重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子预处理脂肪干细胞联合自体脂肪移植用于隆乳术的多中心、随机临床对照试验

目的:评价重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(rh-aFGF)预处理脂肪干细胞(adipose derived stem cells,ADSCs)联合自体脂肪移植用于隆乳术的临床效果及安全性。方法:入选3个研究医院的接受自体脂肪移植的隆乳术114例患者,所有患者均自下腹或大腿部抽取脂肪组织并提取ADSCs5ml。治疗组62例将ADSCs与填充用脂肪组织均匀混合后给予rh-aFGF3-4支/次预处理后,多次处理后,注射于患者乳房内。对照组52例,除不加rh-aFGF外,同治疗组操作。术后测量患者乳房隆起值评估注射后并发症发生情况,并于2周、1个月、3个月、6个月进行随访,以术后2周隆起值评估患者隆起的维持效果。结果:治疗组术后1个月、术后3个月隆起增加值分别为(13.8±2.9)mm,(12.9±3.6)mm。对照组术后1个月、术后3个月隆起增加值分别为(12.4±1.7)mm,(11.2±1.4)mm。对照组脂肪隆起减少更明显。另外,治疗组术后1个月、术后3个月隆起维持率分别为86.7%、80.0%。对照组术后1个月、术后3个月隆起维持率分别为66.7%,59.5%。两组比较均具有统计学差异(P0.05)。术后随访显示,治疗组脂肪液化发生率低于对照组(1.6%vs9.6%,P0.05)。结论:rh-aFGF预处理脂肪干细胞联合自体脂肪移植用于隆乳术临床效果确切,术后并发症更少、维持效果更好。     

Engineered adipose tissue formation enhanced by basic fibroblast growth factor and a mechanically stable environment

Engineered adipose tissue can be used in plastic and reconstructive surgery to augment soft tissue lost due to mastectomy or lumpectomy. The three-dimensional space provided by a scaffold capable of withstanding in vivo compressive forces and neovascularization may promote engineered adipose tissue formation. The objective of this study was to determine whether voluminous adipose tissue can be engineered by combining a mechanically stable environment with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Mechanical support structures, fabricated from biodegradable synthetic polymers, were placed into subcutaneous pockets of athymic mice. Human preadipocytes, containing fibrin matrix, with (group 1) or without (group 2) bFGF were injected into the space created by the support structures. Additionally, human preadipocytes containing fibrin matrix, with (group 3) or without (group 4) bFGF, were injected into subcutaneous spaces without support structures. Six weeks after implantation, the original implant volume was approximately maintained in groups 1 and 2, whereas groups 3 and 4 showed significant implant shrinkage. Adipogenesis and angiogenesis were more extensive in the group 1 than any other group. The fraction of human nuclear antigen-positive adipocytes in the implant was highest in group 1. Mouse adipocyte-specific genes were also expressed in the implants, again at the highest levels in group 1. Implanted preadipocyte apoptosis was significantly reduced in the groups treated with bFGF (groups 1 and 3) as opposed to those without (groups 2 and 4). This study demonstrates that combining a mechanically stable environment with bFGF can promote voluminous adipose tissue regeneration. This adipogenesis was likely promoted by the mechanically stable three-dimensional space, enhanced neovascularization, implanted cell survival, and host adipogenic cell migration. The method described in this study could be useful to augment adipose tissue used in plastic and reconstructive surgery.     

Electrolytic ablation as an adjunct to liver resection: Safety and efficacy in patients

Background: Electrolytic ablation is a relatively new method for the local destruction of colorectal liver metastases. Experimental work in animal models has shown this method to be safe and efficacious. However, before proceeding to clinical trials it was necessary to confirm these findings in a pilot study of five patients. Methods: Five patients with colorectal liver metastases were studied prospectively. Each patient underwent a potentially curative liver resection. One of the metastases to be removed was treated using electrolysis before resection. Each patient was monitored closely during and after electrolysis to determine any morbidity associated with the treatment. Once resected, the metastases were examined histologically for completeness of ablation. Results: All patients tolerated the electrolysis well; there were no deaths or complications related to the treatment. Histological examination of the resected metastases which had been treated electrolytically showed complete tissue destruction with no viable malignant cells remaining at the site of treatment. Discussion: This pilot study of electrolytic ablation of liver metastases in five patients showed the treatment to be well tolerated and safe. Additionally, it demonstrated total destruction of the malignant tissue at the site of electrolysis. Based on these encouraging results, clinical trials can now begin.     

Komplikationen bei Eingriffen am Fettgewebe

Liposuction is the most frequent aesthetic procedure worldwide for adipose tissue reduction and treatment of lipedema. It is being employed with increasing frequency. In 2010, in the USA more than 200.000 liposuctions were performed. Apart from aesthetic indications, liposuction also is suitable for treatment of benign adipose tissue diseases. This intervention is not a simple procedure but requires extensive knowledge and experience to prevent irreversible medical or aesthetic complications. Severe complications including necrotizing fasciitis, toxic shock syndrome, hemorrhage, perforation of inner organs und pulmonary embolism – some even with lethal outcome – occasionally have been reported. These complications were mostly due to inadequate hygiene measures, inappropriate patient selection, use of excessive local anesthesia during mega-liposuction (tumescent technique) and inadequate post-operative surveillance. The complication rate usually reflects a lack of medical experience as well as technical inadequacies.     

Management of herniated retroperitoneal adipose tissue during endoscopic extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty

BACKGROUND: Herniation of retroperitoneal adipose tissue into the inguinal canal, traditionally called cord lipoma, is frequently encountered during endoscopic totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernioplasty (TEP). Failure to recognize and manage the cord lipoma accounted for 30%-50% of recurrent hernia after TEP. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and management of herniated retroperitoneal adipose tissue during TEP. METHODS: Between December 2002 and November 2005 all patients who underwent TEP were prospectively evaluated for the presence of cord lipoma. Clinical outcomes of patients who were treated for their cord lipoma were compared with those without cord lipoma. Risk factors for the occurrence of cord lipoma were also examined. RESULTS: A total of 498 patients underwent unilateral (n = 386) or bilateral (n = 112) TEP. The overall incidence of cord lipoma was 26.5% (n = 132). A higher body weight, a higher body mass index, and a larger hernial defect were significantly associated with the presence of cord lipoma. Most of the cord lipoma cases (n = 119) were reduced to pelvic peritoneal reflection line after division of the feeding vessels from surrounding structures, while the rest (n = 13) were resected. Early postoperative outcomes, including pain score, morbidities, and other recovery variables, showed no significant difference between the two groups. No recurrence occurred in the present series. CONCLUSIONS: Herniation of retroperitoneal adipose tissue into the inguinal canal occurred in more than one-fifth of the patients with inguinal hernia. Awareness and appropriate treatment of the cord lipoma helped to reduce the risk of recurrence. During TEP, the internal inguinal ring and inguinal canal should always be cleared of any herniated adipose tissue by either reduction or resection. This clearing posed no adverse effects on postoperative outcome.     

Extensive traumatic pneumomediastinum. without injuries of organs in the thorax: report of a case

A 57-year-old man was accidentally hit by concrete blocks weighing 3 tons on his right side, and was admitted to a hospital. The radiologic findings taken immediately after trauma demonstrated pneumo-mediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema with multiple rib fractures and right clavicle fracture. At computed tomography (CT) scan 16 hours after trauma, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema turned out to be worsened with an increased bilateral pleural effusion. An emergency thoracotomy revealed no abnormalities of trachea or esophagus, and neither bronchoscopy or esophagogastroscopy, showed injuries anywhere inside. The chest cavities and mediastinum were washed well with 3 liters of saline solution. The patient had a good course after surgery without any complications, and was discharged at the 18th hospital day. Mediastinal drainage by an emergency operation should always be a choice to a patient having a progressively worsening pneumomediastinum which might cause tachycardia, low blood pressure, and severe dyspnea due to compression of blood vessels and trachea.     

Inflammation and infarction of adipose tissue: implications in bariatric surgery

Fat necrosis occurs more frequently in patients who have obesity and diabetes mellitus and is linked to worsening of diabetes. Little evidence is available about surgical complications that are related to inflammation and necrosis of adipose tissue. We report two cases of young women with diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery and had complications resulting from extensive inflammation and necrosis of adipose tissue. The first patient was diagnosed with omental infarction, which is a type of fat necrosis that is rarely associated with obesity and bariatric surgery. The second patient had an intraoperative finding of mesenteric panniculitis, which resulted in an intra-operative change in the choice of bariatric surgery to do a sleeve gastrectomy instead of a gastric bypass. Surgeons who perform surgery on bariatric patients must be aware of complications related to excessive amount of adipose tissue.     

Quality of life after salvage cryotherapy: the impact of treatment parameters.

PURPOSE: Cryotherapy has emerged as a promising salvage therapy option for treatment of locally recurrent prostate cancer after initial therapy. In this retrospective study we evaluate patient quality of life after salvage cryotherapy and correlate complications impairing quality of life with specific cryotherapy treatment parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A modified UCLA Prostate Cancer Index measuring health related quality of life was sent to 150 patients who underwent salvage cryotherapy between July 1992 and April 1995. We evaluated the relationships among incontinence, pain, impotence, sloughing of tissue and problematic voiding symptoms, and cryotherapy treatment parameters, including use of a urethral warming catheter, number of cryotherapy probes and number of freeze-thaw cycles. We also evaluated patient overall degree of satisfaction with the procedure. RESULTS: Of 150 surveys 112 (74%) were returned. Mean followup was 16.7 months (range 0.5 to 31.5). Treatment without an effective urethral warming catheter was highly associated with urinary incontinence (p<0.003), perineal pain (p<0.001), tissue sloughing (p<0.003) and American Urological Association symptom score greater than 20 (p<0.004). Impotence was higher in the double freeze-thaw cycle group (p<0.05). Overall satisfaction with cryotherapy was 33%. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life may be compromised by urinary incontinence, impotence, tissue sloughing, problematic voiding symptoms and/or perineal pain in a substantial number of patients following salvage cryotherapy. Effective urethral warming is essential in reducing complications and maximizing quality of life. Salvage cryotherapy does not appear to offer any quality of life advantages compared to salvage prostatectomy.     

Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reaction to Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Gel

BACKGROUND: Injectable hyaluronic acid gel is a non-animal biomaterial used for soft tissue augmentation. OBJECTIVE: The dermal implantation of this naturally occurring polysaccharide is reported to be well tolerated by patients, with a longer duration in tissue than bovine collagen without any major local or systemic side effects. We report a case of an acute hypersensitivity reaction in a woman after her third injection for improvement of melolabial fold wrinkles. METHODS: An adverse granulomatous-like response to the intradermal injection of a modified hyaluronic acid gel is described. RESULTS: The patient developed indurated and erythematous papulocystic nodules in the melolabial folds bilaterally at the sites of injection. CONCLUSION: Injectable hyaluronic acid gel can be associated with severe allergic reactions and patients should be warned of this possible treatment side effect.     

内脏脂肪组织与结直肠癌发病风险及预后关系研究进展

内脏脂肪组织比皮下脂肪组织有更高的代谢活性,促进胰岛素抵抗和分泌促炎细胞因子,可视为一个内分泌和旁分泌器官。大量的内脏脂肪组织阻挡手术视野,促进胰岛素抵抗和炎症通路,直接或间接影响结直肠癌的发生风险、术后并发症发生率、生存时间以及辅助治疗疗效。外科医生通过健康体检和术前检查评估内脏脂肪组织数量,有助于向病人提供更适合的预防建议、手术规划以及预后预测。     

Autotransplantation of diseased parathyroid glands into subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue

From October 1981 to the end of 1984, 13 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and 17 with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) received fresh autografts of diseased parathyroid tissue into their subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Because of previous surgery to treat hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (23%), concomitant thyroid surgery (26%), and a high proportion of multiglandular disease (73%), the patients were at high risk for HPT. During the follow-up period, hypercalcemia was diagnosed in five patients and successfully treated in four: by graft excision in two patients, by excision of a fourth gland from the neck in one patient, and with prednisolone in a patient with sarcoidosis. At follow-up (an average of 30 months after grafting), one patient had HPT and 29 others were euparathyroid. Parathyroid tissue can survive and function in adipose tissue, as was demonstrated by normocalcemia in 14 patients (whose only probable remaining parathyroid tissue had been transplanted into fat), by the demonstration that graft-dependent hypercalcemia could be eliminated by excision of the transplant, and by the demonstration of viable parathyroid tissue by microscopic examination of excised grafts. Autotransplantation of diseased parathyroid tissue into fat is simple and reliable. In cases of recurrent HPT, all or a portion of the graft can be removed while the patient is under local anaesthesia. If infiltrating growth occurs, broad excisions can be performed without sacrificing vital structures.     

Management of Morel-Lavallee Lesion Associated with Pelvic and/or Acetabular Fractures

Objective  Management of Morel-Lavallee soft tissue lesion (MLL) in patients with associated pelvic and/or acetabular fractures is still under discussion. Especially, the sequence of treatment of MLL soft tissue management and osteosynthesis of pelvic and acetabular injury remains controversial. Methods  We report all consecutive patients with MLL associated with pelvic ring and/or acetabular fractures during an 8-year period at our hospital. Surgical access and techniques were analyzed concerning complications and outcome. Results  Altogether, 20 patients were included in the study. One patient was treated conservatively and MLL healed without complications; 19 patients had an operative treatment of MLL. In 15 patients debridement was performed within one day after injury and in four patients with delay of 5 days at least. Ten patients had surgery for an associated pelvic ring or acetabular fracture. In four of them MLL was operated before, in six patients simultaneously to osteosynthesis. In three patients, the same surgical approach for osteosynthesis and debridement of MLL was used; none of them showed postoperative complications. Altogether, in nine operated patients (47.4%) MLL healed without any complications. Nine operated patients presented prolonged wound healing, however, during long term follow-up, all patients showed complete healing of the MLL. One patient died during resuscitive surgical procedures. Conclusions  We recommend debridement for early and delayed treatment of MLL. Osteosynthesis during first debridement may be performed without adverse outcome. Identical surgical access for both procedures can be used. In case of repeated surgical debridement VAC^? therapy may be a helpful tool for dead space reduction and wound conditioning.     

聚氨酯-胶原蛋白复合人工食管替换犬颈段食管的实验研究

目的 采用生物可降解材料与非降解材料复合制成人工食管，通过诱导自身食管组织爬行再生与生物材料降解相匹配，最终新生食管完全替代人工食管。方法 将医用聚氨酯内管表面覆盖海绵状胶原蛋白膜制成人工食管，并通过手术置换20条犬颈段5cm食管缺损，术后给予营养支持，禁食4周后通过内镜取出聚氨酯内管。结果 术后发生吻合口瘘4条（20%），14条（70%）存活1个月以上，其中食管狭窄5条（25%），存活达8个月的3条。现仍存活良好，未见明显并发症。术后1个月，新生食管完全上皮化；术后3个月，粘膜全层结构完整再生；术后6个月，食管肌层部分再生。结论 聚氨酯-胶原蛋白复合人工食管置换犬颈段食管具有可行性，通过聚氨酯内管提供暂时支撑，海绵状胶原蛋白膜提供适宜细胞爪爬行再生的三维支架并维持足够长的降解时间，能够促使自身食管的完全再生。     

Conversion of locally inoperable primary rectal cancer with multiple liver metastases to an option for cure after local down-staging and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

AIMS: This case report presents a patient with local unresectable primary rectal cancer and multiple synchronous liver metastases. METHODS: The treatment consisted of primary tumor resection after down-staging by local irradiation followed by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. RESULTS: The patient is now without any signs of tumor growth 44 months after beginning of treatment.     

Retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery of renal tumor using a microwave tissue coagulator without renal ischemia: comparison with open procedure

PURPOSE: It is ideal to use not a transperitoneal but a retroperitoneal approach for both open and endoscopic partial nephrectomy. We compared the results of retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery for small renal tumors using a microwave tissue coagulator without renal pedicle clamping with those of a retroperitoneal open procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2002, eight patients with small renal tumors underwent retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy without renal ischemia, and nine patients with small renal tumors underwent open partial nephrectomy via a retroperitoneal approach. Both groups were operated on using a microwave tissue coagulator. RESULTS: Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy without renal ischemia was performed without any major or minor complications in any patient. The mean operation time for retroperitoneoscopic surgery was significantly longer than that for open partial nephrectomy (221.9 minutes v 145.9 minutes; P = 0.0004). However, the mean estimated blood loss for retroperitoneoscopic surgery was less than that for open partial nephrectomy (137.5 mL v 334.8 mL; P = 0.012). In addition, the retroperitoneoscopic group seemed to recover more rapidly than the open surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic nephron-sparing surgery of small renal tumors using a microwave tissue coagulator without renal ischemia is feasible as minimally invasive procedure. It results in saving renal function, minimal blood loss, and rapid recovery.     

Comparison of different fabrication techniques for human adipose tissue engineering in severe combined immunodeficient mice

Adipose tissue engineering has been advocated for soft‐tissue augmentation and for the treatment of soft tissue defects. The efficacy in terms of persistence of the engineered fat is, however, not yet understood and could depend on the nature of fabrication and application. The high metabolic demand of adipose tissue also points to the problem of vascularization. Endothelial cell (EC) cotransplantation could be a solution. Human adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells were seeded on collagen microcarriers and submitted to adipogenic differentiation (“microparticles”). In a first run of experiments, these microparticles were implanted under the skin of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice (n = 45) with and without the addition of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). A group of carriers without any cells served as control. In a second run, adipose tissue constructs were fabricated by embedding microparticles in fibrin matrix with and without the addition of HUVEC, and were also implanted in SCID mice (n = 30). The mice were sacrificed after 12 days, 4 weeks, and 4 months. Mature adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, and acellular regions were quantified on whole‐specimen histological sections. The implantation of microparticles showed a better sustainment of tissue volume and a higher degree of mature adipose tissue compared with adipose tissue constructs. Immunohistology proved obviously perfused human tissue‐engineered vessels. There was a limited but not significant advantage in EC cotransplantation after 4 weeks in terms of tissue volume. In groups with EC cotransplantation, there were significantly fewer acellular/necrotic areas after 4 weeks and 4 months. In conclusion, the size of the implanted tissue equivalents is a crucial parameter, affecting volume maintenance and the gain of mature adipose tissue. EC cotransplantation leads to functional stable vascular networks connecting in part to the host vasculature and contributing to tissue perfusion; however, the long‐term benefit depends on additional basic conditions that need further research.     

The use of beta-adrenergic blockade in preventing trauma-induced hepatomegaly

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that hepatomegaly in burned children can be attenuated or reversed by blocking lipolysis and reducing free fatty acids delivered to the liver. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Accelerated lipolysis in severely burned children has been shown to play an important role in the accumulation of hepatic TGs. Severely burned children who survive 10 days or more after injury commonly have enlarged livers often twice or more normal size for their sex, age, and weight. METHODS: Ninety-eight children, 2 to 18 years of age, with burns covering more than 40% of their body surface and who received either propranolol (beta-adrenergic blockade) or placebo were studied. Liver weights were measured by ultrasonic scanning. Body composition changes were identified by dual-image x-ray absorptiometry and validated by whole-body potassium-40 scintillation counting. Discarded abdominal cutaneous adipose tissue was collected before and after propranolol or placebo for microarray analysis. RESULTS: In 80% of severely burned children studied not receiving propranolol, liver sizes increased by 100% or more while 86% of burned children receiving propranolol showed a decrease or no change in liver size over the same period of time after injury. Gene expression patterns of adipose tissue after propranolol treatment showed that all of the identified genes related to lipid metabolism were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS: Data reported here support the hypothesis that beta-adrenergic blockade can reduce delivery of fatty acids to the liver and hepatic congestion commonly found in severely burned children by inhibiting lipolysis and reducing hepatic blood flow.     

Pulmonary tractotomy versus lung resection: viable options in penetrating lung injury.

BACKGROUND: Emergency lung resection following penetrating chest trauma has been associated with mortality rates as high as 55-100%. Pulmonary tractotomy is advocated as a rapid alternative method of dealing with deep lobar injuries. We reviewed our experience with resection and tractotomy to determine whether method of management affects mortality or if patient presentation is more critical in determining outcome. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients with chest injury seen at an urban Level I trauma center from 2/89-1/99 was performed. All patients undergoing parenchymal surgery were included. Records were abstracted for grade of injury, type of resection, presenting systolic blood pressure (SBP), temperature, Injury Severity Score (ISS), operative time, and estimated blood loss (EBL). Mortality and thoracic complications were compared between groups. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six of 2736 patients with penetrating chest trauma underwent thoracotomy, with 70 (28%) requiring some form of lung resection. There were 11 (15.7%) deaths. Patients who died had lower SBP (53 +/- 32 mm Hg vs 77 +/- 28 mm Hg), lower temperature (32.5 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees C vs 34.3 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees C), higher ISS (33 +/- 13 vs 23 +/- 9), and greater EBL (9.8 +/- 4.3 liters vs 2.8 +/- 2.1 liters) compared with survivors (p < 0.05 for all). Mortality was also increased in the presence of cardiac injury (33% with vs 12% without) and the need for laparotomy (26% with vs 9% without) (p < 0.05 for all). Tractotomy was associated with an increased incidence of chest complications (67% vs 24%, p = 0.05) compared with lobectomy with no difference in presenting physiology, operative time, or mortality. CONCLUSION: Lung resection for penetrating injuries can be done safely with morbidity and mortality rates lower than previously reported. Patient outcome is related to severity of injury rather than type of resection. Tractotomy is associated with a higher incidence of infectious complications and is not associated with shortened operative times or survival.     

Pancreatography after recovery from massive pancreatic necrosis.

Massive retroperitoneal necrosis may follow life-threatening acute pancreatitis. At delayed operation, the surgeon may not be able to delineate dead pancreas from dead adipose tissue. The question arises: has "gloved hand" debridement resulted in pancreatectomy? The histologists report only "necrotic debris, of uncertain origin." To obtain objective data, pancreatography was performed in 13 patients, 10 weeks to 23 months after onset of massive pancreatic necrosis. Each patient had required delayed laparotomy for debridement and external drainage at some earlier stage of their illness. Pancreatography was correlated with the clinical assessment of diabetes and steatorrhea. Except in specific cases involving internal fistulae, pancreatography has not been previously reported in such patients. The results demonstrate that the main pancreatic duct usually maintained its normal length and configuration. Necrosis or stricture of the main duct, if it occurred, was more likely to be followed by diabetes. Steatorrhea was clinically detected in a single patient only. The necrotic tissue, up to several kilograms in wet weight, is largely dead adipose tissue. The pancreas, especially its head, is resistant to necrosis, much more resistant than is the retroperitoneal fat.