凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形对"剃刀背"畸形的矫正作用

目的:探讨凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形在脊柱侧凸后路手术中矫正“剃刀背”畸形的可行性。方法:自2000年10月～2005年10月,共有30例胸椎侧凸患者在我科施行后路三维矫形术,男13例,女17例;年龄10～31岁,平均17岁;先天性脊柱侧凸20例,特发性脊柱侧凸8例,马凡综合征2例。术前Cobb角60°～165°,平均118°;“剃刀背”畸形15°～60°,平均34.5°;双侧背部高度差为5～16cm,平均8.9cm。均同时在同一切口下行凹侧肋横突关节处截断并抬高肋骨胸廓成形,其中22例患者还同时行凸侧胸廓成形,凸侧肋骨切除的长度约为5～7cm。结果:每例患者肋骨抬高数为3～6根,平均4.5根。无手术死亡及严重并发症发生。术后Cobb角18°～85°,纠正率平均为58%;“剃刀背”畸形5°～18°,平均10.4°;双侧背部高度差1.5～5.2cm,平均3.4cm。随访12个月～5年,平均28个月,末次随访时Cobb角20°～90°,纠正率平均为56%;“剃刀背”畸形与术后无明显改变。结论:在严格掌握适应证的情况下仔细操作,凹侧肋骨抬高胸廓成形可使“剃刀背”畸形得到满意矫形效果。     

“剃刀背”切除分叉棍支撑矫正严重的脊柱侧凸

对１０６例重度脊柱侧凸患者同时手术矫正胸廓和侧凸畸形。提出了分叉辊矫正重度脊柱 凸的优点，分析了“剃刀背”形成的原因和切除“刀背”的手术适应证及其效果，“刀背”切除后外形改观与肺功能的关系以及肋骨植骨量问题。     

“剃刀背”切除分叉棍支撑矫正严重脊柱侧凸

对106例重度脊柱侧凸患者同时手术矫正胸廓和侧凸畸形。提出了分叉棍矫正重度脊柱侧凸的优点，分析了“剃刀背”形成的原因和切除“刀背”的手术适应证及其效果、“刀背”切除后外形改观与肺功能的关系以及肋骨植骨的骨量问题。     

特发性脊柱侧凸的椎骨旋转、Cobb′s角及“剃刀背”的关系

特发性脊柱侧凸的椎骨旋转、Ｃｏｂｂ′ｓ角及“剃刀背”的关系张承敏，姜洪和为探讨特发性脊柱侧凸的椎骨旋转、侧凸角度及“剃刀背”高度三种畸形内在规律，作者对７３例特发性脊柱侧凸进行了回顾性分析。１材料和方法７３例病人随机分成３组。第１组，３６例，男１４例...     

Chiari畸形伴胸椎侧凸患者两侧肋骨长度差异及其与剃刀背畸形的相关性

目的:评估Chiari畸形伴胸椎侧凸患者两侧肋骨长度的差异及其与剃刀背畸形的相关性,探讨两侧肋骨生长的差异性是否为继发性改变。方法:选取Chiari畸形伴脊柱侧凸(scoliosis secondary to Chiarimalformation,SSCM)患者38例(SSCM组),年龄9~17岁(12.3±3.6岁),身高155.4±10.8cm,Cobb角26°~108°(44.9°±23.5°);顶椎位于T7~T9。另选58例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者作为对照,均为右胸弯,年龄10~18岁(13.7±2.6岁),身高157.6±11.5cm,Cobb角28°~102°(43.9°±17.2°),顶椎位于T7~T9。剃刀背畸形角(ribhump,RH)均使用Scoliometer测量,采用螺旋CT三维重建的方法(volume viewer workstation)测量所有患者凹凸侧12对肋骨的长度,比较两组患者顶椎区、上下端椎及非侧凸区两侧肋骨的长度,分析顶椎区肋骨的对称性及其与Cobb角和RH的相关性。结果:SSCM组患者顶椎区(顶椎、顶椎上一椎体及顶椎下一椎体)凹侧肋骨长度显著大于凸侧(P<0.01),而上下端椎及非侧凸区两侧肋骨长度无显著性差异(P>0.05),RH为12.7°±4.0°;AIS组患者顶椎区(顶椎上一椎体、顶椎及顶椎下一椎体)凹侧肋骨长度也显著大于凸侧(P<0.01),其程度与Chiari畸形组无显著性差异(P>0.05),RH为11.9°±3.5°。顶椎区肋骨的不对称性与Cobb角大小呈显著性正相关关系(SSCM组:r=0.562,P=0.001;AIS组:r=0.463,P=0.003);与RH亦呈显著相关性(SSCM组:r=0.373,P=0.01;AIS组:r=0.328,P=0.02)。结论:SSCM患者主胸弯顶椎区两侧肋骨长度不对称,且不对称程度和剃刀背畸形相关,其不对称性特征与AIS患者一致,其可能是脊柱侧凸在生长期发病后的继发性改变。     

重度脊柱侧凸影响肺功能的手术治疗

[目的]探讨重度脊柱侧凸伴有呼吸功能影响的病例手术治疗及注意事项.[方法]采用颅盆牵引逐渐将脊柱弯曲拉直,使凹侧闭合靠拢的肋间隙张开,凸侧垂直的肋骨外展与脊柱分离,如同时有凹侧胸廓塌陷,则在颅盆牵引下进行塌陷肋骨的折弯变圆和平行牵引,肺功能改善后,用分叉生长棒作内固定.[结果]本组病例术前均有明显的肺功能下降、肺容积和肺气体交换异常,脊柱侧凸Cobb角在75°-186°之间.经术前颅盆牵引3-6周后肺机械能力、肺容量和动脉血气均得到不同程度的恢复,50例作了分叉生长棒矫正脊柱侧凸手术,术后外固定治疗.随访3-10年效果满意.[结论]颅盆牵引加分叉生长棒治疗重度脊柱侧凸合并肺功能障碍为-理想的治疗方法.     

脊柱侧凸矫形对肺功能的影响

脊柱侧凸是一个复杂的三维畸形;它不仅包含冠状面的侧向弯曲;也包括横断面的轴向旋转和矢状面的前凸或后凸畸形.脊柱侧凸多发生于胸椎;位于凸侧的肋骨由于发生移位和旋转;导致凸侧胸廓隆起、肋骨成角;进而导致该侧胸腔的冠状径缩短;而凹侧肋骨塌陷;使该侧胸腔矢状径缩短.这些骨性结构的畸形改变;不仅使胸腔容积缩小;压迫肺实质;而且可导致气道弯曲受压;肺通气受阻;影响气道的通畅;进而降低肺活量和呼气流速;严重者可影响患者的呼吸功能.     

特发性脊柱侧凸上胸弯的鉴别及其意义

特发性脊柱侧凸（idiopathic scoliosis,IS）是一种原因不明的脊柱三维畸形,可造成患者躯体的各种畸形,如双肩不平、剃刀背、腰部不对称等。手术的主要目的是防止脊柱侧凸的进一步加重及纠正畸形。特发性脊柱侧凸的弯曲类型包括上胸弯（PT）、主胸弯（MT）及胸腰弯/腰弯（TL/L）。对于上胸弯的识别和处理具有重要的意义———与患者的双肩平衡密切相关。上胸弯处理不当往往会导致患者双肩失平衡,影响手术效果。     

胸椎侧凸后路凸侧胸廓成形术后胸腔并发症及其预防

目的：探讨青少年特发性胸椎侧凸后路凸侧胸廓成形术的胸腔并发症原因,并提出预防措施。方法：对2003年12月至2007年9月行脊柱侧凸后路矫形内固定术和凸侧胸廓成形术,并有完整资料的胸椎侧凸患者548例进行回顾性分析。其中男167例,女381例;年龄12～38岁,平均16.1岁。术前剃刀背畸形16°～50°,平均35°。结果：凸侧胸廓成形的肋骨切除数平均4.1根。术后剃刀背畸形2°～17°,平均7°。1例（0.2%）术后呼吸困难需间歇性吸氧,29例（5.3%）术中发生壁层胸膜穿孔,其中5例术后胸腔积液,3例气胸。6例（1.1%）患者术中并无明显胸膜穿孔,但术后出现术侧胸腔积液。结论：提高手术技巧,术后严密监测呼吸状态,早期积极处理,可减少凸侧胸廓成形术后胸腔并发症的发生。     

脊柱侧凸的围手术期护理

<正> 脊柱侧凸(scolisis)是指脊柱的侧向弯曲畸形。对较轻的侧凸畸形,可采用非手术治疗,如牵引、矫形石膏或支具外固定、合理的体疗等方法而获得较好的治疗效果;但对较严重的畸形,如cobb角大于50°,则临床上只有通过手术治疗,畸形才能得到满意的矫正和妥善的控制。目前,手术的方法有针对胸廓畸形而采取的部分肋骨切除,针对脊柱侧凸的凹侧软组织松解,辅以“Harrington”棒、“luque”棒、“U”型棒或“C-D”棒单独或     

Rib cage surgery for the treatment of scoliosis: a biomechanical study of correction mechanisms.

Rib shortening or lengthening are surgical options that are used to address the cosmetic rib cage deformity in scoliosis, but can also alter the equilibrium of forces acting on the spine, thus possibly counteracting in a mechanical way the scoliotic process and correcting the spinal deformities. Although rib surgeries have been successful in animal models, they have not gained wide clinical acceptance for mechanical correction of scoliosis due to the lack of understanding of the complex mechanisms of action involved during and after the operation. The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical action of different surgical approaches on the rib cage for the treatment of scoliosis using a patient-specific finite element model of the spine and rib cage. Several unilateral and bilateral rib shortening/lengthening procedures were tested at different locations on the ribs (convex/concave side of the thoracic curvature; at the costo-transverse/costo-chondral joint; 20 and 40 mm adjustments). A biomechanical analysis was performed to assess the resulting geometry and load patterns in ribs, costo-vertebral articulations and vertebrae. Only slight immediate geometric variations were obtained. However, concave side rib shortening and convex side rib lengthening induced important loads on vertebral endplates that may lead to possible scoliotic spine correction depending on the remaining growth potential. Convex side rib shortening and concave side rib lengthening produced mostly cosmetic rib cage correction, but generated inappropriate loads on the vertebral endplates that could aggravate vertebral wedging. This study supports the concept of using concave side rib shortening or convex side rib lengthening as useful means to induce correction of the spinal scoliotic deformity during growth, though the effects of growth modulation from induced loads must be addressed in more detail to prove the usefulness of rib shortening/lengthening techniques.     

Rib cage deformities in scoliosis: Spine morphology,rib cage stiffness,and tomography imaging

A computer-implemented biomechanical model of a thoracolumbar spine and deformable rib cage was used to investigate the influence of spine morphology and rib cage stiffness properties on the rib cage deformities that arise from scoliosis and to study the relationship of actual rib distortions with those seen on computed tomography (CT) scans. For the purposes of this study, it was assumed that rib cage deformities result from forces imposed on the ribs by the deforming spine. When a structurally normal rib cage was allowed to follow freely the imposition of scoliotic curves on the spine, different configurations of scoliosis led to substantial differences in the resulting rib cage deformities. Rib cage lateral offset correlated well with the Cobb angle of the scoliosis but not with the apical vertebral axial rotation, whereas rib cage axial rotation correlated well with apical vertebral axial rotation but not with the Cobb angle. These model-obtained findings mirror clinical findings that correction of the Cobb angle leads to correction of the lateral offset of the rib cage but does not correlate well with correction of the rib cage axial rotation. The stiffnesses of the ligamentous tissue connecting the sternum to the pelvis, of the costovertebral joints, and of the ribs themselves also influenced the rib deformities substantially. The influence of the sternopelvic ligamentous ties has not been recognized previously. The total rib cage volume remained essentially constant regardless of the severity of the resulting deformity, but the distribution of this volume between convex and concave sides varied somewhat. Simulated CT scans of model rib cages suggested that distortions of individual ribs are substantially exaggerated in such images.     

Remodeling potential of long bones following angular osteotomies

The radius and tibia of an immature monkey remodeled 5 degrees/year until maturity after osteotomies. The periosteum and the growth plate contributed equally to the correction. Valgus, varus, and flexion deformities corrected to the same degree. Epiphysiodesis of the adjacent growth plates did not prevent correction of the shaft. Remodeling at the osteotomy site was characterized radiographically by bone deposition on the concave side but no significant resorption on the convex side.     

An experimental study on the pathology and role of intervertebral discs in the progression and correction of scoliotic deformity

This experimental study was designed to clarify the role of the intervertebral disc in the progression and correction of scoliosis. A total of 186 Wistar strain rats were used. Progressive scoliosis-like deformity was produced in tails by fixation of a given strain for a certain period. Changes in the intervertebral disc and epiphysis of one group with removal of the nucleus pulposus, and the other without removal were examined radiologically and pathohistologically. The results are as follows: 1) deformity originated from deviation of the nucleus pulposus toward the convex side and was followed by changes of the concave side, and led to deformities of the epiphysis and vertebral body; 2) on correction of the deformity, deviated nucleus pulposus and contracture of the concave side served as correction-inhibiting factors. The author's results indicate that intervertebral disc affecting the progression and correction of scoliosis are of great clinical significance.     

Vertebral deformity,bone mineral density,back pain and height loss in unscreened women over 50 years

Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the lumbar spine using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 222 unscreened women (aged 50–82 years), and information on back pain and historic loss of standing height was obtained at interview. Vertebral morphometry was performed on lateral spinal radiographs. The shape of the vertebral body was quantified using appropriate vertebral shape indices (VSIs), and vertebral deformities were identified using thresholds defined in terms of the means (M) and standard deviations (SD) of these VSIs for the whole group. Severity of deformity was defined as either grade 1 (M+2SDM+4SD). Subjects with grade 1 vertebral deformities were older than subjects without such deformities, but did not have a reduced age-related Z-score of BMD. Grade 2 wedge and concave deformities were associated with a reduced age-relatedZ-score of BMD, suggesting that the aetiology of such deformities is closest to conventional concepts of osteoporotic fracture. Grade 3 deformities were associated with neither increased age nor decreased BMD. Stature decreased in these subjects with age. Subjects reporting historic height loss had a higher mean number of wedge deformities. Subjects with back pain did not have a higher incidence of vertebral deformity than subjects without, confirming that many deformities were asymtomatic. Neither back pain nor historic loss of height were found to be associated with low spinal BMD.     

Indications for deformity correction with minimally invasive spondylodesis

The indications for surgical treatment of thoracic, lumbar, combined and thoracolumbar scoliosis are given for a curvature of the thoracic spine with a Cobb angle more than 50° and more than 45° in the lumbar spine. The maximum Cobb angle is 90°. The aim is the correction of more than 50% in the frontal plane and correction of scoliosis is possible in flexible curvatures up to 90%. By the minimally invasive surgical technique the muscular damage is completely avoided on the convex side but on the concave side this is only partly possible. This is the first report of a muscle preserving minimally invasive surgical technique for the convex side of scoliosis.     

The surgical treatment of adult lumbar scoliosis.

Between January 1990 and December 1999 a total of adults (49 females and 16 males) aged from 37 to 72 years (mean age 54 +/- 3) underwent surgery and were followed up minimum of 2 year after treatment for symptomatic adult lumbar scoliosis. As for features of the clinical symptoms, the cases were divided into four groups, characterized by symptoms that gradually increased in importance and in frequency, the type of deformity and degree of deviation (scoliosis and lumbar kyphosis are reported). Adult and elderly lumbar spine deformities are often symptomatic, because the degenerative changes of deformed spine and the progression of the deformity. Patients with such a clinical picture need surgical correction of the deformity in order to improve their symptoms. Sometimes these patients undergo disc herniation surgical procedures, because of wrong interpretations of CT scans or MR images. Segmental instrumentation correction devices led to a fair correction of deformities, and improvement of back and radiated pain. Despite the great improvements (both in instrumentation devices and anesthesiological techniques) this surgery remain a major surgery, both of (or) the patient and the surgeon.     

A study of trunk muscle in idiopathic scoliosis

Isometric and isokinetic parameters related to trunk muscle function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis were measured by Cybex dynamometer with a trunk stabilization system. Activities of the paraspinal muscles were also determined by electromyographic observations. In scoliotic patients some parameters, especially endurance in lateral bending to the concave side of the trunk, were predominant. In electromyographic analysis, neurogenic changes were observed in 25.9% of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. In nonprogressive scoliosis, the mean amplitude of EMG did not differ between the convex and the concave. In progressive scoliosis, however, the mean amplitude of EMG was higher on the convex side than on the concave side. Thus, the compensatory reaction on the curvature of the spine caused higher amplitude of action potential of the back muscles on the convex side than in the concave side. These data suggest that the trunk muscle imbalance is one of the most important factors in the onset and progression of idiopathic scoliosis.     

Ponte osteotomies in thoracic deformities

Thoracic hyperkyphosis is a sagittal deformity that can cause back pain and neurological impairment, leading to difficulties in maintaining a straight gaze. Sagittal thoracic malalignment has different etiologies and different corrective strategies. An adequate preoperative planning is mandatory to address correctly the surgical treatment, using an appropriate sagittal deformities classification and the rules that relate pelvic parameters to spine curvatures to determine the correction needed to restore a good sagittal alignment. Ponte osteotomies are performed in long non-angular hyperkyphotic thoracic deformities, even if idiopathic scoliosis, rigid deformities or proximal junctional kyphosis after instrumented fusions can benefit from the application of this technique that requires a mobile anterior column for the correction of the deformity. Ponte’s is, together with Smith-Petersen osteotomy, a posterior column osteotomy. The magnitude of correction can reach 10° per level if intervertebral discs are still mobile.