The epidemiologic necropsy for abdominal aortic aneurysm

The epidemiologic necropsy measures the occurrence of unsuspected disease through the examination of necropsy records. The estimates of unsuspected disease should approximate what occurs in the living population. The necropsy records of the University of Kansas Medical Center (Kansas City) from 1950 to 1984 were examined for the occurrence rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Each adult patient was categorized as (1) without abdominal aortic aneurysm, (2) abdominal aortic aneurysm discovered as a necropsy surprise, or (3) abdominal aortic aneurysm diagnosed or suspected during life. Necropsy detection rates of unsuspected abdominal aortic aneurysms were compared with those found in five published screening surveys. The necropsy detection rate in men was 81 (0.019) of 4155 and was 28 (0.009) of 3142 in women, a difference that was statistically significant. When the necropsy series was adjusted to reflect the same demographic composition as the screening surveys, the results from necropsy and screening were statistically similar. In particular, two surveys from the United Kingdom showed screening detection rates among white men of 0.072 compared with a necropsy detection rate of 0.058. These results further support the use of the epidemiologic necropsy as a research tool for estimating the reservoir of disease in the population.     

Pulmonary embolism in surgical patients: 1959-79

The Edinburgh surgical statistics (audit) have been analysed for the years 1959, 1964, 1969, 1974, and 1979 to determine the trends in pulmonary embolism in surgical patients who died. There was a total of 61,038 operations, 1528 postoperative deaths, 804 necropsies, and 158 reported pulmonary emboli. The incidence of embolism diagnosed clinically and at necropsy fell throughout the period. This fall held good after corrections for necropsy rates, prognosis, and proportions of major operations. Although the overall necropsy rate fell from 58% to 40%, in patients expected to have a good prognosis the rate rose from 68% to 75%. Necropsy-proved embolism in "good prognosis" patients fell from 0.5% to 0.15% per 100 major operations. The main reduction has taken place since most surgeons in the area adopted methods of prophylaxis against venous thrombosis, but a direct relationship is not proved by this study.     

辽宁省双台子区1998-2008年麻疹发病情况及免疫效果分析

目的：探讨双台子区1998-2008年麻疹的流行病学特征及免疫效果分析,为进一步控制和消除麻疹提供决策依据。方法：描述性分析双台子区1998-2008年麻疹流行的季节分布、职业分布、年龄分布及性别分布;对麻疹疫苗接种率与发病率做相关分析。结果：麻疹发病的性别差异不明显,男女发病率之比为1.09：1;3-5月为麻疹发病的季节高峰;开展免疫接种后发病率呈逐年下降的趋势,平均发病率为0.09／10万,发病率与接种率两者呈高度负相关（P＜0.01）;婴幼儿和成人发病占总体的比例显著增大,出现“双相移位”现象。结论：预防婴幼儿和成人发病,强化麻疹疫苗的免疫接种,是双台子区现阶段消除麻疹工作的关键。     

安徽某医学院高级职称体检人群脂肪肝及代谢综合征分析

目的：了解安徽某医学院副高级及以上职称教师代谢综合征（MS）和脂肪肝的患病情况及相关因素,并对脂肪肝与MS及其组分的相关性进行分析.方法：按照中华医学会关于MS和脂肪肝的诊断标准,对2010 ～2012年某医学院副高级及以上职称教师3年体检资料进行统计分析,观察体检人群中超重或肥胖、高血糖、高血压、MS的检出率及脂肪肝的患病率.结果：3年体检资料MS检出率分别为23.9％（27/113）、16.7％（19/114）和14.4％（16/111）,各年不同性别间检出率差异均无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）;MS相关因素检出率血脂紊乱最高,其次为高血压、超重或肥胖,高血糖检出率最低;脂肪肝3年患病率依次为27.4％、32.5％和35.1％,各年不同性别间检出率差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;脂肪肝与超重或肥胖、高三酰甘油水平均呈正相关关系（P＜0.01）.结论：超重或肥胖、血脂紊乱及高血压是体检人群MS健康干预的重点;脂肪肝与MS及其组分具有相关性,超重或肥胖、高三酰甘油可能为体检人群脂肪肝的主要危险因素。     

肠白塞病一例诊治并文献复习

本文通过总结1例典型成人肠白塞病患者的临床资料并复习相关文献,对肠白塞病的临床特点、诊断、治疗进展等方面进行讨论,以提高对本病的认识,做到早发现、早治疗,减少漏诊、误诊及各种并发症的发生。     

神经肌电图在腕管综合征诊断中的应用与研究进展

神经肌电图不仅可了解神经功能状态,而且可用于早期发现疾病、鉴别诊断和预后的判断等方面应用。本文简要介绍了神经肌电图常用的检测指标、检查方法和临床意义,详细阐述了近年来神经肌电图在腕管综合征诊断中的应用研究现状,目前检查中存在的主要常见问题,并提出了未来可能的主要发展方向。研究结果为神经肌电图在腕管综合征临床诊断应用提供参考依据。     

“血尿”“三问十二字”临床教学思路探讨

血尿是肾病科常见的临床表现,对于血尿的病因诊断分析在临床中不容易掌握,有漏诊的风险,因此需要系统而全面的诊断思路。我科在临床教学中总结了"三问十二字"的教学思路,收到较好的效果。三问包括第一问尿液呈现红色是否为血尿?第二问为符合血尿是否为病理状态?第三问为血尿一定是否只有肾脏疾病?通过三问来明确血尿的定义,并逐渐剖析临床非血尿、真性血尿、假性血尿、内科性血尿以及外科性血尿的意义。再通过内科性血尿的特点高度概括出"十二个字",以帮助学生区分内科性血尿及外科性血尿。通过"三问十二字"的深入浅出学习,可以将血尿复杂的诊断思路由繁入简掌握,并实践于临床。     

Rickettsialpox. Case report and epidemiologic review.

In recent years, rickettsialpox was infrequently reported: one case per year was recorded by the Public Health Service during the past 15 years. We observed a case of rickettsialpox in New York City and reviewed the clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiologic features. Records of the New York City Health Department showed that serum samples from only six patients were submitted for serological testing for rickettsialpox during the past ten years, suggesting that although the disease is uncommon now, clinicians may be failing to recognize and diagnose rickettsialpox, as it may occur more frequently than is presently recognized.     

214例新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例临床分析

目的 回顾分析214例新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疑似病例的流行病学史、临床表现、CT影像学、血常规和核酸检测结果,为COVID-19防治提供参考资料。 方法 收集2020年1月24日—3月5日三亚市人民医院收治的214例新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例临床和实验室及新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）核酸检测结果资料,分析疑似病例在不同性别和年龄的分布情况。 结果 214例新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例中,SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性24例,SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性率为11.2%。不同性别和不同年龄段确诊感染率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数和C反应蛋白的变化在新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例和排除的疑似病例中差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。24例确诊病例中,有明确的流行病学史23例（占95.8%）,呼吸道症状以发热和咳嗽为主。CT影像学表现为肺内可见不同程度的磨玻璃样密度影或双侧浸润等。 结论 新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例的确诊,在综合考虑其流行病学史和相应临床表现的基础上,仍需依靠病原学核酸检测。     

DISCOVERY OF NATURALLY INFECTED RACOON DOG, (NYCTEREUTES PROCYONOIDES GRAY) WILD ANIMAL RESERVOIR HOST OF LEISHMANIASIS IN CHINA

The discovery of a naturally infected racoon dog Nyctereutes pTocyonoides Gray as a wild animal reservoir bost of leishmaniasis is reported for the first time in China. Our findings are of great importance not only from the biologic but also from the epidemiologic point of view9 for the control and prevention of leishmaniasis.     

结核分枝杆菌检测技术研究进展

结核是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种世界性疾病,为最受关注的公共卫生问题之一。虽然近年来结核病的发病率呈下降趋势,但其对人类健康造成的危害仍十分严峻。患者的及时上报是结核病防控的重要环节之一,报告率的上升有助于提高结核的治愈率以及卫生机构对结核患者的管理强度。快速、准确的诊断方法直接影响结核病的报告率,影响疾病传播和患者管理,是控制结核发病的基础。近年来,分子诊断技术发展迅速,为结核病的快速诊断提供了新的思路。分子诊断技术检测速度快,灵敏度、特异度、准确率高,绝大多数技术成本低廉,可同时对多个样本进行检测,实用性较强,具有较好的发展前景。本文对现阶段临床上实际应用的结核诊断技术与近年来出现的新型分子诊断技术进行简要概述。     

Small adenomas detected during fecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer. The impact of serendipity

Yearly fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) has been recommended for men and women over age 50 years as part of a screening regimen intended to reduce colorectal cancer mortality. The primary targets of screening are early, surgically curable colon cancers and large adenomatous colon polyps; however, screening may sometimes reveal only small adenomas (ie, less than 1 cm in diameter). To assess the rates and mechanisms of FOBT detection of small adenomas, we performed quantitative analyses utilizing estimates of adenoma bleeding rates and FOBT sensitivity and specificity. The analysis suggests that the mechanisms of detection of small adenomas is often chance or serendipity. This occurs when an FOBT result is "falsely" positive because of diet or non-neoplastic gastrointestinal bleeding and leads to colonoscopic discovery of a nonbleeding small adenoma. Nevertheless, small adenomas remain undetected in most persons who have them, even if repeated yearly FOBT screening is done. The identification of persons with small adenomas should not be assumed to be an important beneficial outcome of FOBT screening, because the clinical significance of small adenomas is not clear, the mechanism of detection is serendipity, and only a minority of persons with small adenomas are identified. The current recommendations to perform periodic surveillance colonoscopy following removal of small adenomas detected during FOBT screening should be reexamined.     

临床常见葡萄球菌的分布特征及耐药性分析

目的 了解常见葡萄球菌的分布特征及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 采集临床可疑感染患者的标本,进行细菌分离培养和鉴定常规培养分离细菌,应用全自动细菌分析仪鉴定细菌,常规药敏试验采用K-B纸片法。结果 2011-01～2013-12共分离出葡萄球菌864株,分离率居前三位的是:金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和缓慢葡萄球菌,主要来源于痰液和分泌物,分离率较高的科室为ICU和神经外科。三年间耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌MRCNS检出率分别为62.1%、63.6%、62.7%和37.9%、42.7%、39.6%。金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对多种抗生素耐药,未检出耐万古霉素菌株。结论 葡萄球菌感染最多的是金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,主要来源于痰液和分泌物。MRSA的检出率三年内趋于平稳,对多数抗生素呈现耐药,但对万古霉素敏感。     

以靶抗原为核心、突出相关疾病的膜性肾病新诊断分类

人类足细胞抗原的不断涌现使得膜性肾病相关研究驶入了快车道.这些抗原为膜性肾病的明确诊断和疗效监测提供了可靠的生物学标志物,也使个性化治疗成为可能.随着检测技术的不断进步,越来越多的靶抗原走进了人们的视野,这既加深了我们对相关疾病的认识,也给原有的诊断分类带来了巨大的冲击.本文通过详述各型靶抗原相关膜性肾病的特点,阐明了...     

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Canada: the first 5 years of surveillance.

In the first 5 years of surveillance of reports of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Canada, from February 1982, the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, was notified of 1133 cases reported through provincial ministries of health that met the case definition developed by the US Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. Most cases (82.2%) were reported from the homosexual/bisexual risk group. Other risk groups were less frequently represented, in contrast to the experience in the United States, where a higher proportion of cases in drug abusers has been observed, and in Africa, where heterosexual spread is far more common. The presenting clinical picture and length of survival after diagnosis were similar to those reported for other countries. Differences between projected estimates of the number of AIDS cases obtained with polynomial and logistic growth models emphasize the need for solid epidemiologic data on the number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus, the rates of transmission and the rates of progression to disease.     

王琦"辨体-辨病-辨证诊疗模式"的理论要素与临床应用

“辨体-辨病-辨证诊疗模式”是以辨体论治为切入点,将辨体、辨病、辨证相结合,进行综合运用的一种临床诊疗模式,是基于体质理论构建、科学实验和临床实践的总结和升华。其以辨体论治为基础和根本,以“体病相关”和“体质可调”学说为依据,沟通疾病、证候和体质的内在联系,拓展临床思维空间,适应多元复杂的临床要求。在具体应用上,或防病重调体,或治病先调体,或治病兼调体,尤其当无证可辨时,辨体可补偏救弊。诊疗方法有辨体质状态论治、辨体质类型论治、辨体质差异用药等。通过列举临床案例,以资说明问题。     

The Incidence of Asbestos Bodies in the Lungs at Random Necropsies in Montreal

The incidence of asbestos bodies in the lungs of adult patients selected at random, who died in four Montreal hospitals, was studied by examining fresh unstained smears of lungs obtained at necropsy. Two techniques were used for preparation of the smears and an arbitrary grading system was developed to estimate the degree of contamination of the lungs by asbestos bodies.

Asbestos bodies were present in 48 out of 100 necropsies; they were found in 32 of 56 men (57%) and in 16 of 44 women (34%). Men were more heavily contaminated. The proportion of positive smears depended on the technique used and the amount of lung sampled. No particular association was noted between asbestos bodies in the lungs and the presence of cancer in the 33 patients in this series with malignant disease. The high incidence in this random series suggests that asbestos is a significant air contaminant in Montreal.

     

Dual diagnosis of sarcoidosis and lymphoma

Background

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown origin with pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations. Worldwide it is most often diagnosed in the third and fourth decades and most often affects Swedish, Danish and black patients. The association between malignancy and sarcoidosis has not been conclusively proven. Cancer can eventually occur in patients who have an established diagnosis of sarcoidosis for example, in sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome. Sarcoidosis can also subsequently develop in an oncology patient. There are multiple obstacles to confirming epidemiologically the linkage between sarcoidosis and malignancy. Histological verification and clinical acumen are needed to avoid misdiagnosis. The 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) PET has failed to provide a non invasive diagnostic method to differentiate neoplasia from benign sarcoid lesions and tissue diagnosis is essential before commencing a new therapeutic intervention in patients with lymphoma.

Methods

We report 3 cases of co-diagnosis of sarcoidosis and lymphoma that were seen in an oncology unit in Drogheda, Co. Louth.

Results

Our patients varied in the temporal association between the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and lymphoma as well as their demographic characteristics.

Conclusion

These cases help to demonstrate the need for careful clinical, histological and radiological assessment.     

Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis in China: Analysis of 64 cases and a review of literature

Primary tracheobronchial amyloidosis (TBA) is a rare pulmonary disease.A systematic review was performed on 64 cases of primary TBA in China and progress in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease is discussed.The Chinese biological and medical databases from 1970 to 2010 were searched and 75 cases of complete clinical and pathological data were identified.The clinical characteristics of the disease were summarized and longitudinal comparisons were made of diagnostic and treatment methods over time.The results showed that the morbidity associated with primary TBA has increased over recent years.The clinical manifestations were non-specific.Progressive dyspnea, cough and sputum were the most common symptoms.The percentage of patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) scan has increased over the years.The bronchoscopy and transbrochial lung biopsy (TBLB) were usually sufficient to establish the diagnosis.Treatment was reported for a total of 44 cases.Bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser irradiation, argon plasma coagulation (APC) and drugs administration such as steroids and colchicines were reported to be effective in some patients.It is concluded that the demographic characteristics and clinical manifestations of primary TBA patients in China are largely consistent with findings reported in other countries.Dramatically more cases were reported in recent years, mainly due to the extensive application of bronchoscopy since 1990s.Chest CT scan provides important clues for the diagnosis of the disease.The definite diagnosis was confirmed by bronchoscopic findings and Congo red staining of biopsy specimen.Bronchoscopic Nd:YAG laser irradiation, argon plasma coagulation (APC) and drugs administration, such as steroids and colchicines were reported to be effective in some patients.