咽旁隙神经源性肿瘤88例手术疗效分析

目的 探讨咽旁间隙神经源性肿瘤的术前诊断、手术方法及手术并发症。方法 总结1966-2002年收治的88例咽旁间隙神经源性肿瘤的临床资料。结果 88例咽旁间隙神经源性肿瘤中神经鞘膜瘤73例，占83％，神经纤维瘤15例，占17％。颈部CT扫描及彩色B超检查对诊断有重要价值。经颈侧径路摘除肿瘤75例，经咽侧径路摘除肿瘤12例，经颈侧及咽侧联合径路摘除肿瘤1例，均完整摘除。术后出现神经麻痹9例。结论 颈侧径路是安全、彻底切除咽旁间隙神经源性肿瘤的最佳手术入路。对咽旁间隙巨大肿瘤，应行预防性气管切开术。     

咽旁间隙良性肿瘤的影像学特征及经口手术进路分析

目的:分析咽旁间隙良性肿瘤的影像学特征,总结咽旁间隙良性肿瘤手术入路的选择,尤其是经口进路切除咽旁间隙良性肿瘤的方法.方法:回顾性分析1997-2006年收治的48例咽旁间隙良性肿瘤患者的临床资料,术前全部行CT增强扫描,部分行MRI扫描.全部手术治疗,经口进路16例(33.3%),单纯颈侧进路19例(39.6%),颈侧腮腺进路13例(27.1%).结果:CT和MRI能很好地显示肿瘤的部位、形状、大小、范围及可能的病理性质.术后3年内复发2例.经口进路术后发生霍纳氏征1例,术腔血肿形成1例.颈侧进路发生暂时性面瘫5例,副神经麻痹1例.结论:CT和MRI扫描能区分咽旁肿瘤位于茎突前或茎突后间隙以及和邻近组织的关系,手术入路应根据肿瘤的大小、位置和重要血管之间的关系来选择.部分咽旁间隙良性肿瘤经口进路切除安全可行,与颈侧进路比较并不增加手术的危险性和术后复发率, 符合微创美观的原则.     

咽旁间隙肿瘤手术路径探讨（附46例分析）

目的：探讨咽旁间隙肿瘤切除的最佳手术路径。方法：回顾分析咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床资料及手术路径。46例中，11例经口咽路径，23例经颈侧路径，2例经颈侧腮腺路径，7例经颈－下颌骨正中裂开外旋路径，3例经颞下窝路径切除肿瘤。结果：43例完整切除肿瘤，3例大部切除。2例术中并发面神经损伤致不完全性周围性面瘫； 2例术后出现Horner′s综合征，均于术后半月内恢复；1例术中发生大出血；术后复发3例， 1例为经口咽路径切除的良性肿瘤，2例为恶性肿瘤。术后随访3～5年， 2例死亡，余均健在。结论：手术切除咽旁间隙肿瘤应根据位置的不同正确选择手术路径，充分暴露术野，辨清解剖标志。     

颈侧咽旁间隙肿瘤104例临床分析

报告１０４例颈侧及咽旁间隙肿瘤，包括神经鞘膜瘤６７例，神经纤维瘤１２例，涎腺混合瘤１４例，血管瘤６例，颈动脉体瘤４例，猪囊虫病１例，均经病理证实。全部病人均行手术治疗，其中颈侧切开径路８９例，经咽侧径路１１例，经颈侧及咽侧联合入路４例。除２例颈动脉体瘤骑跨于颈动脉分叉处及２例血管瘤与颈动脉鞘粘连未能切除肿瘤外，其余１００例均完整摘除肿瘤。７例发生术后并发症，全部为神经麻痹。     

经口三种入路切除咽旁间隙肿瘤的应用分析

目的 探讨在内镜及等离子辅助下经口切除咽旁间隙肿瘤(PPS)的手术入路的选择。方法 收集耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2015年3月至2021年12月诊断为咽旁间隙肿瘤的患者56例,经口(EATA)24例,颈侧(EA)32例。统计比较临床及手术资料。结果 所有肿瘤均完全切除,经口组分为咽后壁入路12例,咽侧壁入路7例,软腭入路5例。术后病理良性54例(96.4%),恶性2例(3.6%)。经口入路的手术时间、出血量少于颈侧组。术后颈侧组有7例出现并发症,经口组中有3例出现并发症(P=0.489)。平均随访(46.04±27.88)个月,仅经口组1例复发。结论 根据肿瘤的大小和位置选择不同的经口入路,能提供与颈侧入路相当甚至更好的治疗效果,如在手术出血量、手术时间、无颈部瘢痕等方面,但同时也是一项具有挑战性的术式,需要更加的完善。     

颈侧咽旁间隙肿瘤104例临床分析

报告１０４例颈侧及咽旁间隙肿瘤，包括神经鞘膜瘤６７例，神经纤维瘤１２例，涎腺混合瘤１４例，血管瘤６例，颈动脉体瘤４例，猪囊虫病１例，均经病理证实。全部商人均行手术治疗，其中颈侧切开径路８９例，经咽侧径路１１例，以颈侧及咽侧联合入路４例，除２例颈动脉体瘤骑跨于颈动脉分叉处及２例血管瘤与颈动脉鞘粘连未能切除肿瘤外，其余１００例均完整摘除肿瘤。７例发生术后并发症，全部为神经麻痹。     

原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床特征、诊断方法、手术方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院2006年1月至2008年12月收治的40例原发性咽旁肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男22例,女18例;年龄1 ～77岁,中位年龄42岁.CT扫描结合MRI检查有助于咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断和手术方案的制定.手术方式包括:经口入路1例,经颈部入路22例,经腮腺-颈部入路8例,下颌升支纵行裂开入路1例,经颈部-下颌角部分切除入路4例,经腮腺进路2例,耳后颅颈联合入路2例.结果 40例患者均经手术切除,术后病理诊断良性肿瘤28例,恶性肿瘤12例,其中涎腺来源15例,神经来源12例,其余13例为其他组织来源.28例良性肿瘤中,23例经一次手术治愈,随访13～47个月无复发,中位数39个月.12例恶性肿瘤经随访3～50个月,中位数29个月,6例存活(随访时间24～ 50个月,中位数36个月),3例在术后6个月内死亡,3例失访.术后发生脑脊液漏1例,术腔感染2例,迷走神经损伤3例.结论 手术切除是治疗咽旁间隙肿瘤的首选方法,绝大多数肿瘤可以经单纯颈侧入路切除;对于恶性肿瘤或较大的良性肿瘤应选择较宽阔的手术入路.咽旁间隙的良性肿瘤预后较好,而恶性肿瘤组织类型复杂多样,治疗效果差,预后不良.     

颞下窝咽侧区肿瘤的诊断与手术治疗

目的 寻求颞下窝咽侧区肿瘤的早期诊断及有效的手术途径。方法1978～2002年我院手术治疗颞下窝咽侧区肿瘤75例。手术采用4种进路：①颌下进路。②截断下颌骨颌下联合进路。③耳前颌下进路。④经上颌窦前外进路。绝大多数采用第1种手术入路。恶性肿瘤术后行放疗或化疗；继发性肿瘤在切除原发性肿瘤的同时予以切除。结果手术效果良好，无并发症。良性肿瘤38例术后6个月～18年(其中26例超过5年以上)，1例复发。恶性肿瘤37例中，12例死亡，5例失访，余20例观察3～5年无复发及转移。结论①颞下窝咽侧区肿瘤CT扫描及针吸细胞病理检查是有效的诊断手段。②颌下进路是该区肿瘤较好的手术途径。③术中彻底止血、尽可能消灭死腔及负压引流对预防切口感染和预防呼吸道阻塞都相当重要。     

咽旁隙肿瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨咽旁隙肿瘤的诊断及手术入路的选择。方法回顾性分析经手术诊断及治疗的52例咽旁隙肿瘤的临床资料,包括症状、体征、手术入路及术后病理结果。结果52例患者中23例（44.2%）经颈侧入路,14例（27%）经腮腺颈侧（腮颈）入路,10例（19.2%）为颈侧下颌骨入路,5例（9.6%）经口内入路。术后病理良性占80.8%,恶性19.2%。唾液腺及神经源性肿瘤分别占总数的46.2%和28.8%。52例患者中48例行Ⅰ期手术切除,术后恶性肿瘤复发率30% (3/10),良性肿瘤复发率7.1%(3/42)。结论术前运用影像学及组织病理学手段判断肿瘤性质及与周围重要结构的关系对于制定和完善手术计划至关重要,选择合适的手术入路有助于术中充分暴露肿瘤,提高手术安全性和减少术后并发症。     

咽旁间隙肿瘤

目的讨论临床罕见的咽旁间隙肿瘤。方法总结１９８６年～１９９７年７月收治的５９例患者的回顾性资料。结果原发性咽旁间隙肿瘤中，以神经源性肿瘤居多，约占６０％。高分辨ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ对临床诊断及手术径路的选择有重要作用。颈侧切开广泛应用于７５％的良性病变；应用下颌骨正中裂开切除２例局限于隙上部的良性肿瘤和１例侵及颅底的颈动脉体瘤；应用侧颅底入路切除１例起源于颈静脉孔生长至咽旁间隙的神经鞘瘤。结论认为经口径路仅用于较小的肿瘤切除；经颈腮腺径路主要用于侵入咽旁间隙的腮腺深叶肿瘤的切除；经颈下颌骨正中裂开径路是切除咽旁间隙特殊肿瘤安全有效的入路。     

Vincristine-induced recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.

Vincristine-sulfate-related vocal cord paralysis has been reported infrequently in the literature. The neurotoxicity of the vinca alkaloids is well-known; however, the potential for cranial nerve involvement is not widely recognized. Given the complexity of the typical patient receiving such a chemotherapeutic agent, the potential for misdiagnosis is high. Many patients have primary tumors or metastatic lesions in sites that could cause the clinician to overlook this reversible cause of neurologic dysfunction. This study describes the first three reported pediatric cases of vincristine-induced vocal cord paralysis. Two patients developed increasing stridor secondary to bilateral vocal cord paralysis; the third developed a unilateral vocal cord paralysis. All resolved spontaneously upon withdrawal of the vincristine. Vinca-alkaloid-induced vocal cord paralysis is a potentially dangerous but reversible lesion. Otolaryngologists should be aware of the association between these agents and cranial nerve neuropathies.     

喉返神经减压术

目的探讨喉返神经减压治疗因甲状腺手术和甲状腺肿物压迫所致喉返神经功能障碍的疗效.方法2002年10月-2005年6月间,行喉返神经减压术治疗单侧喉返神经麻痹9例,声门闭合不全4例.包括甲状腺良性肿物切除术后喉返神经麻痹7例,均为普通外科术后.其中6例神经缝扎,1例神经瘢痕粘连,同时对其中2例行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术;甲状腺腺瘤1例和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹1例,均行甲状腺肿物切除喉返神经减压.声门闭合不全的4例中,结节性甲状腺肿3例、桥本甲状腺炎1例分别行甲状腺肿物切除或腺叶部分切除,电子喉镜观察手术前、后声带动度变化,评价手术效果.结果5例神经被结扎和1例神经粘连者于3个月内行减压术,术后1周～3个月声带动度恢复,发声满意;1例神经被结扎于术后4个月行减压术者,随访1年声带动度未见恢复.甲状腺腺瘤和结节性甲状腺肿并喉返神经麻痹患者减压术后3个月内声带动度完全恢复,声门闭合不全并结节性甲状腺肿和桥本甲状腺炎者,术后1周内声门缝隙消失、声嘶消失.结论对于因甲状腺手术所致的喉返神经麻痹,应尽快行喉返神经探查和减压术;声音嘶哑较严重者,可考虑同时行Ⅰ型甲状软骨成形术,以短时间内改善患者发声状况,提高患者生活质量;对于甲状腺肿物合并喉返神经麻痹或声门闭合不良者,应积极行手术探查,行喉返神经减压.     

电子喉镜吞咽功能检查在声带麻痹定位诊断中的应用

目的 探讨电子喉镜吞咽功能检查在声带麻痹定位诊断中的应用价值。方法 以15例单侧声带麻痹患者为例,应用电子喉镜对此组患者进行吞咽功能检查,其中左侧声带麻痹10例,右侧声带麻痹5例,发病期5d～10个月。以迷走神经神经节为界,将病变部位分为迷走神经神经节或以上部位的高位病变、迷走神经神经节以下部位的低位病变,其中高位病变4例,低位病变4例,部位不明7例。结果 高位病变组的4例患者,吞咽糊状食物时全部有食物残留于病变侧梨状窝;低位病变组的4例患者,吞咽糊状食物时3例梨状窝无食物残留,仅1例患者同侧梨状窝有食物残留,但是该例患者在同时进行的食管镜检查中发现食管中段癌;7例损伤部位不明的患者中,2例同侧梨状窝有食物残留,5例梨状窝无食物残留。结论 电子喉镜下对单侧声带麻痹患者进行吞咽功能检查,根据病变侧梨状窝有无食物残留可以初步判定喉返神经损伤的部位是在迷走神经节以上或以下部位。     

Meningioma of the jugular foramen: glomus jugulare mimic and surgical challenge

OBJECTIVES: Meningiomas involving the jugular foramen are rare lesions, with approximately 34 cases reported in the English literature. Clinically, these tumors mimic the more common glomus jugulare tumor. After surgical resection, meningiomas have worse cranial nerve outcomes and higher recurrence rates than glomus tumors. There is controversy regarding the selection of surgical approach, particularly with regard to management of the facial nerve. A reliable means of accurate preoperative diagnosis would help surgical planning and patient counseling. STUDY DESIGN: We present a series of six consecutive large jugular foramen meningiomas resected by a single surgeon from 1996 to 2002. METHODS: Retrospective case series (chart review). RESULTS: The preoperative diagnosis was correct in nearly all (6/7) cases on the basis of the characteristic imaging findings seen with a combination of temporal bone dedicated computed tomography and high-resolution enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Five of six patients had lateral facial nerve rerouting (infratemporal fossa Fisch type A), and three patients also had posterior rerouting (transcochlear approach with division of greater superficial petrosal nerve). Total tumor removal was accomplished in 83%. One patient suffered recurrence over a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years. New postoperative vocal cord palsies occurred in 50% of patients, and all required vocal cord medialization. At 1 year, 50% of patients had normal or near normal (House-Brackmann I or II) facial function. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in two patients, and both eventually required ventriculoperitoneal shunts. CONCLUSIONS: Meningiomas involving the jugular foramen are surgically challenging tumors that pose unique diagnostic issues. The majority of these lesions can be completely resected. A relatively high postoperative complication rate, which can be controlled with appropriate intervention, is seen with these surgeries.     

Glomus vagale: Paraganglioma of the vagus nerve

Review of the experience of a single institution with a rare tumor may give inadequate and biased information. In an effort to better understand issues related to diagnosis and subsequent management of paraganglioma of the vagus nerve, review of the experience at two university medical centers was undertaken. A review of the records of all patients with a diagnosis of vagal paraganglioma at the University of Pittsburgh and the Eastern Virginia Medical School was undertaken. Presenting signs and symptoms, treatment, and subsequent outcome were assessed. Data on 19 patients with vagal paraganglioma were available. The most common initial finding was a neck mass. Forty-seven percent (9/19) had vocal cord paralysis at presentation. Angiography was beneficial in helping to make the diagnosis and in identifying synchronous tumors. History of familial paraganglioma was present in 47% (9/19). Multiple paragangliomas were diagnosed in 53% (10/19) cases in our study. Of the patients with familial vagal paraganglioma, 89% (8/9) had multiple paraganglioma. All patients treated with surgery had postoperative vocal cord paralysis. Elective management of patients with bilateral vagal paraganglioma is a special dilemma. Radiation therapy of selected “operable” patients may be indicated because of the potential for bilateral vocal cord paralysis in these patients and its attendant sequela.     

甲状腺乳头状癌累及喉返神经的处理方法

 目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌累及喉返神经的处理方法。方法根据42例甲状腺乳头状癌侵犯喉返神经情况分为包绕、黏连、压迫3组,术中根据喉返神经与肿瘤的关系结合术前声带运动情况综合考虑是否保留喉返神经。包绕组无论声带活动情况如何,喉返神经均予切除。黏连组如伴完全声带麻痹,切除喉返神经;否则喉返神经予以保留。压迫组喉返神经均予保留。观察所有患者声带术后活动情况、评估疗效。结果42例患者中甲状腺全切除23例,次全切除术19例,随访1年术后均未复发。包绕组患者均行喉返神经切除,术后声带完全麻痹;粘连组中,3例声带完全麻痹者切除喉返神经、术后声带完全麻痹,9例术前不完全声带麻痹均予以保留喉返神经,2例术后出现声带完全麻痹,3例声带不完全麻痹,4例声带运动恢复正常;压迫组无声带完全麻痹,完整保留喉返神经,术后声带运动均恢复正常。结论对甲状腺乳头状癌侵犯喉返神经的处理,应结合术前声带运动情况及术中喉返神经与肿瘤关系采取不同的处理方法。     

Laryngeal reinnervation for unilateral traumatic recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate 5 procedures of laryngeal reinnervation for unilateral vocal cord paralysis induced by traumatic recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. METHODS: 35 cases were selected for our study, all patients had unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, including 8 for nerve decompression, 6 for end to end anastomosis of recurrent laryngeal nerve, 16 for main branch of ansa cervicalis anastomosis to recurrent laryngeal nerve, 3 for nerve muscular pedicle and 2 for nerve implantation. All cases have been subjected to preoperative and postoperative voice recording, acoustic analysis, videolaryngoscopy, strobscopy and electromyography. RESULTS: It is found the adductory and abductory motion of the vocal cord restored in 5 cases with less than 4 months course who received nerve decompression. Although functional motion of vocal cord was not seen in two patients who received nerve decompression with a course longer than 4 months and one less than 4 months, and in all cases who received ansa cervicalis anastomosis and end to end anastomosis of recurrent laryngeal nerve, these procedures resulted in medialization of vocal cord and the mass and tension of the reinnervated vocal cord may become much the same as the contralateral normal vocal cord, thus resuming symmetric vibration of the vocal cords and physiological phonation. Nerve muscular pedicle technique and nerve implantation enabled adductory muscles to be reinnervated, thus improving severe hoarseness, but they didn't restore normal voice. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Nerve decompression seems to be the best procedure in laryngeal reinnervation; (2) Main branch of ansa cervicalis technique raises satisfactory reinnervation of adductor muscles; (3) Selection of the laryngeal reinnervation protocols should depend on the course, severity and type of nerve injury.     

突发声带麻痹为首发症状的甲状腺恶性肿瘤

目的：探讨以突发声带麻痹为首发症状的甲状腺恶性肿瘤的临床特点,分析诊断、治疗过程中的注意点,避免漏诊、误诊。方法：对我科1999年2月-2003年2月收洽的5例以突发声带麻痹为首发症状的甲状腺恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：5例病理检查均证实为甲状腺乳头状腺癌,4例侵犯一侧喉返神经致声带麻痹,术中分离喉返神经后行患侧腺叶切除,其中3例术后6个月内恢复正常的声带外展及内收功能,1例对侧声带代偿,声音嘶哑好转;1例肿瘤先侵犯右侧喉返神经致声带麻痹,1年后肿瘤侵入喉内引起双侧环杓关节固定,声音嘶哑加重,出现呼吸困难,先行患侧腺叶切除加半喉切除,术后3个月复发,又行全喉切除,随访2年无复发。结论：对于突发声带麻痹,同侧甲状腺占位,排除其他部位病变者,建议手术探查甲状腺,术中暴露喉返神经并加以保护,术中快速冷冻切片,根据病理检查结果决定手术范围。     

Airway complication after thyroid surgery: minimally invasive management of bilateral recurrent nerve injury

OBJECTIVES: After bilateral vocal cord paralysis, the consequent paramedian position usually necessitates tracheostomy for at least 6 months, when the paralysis is potentially reversible. In the present study a reversible endoscopic vocal cord laterofixation procedure was used instead of tracheotomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study of 15 consecutive patients aged 33 to 73 years who suffered bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after thyroid surgery. METHODS: The operation was performed endoscopically with a special endo-extralaryngeal needle carrier instrument. Two ends of a monofilament nonresorbable thread were passed above and under the posterior third of the vocal cord and knotted on the prelaryngeal muscles, permitting the creation of an abducted vocal cord position. If movement of one or both vocal cords recovered, the suture was removed. Regular spirometric measurements and radiological aspiration tests were conducted on the patients. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 3 to 40 months, airway stability was demonstrated in all but one patient. After the repeated lateralization procedure, this patient's breathing improved. Partial or complete vocal cord recovery was observed in eight patients. In six patients further voice improvement was achieved when the threads were removed after vocal cord medialization or recovery. Mild postoperative aspirations ceased in the first postoperative days. CONCLUSIONS: This management approach offers an alternative to tracheostomy in the early period of paralysis, avoids terminal loss of voice quality, and provides a "one-stage" solution for permanent bilateral recurrent nerve injuries.     

Sequelae of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after patent ductus arteriosus ligation

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively study the clinical course of neonates with vocal cord paralysis (VCP) after patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of all premature infants undergoing PDA ligation from March 2001 to February 2004. Flexible laryngoscopy was performed after extubation to assess vocal cord function. Data regarding patient characteristics, operative findings, post-operative endoscopic findings, and the subsequent clinical course were collected. RESULTS: One hundred patients were enrolled. Flexible laryngoscopy was performed on 61 patients. Median birth weight was 740 g, gestational age 25 weeks, and age at operation 23 days. Flexible laryngoscopy was performed at an average of 8 days after extubation. Seven cases of vocal cord paralysis were identified. Two had stridor and feeding difficulty requiring nasogastric feeding. Five of the seven had an average follow-up of 9 months after surgery. At last follow-up, endoscopically satisfactory compensation by the normal vocal cord was observed in all five patients. No patient had feeding problems. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of infants who can be successfully extubated after PDA ligation tend to be asymptomatic despite vocal cord paralysis. Compensation appears to occur rapidly, and patients generally have no *long-term problems with the airway or feeding.