连平县生活饮用水水质调查分析

连平县生活饮用水源水主要为河水和井水。河水为自来水厂的主要水源，但河道水源吸水点上下游及河岸周围基本上没有卫生防护设施，水质易受影响。农村乡镇大多数人群的饮用水靠自取手压泵井和大口井供给。我县地一处九连山区，全县总人口354120人，饮用处理过的水人数为57019人，占全县总人口16．1％，为加强我县生活饮用水的卫生管理及指导农村水改工作的开展，现将我站1993年以来对生活饮用水进行卫生学调查和水质检验结果报告如下：1材料与方法1．1调查对象与采样方法集中式给水：调查自来水厂水源水2个点；分散式给水：调查8个固定给水…     

重庆市涪陵区龙潭引水工程水质卫生评价

目的了解重庆市涪陵区龙潭引水工程水质卫生状况，为该区有效开发利用水资源提供科学依据。方法2006年对引水工程新桥、八一桥、桃子沟和卫东等水库水源开展卫生学调查，收集监测数据，通过整理分析，依据《地表水环境质量标准》和《生活饮用水卫生标准》评价。结果细菌学指标：除八一桥水库水样粪大肠菌（2500个／L）超过地表Ⅱ类标准1．25倍，另47件水样均未超标；一般化学指标（11项）和毒理指标（10项）均符合生活饮用水卫生标准要求；农药六六六、DDT、对硫磷、乐果、敌敌畏、内吸磷均未检出。结论涪陵区龙潭引水工程水质达地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准，只要加强水源保护，可以作为生活饮用水源。     

连平县生活饮用水水质调查分析

连平县生活饮用水源水主要为河水和井水。河水为自来水厂的主要水源，但河道水源吸水点上下游及河岸周围基本上没有卫生防护设施，水质易受影响：农村乡镇大多数人群的饮用水靠自取手压泵井和大口井供给。我县地处九连山区，全县总人口354120人，饮用处理过的水人数为57019人，占全县总人口16．1％，     

2007年北京市怀柔区农村生活饮用水水质卫生调查

目的了解北京市怀柔区农村生活饮用水水质、水源卫生及卫生防护状况，加强农村生活饮用水卫生工作的指导。方法使用统一调查表，进行现场调查及采集水样，用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果调查涉及怀柔区274个行政村297处水源，集中式和分散式供水检测合格率分别为86．7％、61．0％；不同水源类型微生物指标合格率由高到低依次为深水井、浅水井、泉水、河水，合格率分别为92．8％、80．1％、68．1％、33．3％。集中式供水较分散式供水水质好，地下水较地面水水质好，差异均有统计学意义。结论怀柔区生活饮用水卫生工作必须向村一级基层单位渗透，提高卫生许可证及健康证办证率；在农村改水工作中，优先选择以深水井、浅水井等地下水作水源。今后，还应当加快农村安全饮水工程工作进度，尽快完善农村饮用水安全检测体系，定期对农村饮用水进行水质检测，通报水质检测情况，指导农民饮用卫生、安全的水。     

石家庄铁路生活饮用水卫生现状调查

目的了解石铁地区生活饮用水卫生现状,为改善水质提供依据。方法采用现场环境卫生学调查及水质随机抽样监测的方法。结果铁路饮用水源分散,点多线长,主要是本单位自备水源。水源防护设施有所改善,卫生防护率达93.85%;水源消毒设施配备不全,仅占58.46%,以分散水源最低仅占21.36%。260个饮用水水源纳入卫生管理的仅115个,仅占44.23%。分散水源最低仅占4.85%。卫生监测总体超标率36.17%,分散水源最高,达54.17%。各种检测项目以微生物类指标超标率为最高达28.72%。结论石家庄铁路地区生活饮用水源卫生管理较差,水质超标率较高。需加强水源卫生监测管理及饮用水消毒工作。     

某部自备饮用水源水质监测分析

目的掌握驻鲁某部自备水源水质现状,完善水源卫生档案资料,为平时进一步改善水质及战时水源卫生侦察和水源选择提供依据。方法依据国家卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》中《生活饮用水检验规范》和《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》,对某部营区自备饮用水源水进行水样采集、检测和检测结果评价。结果驻鲁某部营区210处自备饮用水水质平均合格率为67．1％;合格率较低的项目是总硬度、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、细菌总数和总大肠菌群;各类水源的水质由高到低依次是：泉水、深井水、江河水、浅井水、湖库塘水。结论驻鲁部队营区自备饮用水源的主要问题是微生物污染,建议加强水源卫生防护,严格落实饮水消毒制度。     

青铜峡市2000～2005年水源水质分析

[目的]了解青铜峡市水源水质状况。[方法]2000～2005年调查青铜峡市水源水质状况,按《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749-85和《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5750-85进行评价和统计学分析。[结果]青铜峡市水基本达到Ⅱ类水质标准,仅铁含量超标率为100%,锰含量超标率为100%,浑浊度超标,不符合国家饮用水水质卫生标准的要求。[结论]青铜峡市水源受到不同程度的污染,卫生防护和环境保护有待加强。     

一起生活饮用水异味事件的调查

[目的]调查分析某自来水厂生活饮用水异味事件,确保生活饮用水卫生安全,保障人民群众身体健康。[方法]对某自来水厂进行现场调查和水源水、出厂水、末梢水水质进行卫生监测与评价。[结果]出厂水和末梢水水质96项检测结果符合国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749-2006,水源水的氨氮、挥发酚类、铁等指标偶尔不符合GB3838-2002Ⅱ类水质标准。[结论]饮用水源水受到上游厂矿企业的工业废水无规律的排放污染,消除水源污染,经采取特殊处理工艺措施生产的自来水可以安全饮用。     

天津市农村饮用水现状调查与对策研究

目的了解天津市农村生活饮用水水质卫生状况,以制定天津市农村饮用水发展策略,为社会主义新农村建设提供科学依据。方法采用统一调查表,对天津市农村基本情况、水源类型、供水方式进行调查,并用分层抽样方法抽取120份水样,检测色度、浑浊度、pH值、总硬度等指标。结果地下水为天津市农村主要饮用水源,占所调查人口的95.00%。集中式供水是天津市农村主要的供水方式,占所调查人口的68.96%。本次调查在12个区县共抽取了120个水质监测点,经检测79个点不合格,超标率为65.83%。结论天津市农村水源水卫生防护已有一定基础,需加强饮水降氟和饮水消毒工作。     

丹阳市生活饮用水卫生学调查

对丹阳市２７个乡镇生活饮用水调查结果表明：丹阳市生活饮用水水源主要是浅井水、河水和沟塘水；无论是集中式供水或分散式供水，９０％以上的水源有生活污染源；各指标的超标率以氨氮居首位，其次是耗氧量、浑浊度；丹阳市生活饮用水的有机污染严重，生活饮用水水源的水质最差的是沟塘水，其次是河水，浅井水的水质较好；丹阳市饮用不合格水的人口数占４０．９％。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.