Risk management models in netball

Risk management strategies have been used in a wide range of sports. Many issues involved in the implementation of risk management models in sport have not been investigated especially the sport specific and location specific nature of such models. The aim of this study was to ascertain the usefulness of Occupational Health & Safety risk management (RM) models in a mainly voluntary sporting organisation and to investigate the requirements of a netball population in developing "user friendly" risk management plans. The industry RM plans were trialled in a rural setting at various netball associations over a six week period. After these trials focus groups and interviews were conducted and the trials evaluated. The requirements of the netball population for a RM plan were investigated using focus groups from regional and rural areas. The industry RM models presented were not generally accepted by the trial participants. They found that the level of expertise required did not exist in netball at the club/team level. The focus groups on the needs of netball for a user friendly model brought out a number of issues including the specific needs of rural football/netball leagues, the need to develop strategies for all levels of netball (coach, player, umpire, administrator). Barriers to the uptake of risk management models were discussed. An effective RM plan can be developed for voluntary sports associations but they must be specific to the sport and flexible. The RM plan must also take into account the barriers to implementation for each sporting culture.     

原发性痛风危险因素的研究

 目的 探讨原发性痛风的危险因素。方法 病例-对照研究1996年1月～2000年1月专科门诊132名新患者,资料处理采用条件Logistic回归分析。结果 原发痛风的独立危险因素：职业、外向性格、饮酒、高嘌呤膳食、高血压及家族史、冠心病及家族史、目前收缩压和舒张压、体质指数(BMI)、尿酸清除分数、急性痛风关节炎发作部位的外伤史、痛风家族史、甘油脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL)的升高及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇2(HDL2C)的降低。结论 国人对于原发痛风的危险因素应早期预防。     

骨质疏松症的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨骨质疏松症（OP）发生的危险因素,为OP的防治提供理论参考。方法对经骨密度测定确诊的OP患者298例（OP组）和健康体检者298例（非OP组）进行问卷调查,单因素和多因素非条件Logis-tic回归法分析影响OP发生的相关因素。结果单因素分析结果：性别、年龄、BMI、钙营养摄入、动物蛋白摄入、饮用牛奶、居住地、工作环境、运动量、吸烟、饮酒、绝经年龄、糖尿病、骨折史与OP的发生有关;多因素非条件Logistic回归结果显示年龄（OR=2.194,95%CI：1.358～3.544）、钙营养摄入（OR=0.524,95%CI：0.341～0.805）、运动量（OR=0.529,95%CI：0.294～0.951）、骨折史（OR=1.764,95%CI：1.053～2.955）、BMI（OR=0.575,95%CI：0.364～0.908）、动物蛋白摄入（OR=1.689,95%CI：1.159～2.461）、饮酒（OR=1.694,95%CI：1.097～2.618）与OP发生强相关。结论 OP受多种因素影响,加强患者的健康教育,改善生活环境,改变不合理的饮食习惯,坚持锻炼是预防OP发生的关键。     

Risk management in radiology departments

Medical imaging and interventional radiology sustained prompt changes in the last few years, mainly as a result of technology breakthroughs, rise in workload, deficit in workforce and globalization. Risk is considered to be the chance or possibility of incurring loss or of a negative event happening that may cause injury to patients or medical practitioners. There are various causes of risks leading to harm and injury in radiology departments, and it is one of the objectives of this paper to scrutinize some of the causes. This will drive to consideration of some of the approaches that are used in managing risks in radiology. This paper aims at investigating risk management in radiology, and this will be achieved through a thorough assessment of the risk control measures that are used in the radiology department. It has been observed that the major focus of risk management in such medical setting is to reduce and eliminate harm and injury to patients through integration of various medical precautions. The field of Radiology is rapidly evolving due to technology advances and the globalization of healthcare. This ongoing development will have a great impact on the level of quality of care and service delivery. Thus, risk management in radiology is essential in protecting the patients, radiologists, and the medical organization in terms of capital and widening of the reputation of the medical organization with the patients.     

Risk assessment from bitewing radiography.

The effective dose equivalent and the effective dose from bitewing radiography have been estimated for three different X-ray sets under 10 different exposure conditions using the ICRP 26 (1977) and the ICRP 60 (1990) recommendations. The results of dose measurements in the head and neck with an Alderson Rando phantom and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD-100 ribbons) were used (Velders XL et al. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1991; 20: 161-5). The effective dose equivalent (ICRP 26) was calculated using the salivary glands and brain as remainder organs. The highest effective dose equivalent was 11 microSv for the Philips Oralix 50 unit with a round, pointed cone; the lowest was 2 microSv for the X-ray sets with a rectangular open-ended tube. The highest effective dose using the ICRP 60 weighting factors was 4 microSv for the Oralix 50, the lowest 1 microSv for the X-ray sets with a rectangular open-ended tube. The probability of stochastic effects was calculated as at the most 0.18 x 10(-6) using a nominal probability coefficient of 165 x 10(-4) Sv-1 (ICRP 26); when using the ICRP 60 recommendations (where the nominal probability coefficient for stochastic effects including non-fatal cancer is 730 x 10(-4) Sv-1) the maximum probability was 0.25-0.31 x 10(-6). The maximum probability of fatal cancer induction was calculated as 0.18 x 10(-4) for both fatal probability coefficients, 125 x 10(-4) Sv-1 in ICRP 26 and 500 x 10(-4) Sv-1 in ICRP 60. The calculated probability of the total stochastic effects is nearly twice as high when using the new recommendations, whilst the estimated probability of fatal cancer induction is of the same order of magnitude with both.     

Risk Factors for Late Screening Mammography

Background: Breast cancer has the highest incidence of cancers in women in the United States. Previous research has shown that screening mammography contributes to reduced breast cancer mortality. This study aimed to clarify why late screening might occur in an at-risk population.