比较不同类型前置胎盘对妊娠结局的影响

目的分析不同类型前置胎盘对妊娠结局的影响。方法收集我院2012年5月至2013年5月诊治的前置胎盘患者560例作为研究对象,根据超声检查结果将患者分为完全性前置胎盘组(265例),部分性前置胎盘组(69例),边缘性前置胎盘组(226例),对三组患者的妊娠结局进行对比分析。结果研究结果显示,三组患者在产前、产后出血和产前、产后输血及胎盘粘连比例,围生儿窒息等方面比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论不同类型前置胎盘对妊娠结局有着很大的影响,特别是完全性前置胎盘预后最差。     

完全性和部分性前置胎盘对产妇妊娠结局的影响

目的探求比较完全性和部分性两种前置胎盘类型对产妇妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2011年1月~2013年1月于我院生产的前置胎盘孕妇200名作为研究对象,其中完全性和部分性前置胎盘孕妇各100例,待孕妇生产后,比较两组产妇生产后母体情况、生产方式以及新生婴儿状况。结果完全性前置胎盘产妇在产前出血、产后出血、产前产后输血以及失血性休克等不良症状比例均高于部分性前置胎盘组,产妇选择剖宫产生产方式比例更高,完全性前置胎盘组新生婴儿出现窒息、死亡的潜在风险更大,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孕妇的前置胎盘类型对妊娠结局有着重要的影响,较部分性胎盘前置孕妇,完全性胎盘前置孕妇的临床症状表现更为明显,预后也更差,在实际治疗中,应加强对完全性胎盘前置孕妇临床干预。     

前置胎盘（PP）类型与妊娠结局的相关性

目的：分析研究前置胎盘（PP）类型与妊娠结局的相关性。方法盲选本院收治的66例前置胎盘患者,平均分为三组,分别为边缘性、部分性以及完全性前置胎盘,比较观察三组的临床特征以及妊娠结局。结果完全组患者在临床体征方面,其年龄、孕次以及剖宫产史均高于其他两组,妊娠结局情况比较,其子宫切除、产后出血、胎盘植入、胎盘粘连发生均明显高于其他两组,比较P〈0.05差异有统计学意义。结论完全性胎盘前置其妊娠结局最差,因此,应做好完全性前置胎盘的产前监测工作,有利于保证妊娠顺利,使胎儿顺利分娩。     

前置胎盘类型与妊娠结局关系的探讨

目的探讨前置胎盘类型与妊娠结局的关系。方法选择我院前置胎盘患者90例分为两组,A组为44例边缘性前置胎盘,B组46例为部分性和完全性前置胎盘,对两组患者临床表现及妊娠结局做对比分析。结果 B组诊断时孕周及初次出血均明显小于A组(P<0.05),其他各指标的差异不明显。结论前置胎盘患者妊娠结局存在很大差异,没有典型的临床特征,其产前出血状况及类型对妊娠结局不能预测。     

剖宫产史合并前置胎盘对母儿围生期的影响

目的探讨有剖宫产史的前置胎盘围产期并发症。方法回顾性分析该院产科分娩病例中前置胎盘合并剖宫产史与前置胎盘行初次剖宫产的产妇的产前出血、产后出血、胎盘植入率、子宫切除率及新生儿结局。结果两组的平均产前出血量、产后出血发生率无差异（P〈0.05）。但有剖宫产史组的胎盘植入率、子宫切除率、平均产后出血量及产后大量出血发生率、新生儿窒息率及早产率均明显高于前置胎盘初次剖宫产史组（P〈0.05）,并且平均出生体重明显低于后者（P〈0.05）。结论前置胎盘对母儿的生命安全存在严重威胁,其中剖宫产史合并前置胎盘对母儿的危害更大,需引起高度重视。     

256例妊娠高血压综合征患者的产前检查状况分析

目的探讨正规产前检查在妊娠高血压综合征患者中的应用价值。方法将128产前未按时接受正规产检的产妇及128例产前按时接受正规产检的产妇作为观察对象,以接受正规产检检查者为A组,以未接受正规产检者为B组。分别对比两组生产情况。结果 A组流产率明显低于B组(P<0.05),而A组自然生产率及足月产率均明显高于B组。A组妊娠周数及胎儿体质量分别为(39.81±1.61)周及(5.27±1.37)kg,明显高于B组的(37.12±1.11)周及(3.62±1.62)kg(P<0.05)。A组胎儿产后并发症总发生率为16.40%,明显低于B组胎儿产后并发症总发生率为28.57%(P<0.05)。结论妊娠高血压综合征按时接受正规产检可有效的改善患者的妊娠结局。     

前置胎盘妊娠62例结局分析

目的:分析前置胎盘对妊娠结局的影响。方法:选取62例前置胎盘患者作为研究对象,并按患者胎盘前置的严重程度分为边缘性前置胎盘20例(A组)、部分性前置胎盘组22例(B组)和完全性前置胎盘组20例(C组),观察分析三组患者不同前置胎盘的严重程度对妊娠妊娠结局的影响。结果:三组患者比较完全性组妊娠结局不良率、新生儿不良率明显高于部分性组及边缘性组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:无论是边缘性、部分性还是完全性胎盘前置,均对妊娠结局造成一定的不良影响,胎盘前置的严重程度与不良妊娠结局呈正比关系,严重胎盘前置可增加患者及新生儿生命质量的威胁性。     

前置胎盘80例临床分析

目的探讨前置胎盘的类型与产前出血及妊娠结局的关系。方法回顾性分析本院2007年5月至2012年5月收治的80例前置胎盘患者的病例资料。其中完全性前置胎盘26例,部分性前置胎盘24例,边缘性前置胎盘30例,分3组。对其产前出血、妊娠结局进行比较。结果产前初次出血时间、出血次数、出血量、终止妊娠孕周、分娩方式、产后出血、新生儿窒息等比较,3组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论前置胎盘是妊娠晚期严重并发症,其类型与产前出血及妊娠结局关系密切。处理不当可危及母儿生命,应给予高度重视。     

凶险型前置胎盘对孕产妇妊娠结局的影响研究

目的 探讨凶险型前置胎盘对孕产妇妊娠结局的影响。方法 选取2010年1月～2013年12月于本院施行手术治疗的192例前置胎盘患者,根据疾病情况,将32例凶险型前置胎盘患者设为凶险组．将160例普通型前置胎盘患者设为普通组。比较两组患者胎盘植入的差异,评价患者产后出血率、输血率及手术方面的情况。结果 凶险组胎盘植入发生率为53．1％,显著高于普通组的7．5％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;凶险组产后出血发生率为93．8％,显著高于普通组的36．9％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;凶险组输血发生率为71．9％,明显高于普通组的21.3％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。凶险组手术时间长于普通组,产后2、24h出血量多于普通组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 凶险型前置胎盘具有较高的胎盘植入发生率,患者产后出血率、输血率、产后出血量较高。临床应提高凶险型前置胎盘的认识,产前做好预防保健工作,严格掌握剖宫产手术的适应证及禁忌证。     

叙事心理护理对前置胎盘孕妇负性情绪分娩结局的影响

目的 探讨叙事心理护理对前置胎盘孕妇负性情绪分娩结局的影响。方法 选择2019年1月至2020年12月在江西省妇幼保健院分娩的124例前置胎盘产妇作为研究对象,以随机数字表法分为对照组（62例）和观察组（62例）。对照组予以常规护理,观察组在此上施以叙事心理护理,干预后评估两组的护理效果,比较两组护理前后孕妇负性情绪情况,比较两组妊娠结局及产后不良事件发生率。结果 护理后,观察组HAMD、HAMA评分均低于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组孕妇产前出血率、产后出血率、剖宫产率及胎盘植入率均低于对照组（P <0.05）,新生儿出生Apgar评分高于对照组（P <0.05）;观察组发生产后感染、产后贫血、产后大出血,新生儿窒息的总发生率低于对照组（P <0.05）。结论 将叙事心理护理用于前置胎盘孕妇的护理过程中能够有效改善孕妇的负性情绪和不良妊娠结局,降低不良事件发生率。     

Safety assessment of poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, poloxamer 105 benzoate, and poloxamer 182 dibenzoate as used in cosmetics

Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD(50) values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m(3) identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal toxicity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, or organ weight changes. A 6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day(-1)), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day(-1)), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day(-1)) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day(-1) for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anticarcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.     

HPLC法测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱

目的 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时测定抗妇炎胶囊中木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱10种活性成分。方法 采用InerSustain AQ-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相A：乙腈–无水乙醇（80∶20）,流动相B：0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长220 nm,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10 μL。结果 木兰花碱、黄柏碱、药根碱、巴马汀、小檗碱、槐果碱、苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、槐定碱和氧化苦参碱分别在2.69～134.50、1.95～97.50、0.63～31.50、0.86～43.00、11.95～597.50、0.59～29.50、6.08～304.00、4.85～242.50、1.66～83.00、19.79～989.50 μg/mL线性关系良好（r≥0.999 3）;平均回收率分别为99.11%、98.23%、96.95%、97.78%、100.02%、97.21%、99.66%、99.52%、98.81%、100.08%,RSD值分别为1.04%、1.23%、1.37%、1.65%、0.70%、1.28%、0.65%、0.81%、1.11%、0.63%。结论 建立的HPLC法可用于抗妇炎胶囊中10种活性成分的测定,作为抗妇炎胶囊质量控制方法。     

Arformoterol: (R,R)-eformoterol, (R,R)-formoterol, arformoterol tartrate, eformoterol-sepracor, formoterol-sepracor, R,R-eformoterol, R,R-formoterol

Sepracor in the US is developing arformoterol [R,R-formoterol], a single isomer form of the beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol [eformoterol]. This isomer contains two chiral centres and is being developed as an inhaled preparation for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Sepracor believes that arformoterol has the potential to be a once-daily therapy with a rapid onset of action and a duration of effect exceeding 12 hours. In 1995, Sepracor acquired New England Pharmaceuticals, a manufacturer of metered-dose and dry powder inhalers, for the purpose of preparing formulations of levosalbutamol and arformoterol. Phase II dose-ranging clinical studies of arformoterol as a longer-acting, complementary bronchodilator were completed successfully in the fourth quarter of 2000. Phase III trials of arformoterol began in September 2001. The indications for the drug appeared to be asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, an update of the pharmaceutical product information on the Sepracor website in September 2003 listed COPD maintenance therapy as the only indication for arformoterol. In October 2002, Sepracor stated that two pivotal phase III studies were ongoing in 1600 patients. Sepracor estimates that its NDA submission for arformoterol, which is projected for the first half of 2004, will include approximately 3000 adult subjects. Sepracor stated in July 2003 that it had completed more than 100 preclinical studies and initiated or completed 15 clinical studies for arformoterol inhalation solution for the treatment of bronchospasm in patients with COPD. In addition, Sepracor stated that the two pivotal phase III studies in 1600 patients were still progressing. In 1995, European patents were granted to Sepracor for the use of arformoterol in the treatment of asthma, and the US patent application was pending.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

Oral Presentations (LDD, LPES, LNM, LPAT, LNT, LPPT, LPM)

Probiotic microorganisms have been shown to provide specific health benefits when consumed as food supplements or as food components. The main problem of such products is the poor survival of the probiotic bacteria in the low pH of gastric fluid. However the use of synthetic excipients for enteric coating to prevent the exposure of microorganisms to gastric fluid is limited in food supplementary industry. Therefore the aim of this study was to develop an enteric coating formulation containing shellac as a natural polymer. Shellac possesses good resistance to gastric juice; the major disadvantage of this polymer is its low solubility in the intestinal fluid [1, 2]. Thus films containing different ratios of shellac and water-soluble polymers (sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP)) or plasticizers (glycerol and glyceryl triacetate (GTA)) were prepared in order to analyse the films’ melting temperatures (T_m), the changes in enthalpy (ΔH), their capability of taking up water, and their solubility in different media. The release characteristics of the films were studied by loading pellets with Enterococcus faecium M74 and coating them with formulations containing different amounts of shellac and polymer or plasticized shellac. Using dissolution tests, performed according to USP XXXI paddle method, the resistance of the coatings to simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and the release of cells in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 6.8) was investigated.The trials showed that an increasing amount of plasticizer results in a decrease of T_m and ΔH of the films whereat glycerol had a superior plasticization effect to GTA. The compatibility of films made of water-soluble polymers and shellac was also concentration dependent. HPMC and PVP showed superior compatibility with shellac compared to sodium alginate, since films containing shellac and more than 10% [w/w] sodium alginate tended to separate into two phases. In the end five formulations containing shellac and either 5% [w/w] glycerol, 10% [w/w] PVP, 20% [w/w] PVP, 10% [w/w] HPMC, or 5% [w/w] sodium alginate emerged as feasible for enteric coating purposes.