夜间低氧与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者生活质量的相关性分析

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者生活质量的下降及白天过度嗜睡（EDS）是否与其夜间低氧有关。方法 52例OSAHS患者,用美国医学结局研究组（Medical Outcomes Study,MOS）的36项问卷简表（SF-36）评价生活质量,用艾普沃司嗜睡量表（ESS）评价EDS,用最低血氧饱和度（SaO2）、平均SaO2和SaO2〈90%时间占总睡眠时间的百分比（CT90%）来评价夜间低氧。最低SaO2、平均SaO2、CT90%、ESS和SF-36各个维度及总分、呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）间的比较采用Spearman秩相关分析。结果 最低SaO2、平均SaO2、CT90%和SF-36各个维度及总分间不存在直接的相关性（P〉0.05）。ESS和SF-36中的生理功能（PF）、总体健康（GH）、生理职能（RP）、活力（VT）、总分间存在负相关（r=-0.3528、-0.2877、-0.3726、-0.3890、-0.2906,前两者的P〈0.05,后三者的P〈0.01）。最低SaO2、平均SaO2、CT90%和ESS存在相关性（r=-0.4141、-0.4565、0.4653,P〈0.01）;最低SaO2、平均SaO2、CT90%和AHI同样存在相关性（r=-0.7113、-0.8268、0.8712,P〈0.0001）。结论 OSAHS患者夜间低氧和生活质量之间不存在直接的相关性。夜间低氧可以引起OSAHS患者的白天嗜睡,而白天的嗜睡症状导致了OSAHS患者生活质量的下降。在与夜间低氧有关的3个指标中,CT90%和AHI、ESS的相关性更显著,可作为OSAHS诊断的参考指标。     

OSAHS患者白天嗜睡与抑郁情绪的相关性分析

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者白天嗜睡与抑郁情绪的关系.方法 将123例经多导睡眠图检查确诊的OSAHS患者分为轻、中、重度3组,并进行Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分.结果 轻、中、重度患者的ESS评分分别为(8.31±4.00)、(10.49±3.18)、(14.02±4.67)分,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);轻、中、重度患者的HAMD评分分别为(7.21±3.71)、(11.32±4.92)、(13.98±4.66)分,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);轻度患者的ESS评分与HAMD评分无明显相关性(P＞0.05),中、重度患者的ESS评分与HAMD评分呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.491、0.634,P均＜0.01).结论 中、重度OSAHS患者白天嗜睡与抑郁情绪密切相关.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者夜间缺氧程度的评估

目的 评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者的夜间缺氧程度。方法对疑诊有睡眠呼吸障碍的患者215例进行夜间睡眠呼吸监测,计算平均血氧饱和度（AO2）、最低血氧饱和度（LO2）、氧减指数（ODI）、平均氧减饱和度、血氧饱和度低于90％占整个记录时间的百分比（T〈90％）,并进行相关分析。结果 依据所有患者的呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）分为AHI正常组（AHI〈5次／h）、轻度OSAHS组（5次／h≤AHI〈15次／h）、中度OSAHS组（15次／h≤AHI〈30次／h）、重度OSAHS组（AHI≥30次／h）,4组A02、L02、ODI、T〈90％差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。AHI与A02、ODI、L02、平均氧减饱和度、T〈90％显著相关（r分别为-0．610、0．983、-0．789、0．782、0．821,P=0．001）。结论 OSAHS患者缺氧严重程度的评估需结合ODI、LO2、T〈90％三个指标综合判断．不能仅考虑单一指标．     

影响成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者生活质量因素分析

目的 对影响成人OSAHS患者生活质量的因素进行分析.方法 收集OSAHS患者共59例,均进行多导睡眠监测并填写ESS嗜睡量表及《成人用阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者生命质量评估表》(QOL-OSAHS).记录睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、呼吸暂停总时间(AP 总时间)、最长呼吸暂停时间、呼吸暂停平均时间、呼吸暂停及低通气时间指数(AHTI)、最低血氧饱和度、90％以下血氧饱和度指数、90％以下血氧饱和度次数、血氧饱和度下降的时间、血氧饱和度低于90％的时间占睡眠时间的比例(TST90),采用多元线性回归分析及判别分析进行检验.结果 ①呼吸指标中筛选出AP总时间与生活质量关系密切,与生活质量量表综合评分、EP评分、症状维度、日常工作生活维度及社会关系维度相对应的标准回归系数分别是:-0.326、0.544、-0.531、-0.282、-0.303,P值均＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.②血氧饱和度指标:SaO2下降的总时间和生命质量量表综合评分、EP评分、症状维度、日常工作生活维度相对应的标准回归系数分别是:-0.599、0.696、-0.754、-0.469,P值均＜0.05,差异有统计学意义;TST90会影响到生命质量量表中社会关系维度,标准相关系数是-0.263 (P＜0.05).最低SaO2和生活质量量表中的综合评分、EP评分、症状维度、日常生活工作维度及警觉维度的标准回归系数分别是:-0.378、0.310、-0.318、-0.326、-0.263,P值均＜0.05,差异有统计学意义.③应用判别分析得到的方程:轻度OSAHS=-59.676+ 1.537(最低SaO2)-0.01(SaO2下降的总时间)+91.848 (TST90);中度OSAHS=-63.391+ 1.58(最低SaO2)-0.01(SaO2下降的总时间)+104.711 (TST90);重度OSAHS=-68.300-0.000044(AP总时间)+1.618(最低SaO2)-0.01(SaO2下降总时间)+79.883 (TST90).上述方程对轻、中、重的判别正确率分别是:73.3％、38.5％、76.5％.结论 AP总时间、SaO2下降的总时间、TST90和最低SaO2从不同的方面影响患者的生活质量,在评价OSAHS患者病情程度时应将这四个指标纳入考虑范围.     

低氧血症与OSAHS患者嗜睡的关系分析

目的分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者低氧血症与白天嗜睡的关系。方法选取我院就诊的150例OSAHS患者为研究对象,根据嗜睡评分进行分组,比较嗜睡组与非嗜睡组的一般情况及夜间多导睡眠监测参数,并将各数据参数进行相关性分析。结果嗜睡组与非嗜睡组相比,嗜睡评分、睡眠呼吸暂停通气指数、氧减指数显著高于非嗜睡组(P0.05),最低血氧饱和度显著低于非嗜睡组(P0.05)。多元回归提示日间嗜睡评分仅与氧减指数相关。结论 OSAHS患者日间嗜睡与氧减指数密切相关,夜间低氧血症是OSAHS患者出现日间嗜睡的主要原因。     

不同性别阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者临床因素分析

目的 探讨年龄、肥胖、颈围等临床相关易患因素与不同性别阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者病情和程度的关系.方法 对因睡眠打鼾就诊的422例患者行身体参数测量,检测整夜多导睡眠图,分析不同性别患者年龄、颈围、主客观评分、最低血氧饱和度、氧减指数与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)的关系.结果 不论男女性别,OSAHS组与鼾症组各指标比较差异均有显著性,与AHI呈一定相关关系(P＜0.05).两组主观评估(ESS)、最低氧饱和度、氧减指数比较差异有显著性,与AHI有较强的相关性(P＜0.05),男性OSAHS者与鼾症者比较年龄差异不明显,颈围明显偏大,而女性OSAHS者年龄较鼾症者大,颈围与AHI无关.结论 超重和腹部脂肪蓄积的打鼾者有更大的呼吸暂停的危险性,年龄和颈围在对病情评估和预测时受性别影响较大,ESS、最低氧饱和度或氧减指数(ODI)可作为病情预测的简易指标.     

11O例老年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者多导睡眠监测及相关分析

目的 加深对老年患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apneahypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)特点的认识,提高老年OSAHS诊治水平.方法 对我院睡眠呼吸障碍与鼾症诊治中心诊断的110例老年OSAHS患者的整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)监测资料进行回顾性分析,应用SPSS 18.0统计软件对患者的一般情况、睡眠结构、呼吸暂停和低通气情况、氧减饱和情况以及各指标间可能的相关关系进行统计分析.结果老年OSAHS患者中位快动眼相(rapid eye movement,REM)和非快动眼相(NREM)睡眠时间分别占2.17%和76.73%;中位觉醒指数为45.60次/h.呼吸暂停最长时间为(51.94±22.06)s,中位呼吸暂停平均时间为22.50 s,低通气最长时间为(47.06±12.52)s,低通气平均时间为(21.50±4.63)s.中位呼吸紊乱指数(respiratory disturbance index,RD1)为21.50,RDI 5～20者占46.40%,20～40者占31.80%,＞40者占21.80%.夜间平均血氧饱和度为(93.45±2.81)%,夜间最低血氧饱和度为(76.30±10.50)%,中位氧减饱和指数为31.65次/h.体质指数(BMI)与夜间最低血氧饱和度(r=-0.378,P＜0.01)和夜间平均血氧饱和度(r=-0.355,P＜0.01)呈负相关,与氧减指数呈正相关(r=0.338,P＜0.01);夜间最低血氧饱和度与阻塞性呼吸暂停最长时间(r=-0.47,P＜0.01)、阻塞性呼吸暂停平均时间(r=-0.31 6,P＜0.01)、低通气最长时间(r=-0.293,P＜0.01)和低通气平均时间(r=-0.277,P＜0.01)呈负相关.仰卧位睡眠时中位氧减时间间隔为2.36 min,左侧卧位睡眠时中位氧减时间间隔为11.54 min,右侧卧位睡眠时中位氧减时间间隔为12.45 min,左侧卧位和右侧卧位睡眠时中位氧减时间间隔均长于仰卧位(Z值分别为-6.12和-7.10,均P＜0.01).结论 老年OSAHS患者存在明显的睡眠结构紊乱和睡眠片段化.依据RDI对患者的病情分级,大多数OSAHS患者为轻、中度,但缺氧程度较重,缺氧严重度与BMI和睡眠呼吸事件的持续时间相关,侧卧睡眠时缺氧程度减轻.     

合并睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的老年慢性阻塞性肺病患者的临床特点分析

目的分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）,即重叠综合征患者睡眠呼吸紊乱的临床特点,比较门诊和住院COPD患者的呼吸紊乱情况。方法对Epworth嗜睡量表评分≥10,夜间氧减饱和指数ODI4（每小时血氧饱和度下降4％的次数）≥5的门诊及住院稳定期300例COPD患者进行多导睡眠图监测。结果住院COPD患者的呼吸紊乱程度更严重,住院与门诊COPD合并OSAHS患者在体重指数、血氧饱和度低于90％的时间占总记录时间的百分比、夜间平均血氧饱和度、夜间最低血氧饱和度、呼吸紊乱指数等方面差异显著。此外,住院COPD患者睡眠中心率增快。结论睡眠呼吸紊乱可以影响并加重COPD患者病情。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者日间嗜睡的相关因素

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者日间嗜睡的相关因素。方法连续入选2013年6月至2014年1月在该院行多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊为OSAHS的患者97例,ESS评分≥9分为嗜睡组(47例),9分为非嗜睡组(50例)。采用T检验、非参数检验的Mann-Whitney U检验、χ~2检验、秩和检验及Logistic回归分析进行统计学分析。结果日间嗜睡的发生率为48.45%,嗜睡组与非嗜睡组男女比例、轻、中、重度打鼾患者的比例、体重、颈围、呼吸暂停指数(AHI)、最低氧饱和度(LSaO_2)、氧饱和度低于90%的百分比(CT90%)、微觉醒指数(MI)、总呼吸暂停低通气时间差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现CT90%进入模型(OR=1.050,P=0.001)。结论男性、严重打鼾、肥胖、颈围、AHI、血氧饱和度、MI、总呼吸暂停低通气时间是OSAHS日间嗜睡的危险因素,CT90%是OSAHS患者日间嗜睡的独立危险因素。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者嗜睡程度与驾驶车辆能力的关系研究

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者日间嗜睡与夜间缺氧程度及疾病严重程度的关系.方法 对2007年7月至2008年1月中国医科大学附属第一医院呼吸内科经多导睡眠呼吸监测确诊的32例男性OSAHS患者与10例单纯鼾症男性对照者进行嗜睡评分以及全夜多导睡眠监测,根据不同睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分组,比较其嗜睡情况与驾驶车辆能力,并与AHI和夜间低氧程度进行相关分析.结果 (1)OSAHS组驾驶车辆能力下降、嗜睡评分明显高于对照组[(15.34±4.80)分对(7.60±4.65)分,P＜0.05],并且随着AHI的增加(r=0.782,P＜0.001)、最低血氧饱和度的降低(r=-0.744,P＜0.001),其嗜睡评分增加.(2)多元逐步回归表明,AHI、最低血氧与患者日间嗜睡程度密切相关,其回归方程为Y(日间嗜睡评分)=19.441-0.132X1(最低血氧饱和度) 0.109X2(AHI)(R2=0.651,P＜0.05).结论 (1)OSAHS患者有较大的驾车安全隐患,并且重度的OSAHS患者尤为明显.(2)OSAHS患者日间嗜睡程度与AHI和最低血氧均密切相关.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.