乳头溢液的影像学诊断

目的：评价乳腺导管造影和钼靶X线平片摄影在乳头溢液患者诊断中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析50例乳头溢液患者的钼靶X线检查资料，所有病例均经临床检查，钼靶X线平片摄影、乳腺导管造影检查及病理学检查确诊。结果：良性病变47例，其中乳腺导管内乳头状瘤35例，乳腺囊性增生病7例，导管扩张5例；乳腺导管癌3例；乳头溢液伴肿块者19例。乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影发现14例乳头溢液伴肿块者X线表现异常，乳腺导管造影发现导管内乳头状瘤28例（28／35），乳腺增生病2例（2／7），导管扩张症4例（4／5），乳腺导管癌1例（1／3）。结论：乳腺导管造影用于诊断乳腺导管系统疾病较为准确可靠，乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影对乳头溢液的诊断价值不大，一定条件下两者可联合应用。     

C臂X线造影定位靶体腺叶切除诊断及治疗乳头溢液

非妊娠哺乳期乳腺溢液多属于乳腺导管病理改变症状,此症状虽然常见于良性病变,但较为常见的导管内乳头状瘤,已被认为系癌前病变.乳头溢液病例中,乳腺癌发生率平均为14.3%,乳腺癌患者中乳头溢液发生率平均为4.0%[1].手术是乳头溢液的主要治疗方法,要求精确定位切除涵盖病变导管的病变腺体和肿块,经过病理发现诊断早期乳腺癌,而精确定位是关键,尤其病变位于乳晕外区,病变隐蔽,临床诊断、定位手术困难[2].2001年9月1日～2003年8月31日,我们应用C臂X-线造影立体定位小叶切除乳腺溢液18例,总结报道如下.     

乳头溢液患者143例临床及病理分析

 目的　探讨乳头溢液的诊断方法以及导管造影在乳头溢液诊断中的意义。方法　回顾性分析143例乳头溢液患者的临床特征及病理情况,分析溢液涂片、B型超声检查及全数字化乳腺导管造影摄片与导管镜对导管内病变的检出情况。结果　143例患者中,双侧溢液20例,共计163侧。病理检查结果：导管内乳头状瘤69侧,导管内乳头状瘤病27侧,导管内乳头状瘤病伴不典型增生21侧,乳腺癌23侧（双侧1例）,乳腺病23侧。导管造影导管内病变检出率83.1 %,导管镜检查导管内病变检出率93.5 %。结论　临床体检应重视乳头溢液检查,淡黄色溢液或血性溢液应特别重视,纤维导管镜直视诊断准确率高,但乳腺导管造影简便、可靠,可作为主要诊断方法之一。     

乳腺癌X线征象分析

目的:分析乳腺癌X线表现,提高乳腺癌X线诊断水平。方法:对46例经病理证实的乳腺癌X线表现作回顾性分析。结果:46例中肿块影28例,微小钙化14例,局限浸润7例,结构紊乱5例、乳管造影乳管不规则、管腔截断、显影间断2例,皮肤局限性增厚9例,乳头下陷及漏斗征7例,血管增多增粗15例,大导管征7例、腋下淋巴结13例。结论:钼靶乳腺X线摄影是诊断乳腺癌的最主要方法。肿块和微小钙化是乳腺癌主要X线征象,局限浸润、结构紊乱为不典型征象。对乳头溢液者行导管造影,结合间接征象,综合分析,可提高诊断率。     

乳腺癌X线征象分析

目的：分析乳腺癌X线表现,提高乳腺癌X线诊断水平。方法：对46例经病理证实的乳腺癌X线表现作回顾性分析。结果：46例中肿块影28例,微小钙化14例,局限浸润7例,结构紊乱5例、乳管造影乳管不规则、管腔截断、显影间断2例,皮肤局限性增厚9例,乳头下陷及漏斗征7例,血管增多增粗15例,大导管征7例、腋下淋巴结13例。结论：钼靶乳腺X线摄影是诊断乳腺癌的最主要方法。肿块和微小钙化是乳腺癌主要X线征象,局限浸润、结构紊乱为不典型征象。对乳头溢液者行导管造影,结合间接征象,综合分析,可提高诊断率。     

乳管内窥镜在乳头溢液诊治中的临床应用(附1 000例分析)

背景与目的：乳头溢液是乳腺科门诊常见的症状，而临床上大约有1％的乳腺癌是乳头溢液为首发症状，大量临床摸不到的肿块的乳头溢液患者进行筛检可以早起发现乳腺癌，1997年国内发展新科技一乳腺纤维导管内视镜，用一根外径0．7mm光导镜，自乳头溢液管151插入，用过内视镜成像技术观察并记录乳腺导管内正常及异常病变情况，优势在于不仅诊断敏感性较高（〉90％），而且还行准确定位，用于早期诊断乳腺导管内疾病及早期乳腺癌。本研究评估纤维导管内窥镜在无肿块的乳头溢液诊断及治疗的临床价值。方法：用纤维导管内窥镜对1000例乳腺溢液患者进行检查和治疗。结果：本研究对1000例无肿块乳头溢液患者检查发现早期乳腺癌33例（3．3％），乳头状瘤392例（39．2％），乳头状瘤病20例（2％），导管扩张伴慢性炎症480例（48％），正常导管75例（7．5％），活检吸取肿块8例，3例报告导管内癌，导管慢性炎药物冲洗220例（22％），手术患者453例。经病理证实与导管镜检查符合率90．7％。结论：乳管内窥镜可插入到5级乳腺导管，能早期发现乳腺癌，对部分导管慢性炎症可用药物冲洗治疗，乳管内窥镜定位、定性准确，乳管内窥镜对早期乳腺癌的诊断和治疗具有深远价值。     

高频彩超诊断乳腺导管疾病的价值

目的探讨高频彩色多普勒超声诊断乳腺导管疾病的价值.方法采用高频探头沿乳头作放射状扫查的方法,对40例乳头溢液(或溢血)患者的声像图表现进行分析,并与手术病理结果相对照.结果40例患者高频超声诊断乳腺导管扩张符合率100%,疾病总准确率70%,与钼钯X线造影的准确率75%相比较,无显著性差异,P＞0.05.结论高频彩超诊断乳腺导管疾病是一种有价值的检查方法,值得在临床推广应用.     

乳头血性溢液的诊断与治疗

目的:总结乳头血性溢液的诊断和治疗方法,为临床合理诊断治疗提供依据.方法:回顾性分析1998年至2006年本院收治的220例乳头血性溢液病例.结果:乳腺癌的细胞学诊断准确率50.85%,钼靶X线片诊断准确率76.27%,联合诊断准确率86.44%,冰冻活检准确率100%,联合诊断准确率优于乳头溢液涂片法和X线钼靶摄片法,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).其中导管内乳头状瘤60.91%(134/220),乳腺癌26.82%(59/220),囊性增生、炎症、导管扩张症12.27%(27/220).结论:联合诊断可提高准确率,手术治疗及术中冰冻活检是合理治疗方式.     

296例乳头溢液的外科治疗分析

目的探讨296例乳头溢液的外科治疗效果。方法296例乳头溢液均行脱落细胞学检查和乳腺导管造影钼靶X线检查,根据检查情况分别行区段切除,单纯乳房切除,改良根治术Ⅰ式。结果乳腺导管扩张症131例、导管内乳头状瘤71例、乳腺增生40例、乳腺导管炎性病变30例、导管癌24例。结论乳头溢液最常见的病因是乳腺导管扩张症,其次为乳腺增生病及导管癌。     

乳管镜在乳腺导管隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的:评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变的价值.方法:应用BladeFVY-780型纤维乳管镜,配备FVS检查系统对115例乳头溢液病人进行检查诊断,手术病例与术后病理诊断作比较.结果:115例乳头溢液病人发现乳管内隆起性病变53例,导管内乳头状瘤28例,导管内乳头状瘤病24例,乳腺癌1例.术后病理证实导管内乳头状瘤26例,导管内乳头状瘤病21例,乳腺导管内癌1例.2例导管内乳头状瘤诊断为导管扩张.3例导管内乳头状瘤病诊为单发乳管内乳头状瘤,乳腺癌1例.结论:乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,在诊断乳腺导管隆起性病变中准确率高,是诊断以乳头溢液为症状的乳腺导管隆起性病变的首选检查方法.     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Morphine and tumor growth and metastasis

Morphine is an analgesic widely used to alleviate cancer pain. In addition, the perioperative management of pain in cancer surgery patients most often includes opioids. However, there are reports that these drugs may alter cancer recurrence or metastasis. Several mechanisms have been proposed, such as the modulation of the immune response or cellular pathways that control the survival and migratory behavior of cancer cells. The published literature, however, presents some discrepancies, with reports suggesting that opioids may either promote or prevent the spread of cancer. It is of great importance to determine whether opioids, in particular the most widely used, morphine, may increase the risk of metastasis when used in cancer surgery. This review examines the available data on the effects of morphine which influence cancer metastasis or recurrence, including immunomodulation, tumor cell aggressiveness, and angiogenesis, with special emphasis on recently published clinical and laboratory based studies. We further discuss the parameters that may explain the difference between reports on the effects of morphine on cancer.     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。