundant fibrous tissue containing TRAP-positive putative osteoclast precursors were noted. In vitro osteoclasts were a3-negative, morphologically normal, with prominent clear zones and actin rings, and TRAP activity more elevated than in control patients. Podosomes, alphaVbeta3 receptor, c-Src, and PYK2 were unremarkable. Consistent with the finding in the bone biopsies, these cells excavated pits faintly stained with toluidine blue, indicating inefficient bone resorption. Bone marrow transplantation was successful in all patients, and posttransplant osteoclasts showed rescue of a3 subunit immunoreactivity.     

Involvement of receptor-interacting protein 140 in estrogen-mediated osteoclasts differentiation,apoptosis, and bone resorption

Estrogen withdrawal following menopause results in an increase of osteoclasts formation and bone resorption, which is one of the most important mechanisms of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Recently, growing evidence has suggested that receptor-interacting protein 140 was implicated in estrogen-regulated metabolic disease, including fat metabolism and lipid metabolism. However, little is known regarding the role of receptor-interacting protein 140 in the regulation of bone metabolic by estrogen. In the present study, Western blotting disclosed that estrogen brings a significant increasing expression of receptor-interacting protein 140 in osteoclasts, but not in osteoblasts and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, analysis of TRAP staining and bone resorption assay showed that depletion of receptor-interacting protein 140 could significantly alleviate the inhibitory effects of estrogen on osteoclasts formation and bone resorption activity. Moreover, estrogen could induce osteoclasts apoptosis by increasing receptor-interacting protein 140 expression through the Fas/FasL pathway. Taken together, receptor-interacting protein 140 might be a critical player in estrogen-mediated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.     

Intact surface of bioactive glass S53P4 is resistant to osteoclastic activity

Bioactive glass reacts with body fluids and is gradually dissolved in tissues and in cell cultures. We investigated whether osteoclasts contribute to this process, by culturing newborn rat bone-marrow cells containing osteoclasts on polished bioactive glass plates (glass S53P4). The cultures were inspected at days 1-5 and stained for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to demonstrate osteoblasts and for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to visualize osteoclasts. Nonosteoclastic cells proliferated several-fold both on bioactive glass and on plastic, whereas osteoclasts and their precursors matured into multicellular giant cells and degenerated. Most cells on bioactive glass became ALP-positive, whereas on plastic the majority of cells remained ALP-negative. Osteoclasts survived on bioactive glass for 4-5 days, whereas on plastic they degenerated and disappeared after 3 days. Condensed nuclei indicating apoptosis were detected both in degenerating osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The surface of the bioactive glass reacted rapidly forming rounded pits, erosions, and cracks within 24 h in areas occupied by osteoblasts. Light microscopy and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated, however, a smooth surface below the cytoplasm of osteoclasts. This indicates that when applied on an intact bioactive glass surface, osteoclasts were unable to dissolve the glass material within this culture period.