特重型对冲性颅脑损伤手术体会

目的 总结分析对特重型对冲性颅脑损伤手术治疗体会.方法 回顾性分析12例病人的手术.结果 12例病人的预后优于采用常规手术方法病人的预后.结论 特重型对冲性颅脑损伤的病人宜采用跨中线的筋膜间翼点入路.     

Postintubation hemodynamic effects of intravenous lidocaine in severe traumatic brain injury

Background

The risks of intravenous (IV) lidocaine before rapid sequence induction (RSI) have become a great concern. No study has investigated the hemodynamic effects of IV lidocaine during endotracheal intubation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Objective

We investigated whether the use of IV lidocaine before RSI was associated with postintubation hemodynamic changes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, adults who presented with isolated traumatic brain injury and definite intracranial hemorrhage were included. Patients who presented with other major injuries received prehospital intubation, had initial mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 70 mm Hg, and/or had incomplete medical records were excluded.

Results

A total of 101 patients (82.2% men; mean age, 48.6 ± 19.6 years) were enrolled. Forty-six patients received IV lidocaine in addition to RSI before intubation (group 1), and 55 received RSI without IV lidocaine before intubation (group 2). There were no significant intergroup differences in baseline characteristics, the number of RSI doses, or the RSI dose used, with the exception of sex, diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and diagnosis of subdural hemorrhage. Our results demonstrated no significant intergroup differences in MAP changes or the proportion of patients with hypotension (MAP <70 mm Hg) after intubation. Intravenous lidocaine remained unrelated to significant hypotension after adjusting for variables by logistic regression analysis.

Conclusion

Intravenous lidocaine in addition to RSI before endotracheal intubation was not associated with significant hemodynamic changes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.     

亚低温辅助治疗重型颅脑外伤患者82例

目的探讨亚低温在治疗重型颅脑外伤中的应用价值。方法对连续收治的160例重型颅脑外伤患者,随机分为亚低温治疗组（n=82）和常温组（n=78）,观察两组的治疗效果。结果随访6个月,亚低温组20例轻度残疾、正常生活,24例中残,16例重残,9例植物生存,13例死亡;对照组10例轻度残疾、正常生活,18例中残,16例重残,14例植物生存,20例死亡;两组比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,亚低温组的治疗效果优于常温组。结论亚低温有显著的脑保护作用,能降低重型颅脑外伤患者的死残率,改善预后。     

肠内营养泵在重度颅脑损伤昏迷病人肠内营养液输注中的应用

[目的]探讨肠内营养泵在重度颅脑损伤昏迷病人肠内营养液输注中的应用。[方法]将105例重度颅脑损伤后昏迷的病人随机分成两组,观察组55例采用肠内营养泵匀速输注肠内营养液,对照组50例采用常规的胃管鼻饲。观察两组病人胃肠道并发症发生情况以及血糖、血浆白蛋白水平。[结果]观察组病人死亡3例,改静脉营养治疗2例,对照组死亡4例,改静脉营养治疗8例;观察组病人胃肠道并发症发生率低于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组病人血糖低于对照组,血浆白蛋白水平高于对照组（P〈0．05）。[结论]在重度颅脑损伤昏迷病人肠内营养液输注中应用肠内营养泵,可减少肠道并发症,促进病人的血糖和血浆白蛋白水平稳定。     

重型颅脑外伤后失语症与无失语症患者认知状况的研究

目的：探讨重型颅脑外伤后失语症患者与无失语症患者的认知状况及其与失语症的相关性。方法：选择2007年12月—2008年12月住院或门诊重型脑外伤患者,对符合标准的患者统一采用中国康总研究中心的失语症筛查量表（CRRCAE）进行检测,并结合临床表现、CT或MRI结果将患者分为失语组及无失语组;两组均应用洛文斯顿认知评定成套检测量表(LOTCA)检测;比较两组患者LOTCA检测结果,并将失语组患者CRRCAE量表的各项分值与LOTCA量表各项分值之间进行相关分析。结果：重型脑外伤后失语组患者与无失语组患者在定向、视知觉、空间知觉、动作运作、视运动组织、逻辑思维各项有显著性差异（P<0.01）,失语组患者CRRCAE检查量表与LOTCA检查量表各项结果间有不同的相关性（P<0.01或P<0.05）。结论：重型脑外伤后失语症患者与无失语症患者的认知状况可能存在差异,这种差异可能与失语症的表现有关。     

探讨CRRT在重型颅脑外伤伴中枢性高热患者中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨连续性肾替代治疗(CRRT)在重型颅脑外伤伴中枢性高热患者中的临床应用价值.方法:回顾分析我院2007年4月20日至2011年4月20日入院的87例重型颅脑外伤并发中枢性高热的患者分别采用CRRT治疗或药物降温方法在降温效果、改善GCS评分及预后的比较结果.结果:CRRT组平均体温达标时间为(110.3±27.3) min,对照组为(165.7±58.8)min,两组有统计学差异(P＜0.01);CRRT组及对照组在24 h内体温复燃率分别为71.0％、78.6％,两组无统计学差异(P＞0.05);CRRT组与对照组两组的28 d死亡率分别为38.7％、51.5％,两组无统计学差异(P＞0.05);两组在治疗前后GCS评分亦无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:CRRT在中枢性高热患者中降温效果优于对照组,但利用CRRT技术来降低过高体温以达到改善重型颅脑损伤患者生存率的临床效果欠佳.     

尼莫地平对重型脑损伤患者疗效及预后的影响

目的探讨尼莫地平对重型颅脑损伤患者疗效及预后的影响。方法 6 4例重型颅脑损伤术后患者分为尼莫地平组 32例和常规组 32例 ,治疗前后评定格拉斯哥昏迷量表 (GCS) ,清醒患者评定日常生活活动 (ADL)及认知能力。随访 6个月 ,行格拉斯哥结局量表 (GOS)评定及Barthel指数和简易精神状态检查 (MMSE)评分。结果治疗后两组GCS评分均有明显提高 ,清醒患者MMSE评分尼莫地平组明显高于常规组。 6个月后两组GOS及ADL评分无显著差异 ,尼莫地平组MMSE评分高于常规组。结论尼莫地平可在颅脑损伤早期促进认知功能的恢复。患者的预后主要取决于脑损害的程度     

持续颅内压监护在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的 探讨颅内压持续动态监护在重型颅脑损伤救治中的指导意义.方法 将我院2004年8月至2011年2月收治的124例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为颅内压监护组(62例)和常规治疗组(62例).颅内压监护组根据颅内压的变化随时调整治疗方案,常规治疗组凭经验进行常规的神经外科治疗.结果 颅内压监护组并发急性肾功能衰竭7例,电解质紊乱11例;常规治疗组并发急性肾功能衰竭15例,电解质紊乱25例.颅内压监护组并发症发生率低(x2值为分别为3.54,7.67,P均<0.01).颅内压监护组及常规治疗组甘露醇使用时间分别为(6±2)、(15±3)d,使用剂量分别为(749±125)、(1545±250)g;恢复良好和轻残分别为28、16例,13、9例;重残、植物生存及死亡分别为9、17例,4、7例,8、13例;颅内压监护组较常规治疗组甘露醇使用时间短、剂量小(t值分别为8.32,7.41,P均<0.01),恢复良好和轻残比例高(x2值分别为5.07,3.55,P均<0.01),而重残、植物生存及死亡比例低(x2值分别为0.84,0.89,1.43,P均<0.01).结论 持续颅内压监护有利于早期指导和及时调整治疗措施,降低并发症,改善预后.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the meaning of continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in patients with severe traumatic craniocerebral injury. Methods One hundred and twenty four patients with severe craniocerebral injury treated from August 2004 to February 2011 in our hospital, were enrolled and divided randomly into ICP monitoring group (n = 62) and routine treatment group (n = 62). The patients of ICP monitoring group had adjusted treatment plan according to the changes of ICP at any time, whereas the patients in routine treatment group underwent routine neurosurgical treatment according to the doctors' experience. Results There were 7 cases of acute kidney function failure,and 11 cases of electrolyte disturbances in the ICP group.There were 15 cases of acute kidney function failure, and 25 cases of electrolyte disturbances in the routine group. The complication rate in the ICP group was lower than that in the routine group (x2 =3. 54 and 7.67 for acute kidney function failure and electrolyte disturbances respectively, Ps <0. 01). The days of mannite using were (6±2)dand (15 ±3)d, respectively; the dosage of mannite using were (749 ± 125) g and (1545 ±250) g,respectively. The good recovery and slight disability were 28 and 16 cases in the ICP group, and 13 and 9 cases in the routine group,respectively. The severe disability,vegetative state and death were 9,4 and 8 cases in the ICP group,and 17,7 and 13 cases in the routine group. The days and dosage of mannite using in the ICP group were much less than those in the routine group (t = 8. 32 and 7.41, Ps < 0. 01). The proportion of good recovery and slight disability in the ICP group were higher than those in the routine group(x2 =5. 07 and 3. 55,Ps <0.01). However, the proportion of severe disability, vegetative state and death in the ICP group were lower than those in the routine group (x2 =0.84,0.89 and 1.43, Ps < 0. 01) . Conclusion Continuous ICP monitoring in severe craniocerebral injury shows benefits in directing treatment plan adjustment, reducing complications and improving the prognosis.     

重型创伤性颅脑损伤患者自发性过度通气的研究进展

预防和减轻继发性脑损伤是重型创伤性颅脑损伤（sTBI）患者重症监护治疗过程中的重点和难点。诱导性过度通气（IHV）可通过减少脑血容量快速降低颅内压,但由于脑血管收缩带来的脑血流减少会加重脑组织的缺血缺氧,目前已不再推荐用于sTBI患者的常规治疗。与此同时,以不同程度的低碳酸血症为特征的自发性过度通气（SHV）在急性创伤性脑损伤患者中较为常见,且由于与患者的神经功能不良转归具有明显的相关性,近年来逐渐受到重视。本文从流行病学、病理生理学效应、临床预后及干预措施等角度对SHV在sTBI中的研究现状进行综述,以期提高重症医师的认知水平,进而重视并推动相关临床及基础研究的开展。     

Brain metabolism is significantly impaired at blood glucose below 6 mM and brain glucose below 1 mM in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Introduction  

The optimal blood glucose target following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) must be defined. Cerebral microdialysis was used to investigate the influence of arterial blood and brain glucose on cerebral glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, and calculated indices of downstream metabolism.     

Platelet and plasma levels of glutamate and glutamine in migraine with and without aura

We evaluated plasma and platelet glutamate and glutamine levels in migraine with and without aura during headache-free periods and compared the results with those of normal controls. The plasma and platelet levels of glutamine in migraine with and without aura were normal. Migraine without aura patients had higher glutamate levels in plasma, and normal platelet levels. In migraine with aura patients, glutamate levels were high in platelets, but not in plasma. This suggests different profiles of excitatory amino acid metabolism in migraine with and without aura.     

严重颅脑损伤并发急性肾损伤的时相特征及原因分析

目的 总结严重颅脑损伤并发急性肾损伤(AKI)的发生率和时间分布,探讨发生AKI的原因.方法 回顾性分析2007-01～2010-03我院收治的489例严重颅脑损伤患者资料,比较年龄、性别、动态APACHEⅡ评分、血糖、渗透压、血钠、白细胞计数、肾功能、尿量及脱水剂使用情况等因素在并发AKI患者和未并发AKI患者间的差异.结果 严重颅脑损伤患者并发AKI总发生率为22.09%,伤后5 d内、5～14 d和14 d后发生率分别为4.91%、11.25%和9.00%.5 d内发生AKI者入院24 h内APACHEⅡ评分、血糖显著升高(P<0.01),APACHEⅡ评分是5 d内发生AKI的独立危险因素;5～14 d发生AKI者血钠、渗透压及尿素氮显著升高(P<0.01),尿素氮、血钠、渗透压是5～14 d发生AKI的独立危险因素;14 d后发生AKI者年龄、同期APACHEⅡ评分、血糖、白细胞计数显著升高(P<0.01),APACHEⅡ评分、白细胞计数、年龄是14 d 后发生AKI的独立危险因素.结论 AKI在严重颅脑损伤患者中发病率较高,而不同病程阶段出现AKI的原因可能不同.     

Early ventilation and outcome in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVES: An increase in mortality has been reported with early intubation in severe traumatic brain injury, possibly due to suboptimal ventilation. This analysis explores the impact of early ventilation on outcome in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. DESIGN: Retrospective, registry-based analysis. SETTING: This study was conducted in a large county trauma system that includes urban, suburban, and rural jurisdictions. PATIENTS: Nonarrest trauma victims with a Head Abbreviated Injury Score of > or =3 were identified from our county trauma registry. INTERVENTIONS: Intubated patients were stratified into 5 mm Hg arrival PCO(2) increments. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for each increment, adjusting for age, gender, mechanism of injury, year of injury, preadmission Glasgow Coma Scale score, hypotension, Head Abbreviated Injury Score, Injury Severity Score, PO(2), and base deficit. Increments with the highest relative survival were used to define the optimal PCO(2) range. Outcomes for patients with arrival PCO(2) values inside and outside this optimal range were then explored for both intubated and nonintubated patients, adjusting for the same factors as defined previously. In addition, the independent outcome effect of hyperventilation and hypoventilation was assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 890 intubated and 2,914 nonintubated patients were included. Improved survival was observed for the arrival PCO(2) range 30-49 mm Hg. Patients with arrival PCO(2) values inside this optimal range had improved survival and a higher incidence of good outcomes. Conversely, there was no improvement in outcomes for patients within this optimal PCO(2) range for nonintubated patients after adjusting for all of the factors defined previously. Both hyperventilation and hypoventilation were associated with worse outcomes in intubated but not nonintubated patients. The proportion of arrival PCO(2) values within the optimal range was lower for intubated vs. nonintubated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Arrival hypercapnia and hypocapnia are common and associated with worse outcomes in intubated but not spontaneously breathing patients with traumatic brain injury.     

Gender associations with cerebrospinal fluid glutamate and lactate/pyruvate levels after severe traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: Female sex hormones appear to be neuroprotective after traumatic brain injury by attenuating multiple mechanisms of secondary insult, including excitotoxicity and ischemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between gender and cerebrospinal fluid glutamate and lactate/pyruvate production and the role of hypothermia with gender in attenuating these markers. DESIGN: Prospectively collected data were analyzed for adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Gender comparisons for cerebrospinal fluid glutamate and lactate/pyruvate production were determined using ventricular samples obtained over the first 48 hrs postinjury. SETTING: University-based level I trauma center. PATIENTS: There were 123 patients, male n = 93 and female n = 30 (n = 686 cerebrospinal fluid samples), with severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score < or =8). INTERVENTIONS: A portion of these patients were part of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of (48 hrs) therapeutic hypothermia after severe traumatic brain injury. The remainder received hypothermia (24 hrs) if they met clinical care criteria. Patients were cooled to 32-33 degrees C (within approximately 8 hrs) for either 24 or 48 hrs and then were rewarmed or remained normothermic. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Regression analyses using generalized estimating equations for repeated measures showed significant increases in cerebrospinal fluid glutamate production for males compared with females (p = .0023) and a significant interaction between glutamate concentration, gender, and time (p = .0035) by 24 hrs postinjury. Females had lower lactate/pyruvate ratios than males (p = .0006), and there was a significant interaction between lactate/pyruvate, gender, and time (p = .0045) throughout the first 48 hrs postinjury. Hypothermia attenuated glutamate levels, particularly for males, over the time course studied. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest significant gender differences with glutamate and lactate/pyruvate production after severe traumatic brain injury. Gender- and hormone-mediated differences in central nervous system pathophysiology should be considered with clinical trials in traumatic brain injury.     

The meaning of living with traumatic brain injury in people with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) extensively affects the injured person's daily life. Research based on the perspectives of people with TBI can increase understanding of the challenges they face and the possibility of supporting them in managing their lives. The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning of living with TBI as narrated by the people with moderate or severe TBI. The data were collected by means of qualitative research interviews with 12 participants who had lived with TBI for 4-13 years. A phenomenological hermeneutic method was used to interpret the transcribed interviews. The study showed that people with TBI had lost their way and struggled to achieve a new normalcy. Losing one's way included experiences of waking up to unknown, missing relationships and experiencing the body as an enemy. Participants' struggles to attain a new normalcy included searching for an explanation, recovering the self, wishing to be met with respect, and finding a new way of living. Living with TBI seems to mean living with a perpetually altered body that changed the whole life and caused deep suffering, where feelings of shame and dignity competed with each other. Participants seem to be quite alone in their suffering and need more support from healthcare professionals.     

重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者的康复临床研究

目的：研究重型闭合性颅脑损伤住院患者综合康复治疗的效果以及影响因素。方法：对住院的69例重型颅脑损伤患者进行综合康复治疗，采用Glasgow昏迷量表（GCS）、日常生活能力（ADL）、残疾分级量表（DRS）、简易精神状态检查表（MMSE）等评定疗效并进行统计学分析。结果：本组病例的年龄、病程、治疗时间、GCS、昏迷时间等均有较大差异，其中GCS评分明显受昏迷时间的影响（P＜0．001）；患者的日常生活能力、认知能力和残疾水平均有较大程度的改善（P＜0．001）；手术组认知功能的恢复较非手术组明显（P＜0．05）；日常生活能力的恢复主要受损伤严重程度（GCS评分）和治疗时间的影响（P＜0．05）；认知功能的恢复除受GCS影响外（P＜0．01），病程短恢复好（P＜0．05）。结论：临床综合康复治疗对于重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者各种功能的恢复具有肯定的效果，日常生活能力和认知能力的恢复受颅脑损伤程度的影响、脑损伤患者认知功能的康复体系有待加强。     

重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者早期康复疗效观察

目的观察重症监护室中重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者早期康复的疗效。方法将118 例重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者分为治疗组和对照组各59例,对照组接受呼吸康复、压疮预防、泌尿系护理,治疗组在此基础上进行肢体神经功能康复、认知功能康复比较两组患者治疗前后的Glasgow昏迷量表(GCS)、Fugl Mayer量表评定(FMA)、日常生活活动能力(ADL)测评、残疾分级量表(DRS)测评和简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)评分。结果治疗组患者的GCS、FMA(上肢)、ADL和DRS评分较对照组有显著性差异( P <0.05),MMSE评分无显著性差异( P >0.05)。结论早期康复治疗可以改善重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者的神经功能,认知功能的改善短期内不明显。     

大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者的效果观察

目的探讨大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术对重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者的手术方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年9月采用大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术治疗98例重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者的效果。结果伤后6个月GOS评估法判定其疗效：良好（5分）27例,中残（4分）23例,重残（3分）28例,植物生存（2分）6例,死亡（1分）14例;预后较好（良好和中残）者占51％,预后较差或差（重残、植物生存和死亡）者占49％。结论大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者有较好疗效,能有效降低大骨瓣减压术后并发症的发生。