应用RECO脊柱复位固定系统治疗无神经损伤的胸腰段椎体骨折

目的 探讨RECO脊柱复位固定系统治疗无神经损伤胸腰段椎体骨折的疗效。方法对20例无神经损伤的胸腰段椎体骨折患者应用RECO脊柱复位固定系统进行复位内固定手术。结果20例均获随访,时间4～8（6．2±1．3）个月。手术切口均一期愈合,骨折临床愈合时间2—4（3．1±0．8）个月。术后患者伤椎椎体前缘高度从术前的53．00％±12．00％恢复至94．00％±4．10％,伤椎椎体后缘高度从术前的74．00％±18．00％恢复至95．8％±3．40％,术前术后比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。Cobb角从术前的17．1°±8．4°恢复至术后的1．4°±4．3°,术前术后比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论应用RECO脊柱复位固定系统是治疗无神经损伤胸腰段椎体骨折的有效方法,疗效满意。     

沈氏经椎弓根内固定装置治疗胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤

本组使用沈氏经椎弓根内固定装置共治疗胸腰段脊柱损伤１０４例。其中男８２例，女２２例。年龄１６～６８岁，平均３８岁。伴有脊髓神经损伤７３例（７０．２％）。随访时间６～５４个月，平均２６个月。治疗结果，后凸畸形角由术前２７．６°矫正到术后４．４°，矢状面水平位移由术前３１．２％纠正到术后０％，压缩椎体高度由术前的５２．９％恢复到术后的９６．４％。椎管矢状径和面积分别由术前的１１ｍｍ和１．２ｃｍ２恢复到术后的１４．４ｍｍ和１．８ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．０５）。不完全截瘫组术后神经功能有Ｆｒａｎｋｅｌ一级以上改善的为９０．６％。临床疗效表明沈氏装置是胸腰段脊柱损伤可选择的良好内固定之一。     

脊柱胸腰段骨折研究进展

脊柱胸腰段骨折最常见的部位是中下段颈椎和胸腰段,其中１０％～２０％有第二椎体的骨折,而其中１０％常在首诊时误漏诊。１解剖学稳定性及生物力学机制脊柱胸腰段（解剖交界区）,上方是呈后凸的胸椎且被相对无动而稳定１９９８１１１６收稿,１９９０２１２修...     

TENOR内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折

目的应用TENOR内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折开观察其临床效果。方法采用TENOR内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折26例，同时行横突间、关节突植骨融合。椎体的复位控制在伤椎原有高度的90％左右。结果随访时间平均12．5个月。26例均固定坚固，无1例断钉、断棒及螺钉松动。26例植骨均融合，22例伤椎椎体高度恢复，4例残留20％～30％的压缩未恢复。神经功能恢复按ASIA分级，3例A级未恢复，其余均有1级以上恢复。结论TENOR脊柱系统操作简便，可实施三维矫正固定并可定量调节复位，固定坚固。椎体的复位控制在伤椎原有高度的90％左右，可减小伤椎椎体内的空隙，可能有利于椎体骨折愈合，增加前柱、中柱的稳定性。     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折的后路器械复位内固定

为观察后路器械对胸腰椎爆裂骨折的复位作用,自１９８６年１月至１９９５年１２月,作者应用爱德华和沈氏经后路复位内固定器械治疗爆裂骨折６４例,分别观察骨折复位,椎管形态和脊髓神经功能变化,结果显示２周内和２周以上手术组伤椎高度分别由术前的４７．８％和５２．１％恢复到正常的９５．５％和９０．３％,水平移位分别由术前的１７．３％和１８．７％达完全复位,后凸畸形角由术前２６．１°和２３．４°分别恢复以术后的     

Gss-2通用内固定系统治疗40例胸腰段脊柱骨折临床疗效评价

目的探讨GSS-2通用内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折效果。方法对40例胸腰段脊柱骨折患者行GSS-2通用内固定系统治疗。观察椎体恢复高度、后凸畸形Cobb角矫正、神经功能恢复以及并发症。结果患者的椎体前缘高度、椎体后缘高度明显高于治疗前,Cobb角明显低于治疗前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。神经功能:2例A级,4例B级,5例C级,4例D级,25例E级。未发生明显并发症。结论应用GSS-2通用内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折患者,可明显提高患者椎体前缘高度和椎体后缘高度,改善Cobb角,加快神经功能恢复,降低术后并发症率。     

后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰段椎体骨折临床观察

目的探讨后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗脊柱胸腰段椎体骨折的方法及临床效果。方法经后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗的31例胸腰段椎体骨折回顾性分析患者临床资料。结果 31例手术均顺利,术后切口Ⅰ期愈合,Cobb’s角由平均29.5°矫正至平均4.5°,椎体前缘高度由平均51%恢复至96%。随访12~20个月,骨折脱位复位满意,内固定物顺利取出,无钉棒折断、脊柱畸形等。8例不完全性神经损伤者不同程度恢复。结论后路椎弓根钉棒系统复位内固定治疗脊柱胸腰段椎体骨折,符合脊柱稳定生物力学要求,复位良好,固定可靠,效果肯定。     

椎弓根螺钉哈氏棒半环式同种异体骨压片治疗胸腰段不稳定型骨折

作者用椎弓根螺钉哈氏棒半环式同种异体骨压片治疗胸腰段不稳定型骨折２２例。该法的特点是椎弓根螺钉与哈氏棒联用，并于棒下即脊柱骨折成角畸形顶点置以半环式异体骨压片，临床效果满意。术后平均矫正畸形角２１．７°，椎体压缩高度平均恢复３３．７％，移位改善率为１５％，其中１６例有Ⅰ级以上神经功能恢复占８４．２％。无感染及神经症状加重等并发症。着重讨论了应用原理及优点。     

BASIS脊柱内固定系统治疗胸腰段骨折26例

目的评价BASIS脊柱内固定系统治疗胸腰段骨折疗效。方法2003年9月至2006年9月间采用BASIS脊柱内固定系统治疗胸腰段骨折26例。结果术后平均随访一年，椎体前缘平均高度由术前的40%恢复到术后的95%，椎体后缘平均高度由术前的80%恢复到术后的95%。结论BASIS内固定系统治疗胸腰段骨折操作简便，效果可靠。     

脊柱外固定系统联合椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨脊柱外固定系统联合椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎新鲜骨折的临床疗效。方法对胸腰椎压缩骨折21例均采用脊柱外固定系统联合椎体成形术治疗。结果21例获得随访12～18个月,后凸Cobb角由术前（20．71±8．24）°恢复到术后（4．12±1．44）°,差异有统计学意义（t=10．82,P=0．000873）;椎体前缘高度由术前（56．14±13．81）％恢复到术后（92．80±2．83）％,差异有统计学意义（t=14．75,P=0．000534）,术后1年后凸Cobb角平均丢失2.3°。结论脊柱外固定系统联合椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎新鲜骨折具有创伤小、出血量少、并发症少等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.