血管内支架成形术在症状性脑血管狭窄治疗中应用的初步探讨

目的 探讨血管内支架成形术治疗症状性脑动脉狭窄的效果及安全性.方法 对33例症状性脑动脉狭窄患者进行了37处血管内支架成形术治疗,其中颈内动脉颅外段狭窄14处,颈内动脉颅内段狭窄3处,大脑中动脉狭窄3处,椎动脉颅外段狭窄13处,椎动脉颅内段2处,锁骨下动脉2处.结果 本组33例患者行37处支架置入术,其中成功置入35枚支架,手术成功率94.59%;1例手术中并发脑血管痉挛,1例手术中并发造影剂过敏,1例手术后并发高灌注综合征.结论 血管内支架成形术治疗症状性脑动脉狭窄是安全有效的,其远期疗效尚待进一步随访观察.     

脑血管造影评估在血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄中的价值

目的探讨脑血管造影评估在血管内支架成形术治疗脑供血动脉狭窄中的价值。方法对105例症状性脑缺血发作患者进行术前全脑血管造影,对相关影像学信息进行全面评估,根据评估结果对136支狭窄血管行血管内支架成形术,术后不同时期进行脑血管造影随访。结果70处血管狭窄恢复正常血管直径,54处残余狭窄〈20％,7处残余狭窄为50％～80％。5例因支架不能输送到位而放弃手术;术中血栓保护伞完全被封堵1例。患者术前症状均有不同程度缓解。70例患者获得术后1～36个月的脑血管造影随访,颈动脉再狭窄2例,椎动脉起始部再狭窄6例,颅内动脉再狭窄6例。结论 术前充分评估脑血管造影结果并据此制定个体化治疗策略是保证血管内支架成形术安全性的前提。     

Wingspan支架治疗后循环症状性颅内动脉狭窄的疗效

目的 分析Wingspan支架治疗后循环症状性颅内动脉狭窄的临床疗效.方法 回顾分析采用Wingspan支架系统行血管成形术治疗30例后循环症状性颅内动脉狭窄患者的临床资料,观察手术成功率,采用数字减影血管造影(DSA)测定治疗前后狭窄的部位狭窄程度改善情况,观察术后症状及并发症情况.记录随访期间的再狭窄发生情况.结果 手术成功率为100％,动脉狭窄程度由(74.6±13.6)％降为(14.8±4.5)％(t=13.469,P ＜0.01),术后并发症比例为10％,随访期间共计出现5例支架内再狭窄,再狭窄率为16.67％,均为无症状性再狭窄,无患者死亡.结论 Wingspan支架治疗后循环症状性颅内动脉狭窄临床疗效确切,有效改善患者症状、神经功能与预后,是一种安全、有效的方法.     

老年脑血管病患者颈动脉颅外段与颅内动脉狭窄血管内成形术疗效对比

目的 探讨老年脑血管病患者颈动脉颅外段与颅内动脉狭窄血管内成形术疗效.方法 选择老年脑血管病患者36例,其中颅内血管狭窄患者15例,颅外血管狭窄患者21例,患者给予手术治疗,术后随访3年,并行TCD及DSA评价、ASPECTS量表评分,对患者术后并发症进行评估.结果 本组36例老年患者全部支架放置成功,患者术后各项参考指标均显著改善,患者术后1个月、1年、3年的峰值流速、舒张末期流速、平均流速较术前减慢,而脉动指数较术前增高,与术前对比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组患者手术前后ASPECTS评分中显示患者术后1个月、1年及术后3年的ASPECTS评分与术前对比差异显著(P＜0.05).两组患者行支架治疗后,颅内支架组患者成功14例,失败1例,成功率93.3％.术后脑出血2例,血管痉挛1例,再闭塞2例,心率、血压下降1例.颅外支架组成功20例,失败1例,成功率95.2％.再闭塞1例,心率、血压下降5例.结论 血管内支架成形术可以很好地治疗老年症状性脑动脉狭窄,但相对来说技术要求较高,尤其是颅内血管支架成形术.相对于颅外血管支架成形术,颅内血管支架成形术术后并发症相对较多.     

中西药结合血管内支架成形术治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄

目的 探讨中西药结合血管内支架成形术治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的应用.方法 在中西药结合治疗基础上,对临床诊断分水岭脑梗死15例和短暂性脑缺血发作10例患者行全脑血管造影术,发现大脑中动脉M1段存在不同程度狭窄,对狭窄段大脑中动脉行颅内支架成形术.结果 25例大脑中动脉支架成形术均获得成功.大脑中动脉M1段平均直径狭窄程度从90.8 %降至10%～20%(P＜0.01).术后随访6个月,所有患者均无脑缺血事件发生.结论 采用中西药结合血管内支架成形术治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄可行.     

血管支架成形术在颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄中的临床应用

目的探讨经皮血管支架成形术治疗椎动脉颅内段和基底动脉狭窄。方法对24例椎动脉颅内段和基底动脉狭窄患者进行血管造影，行经皮血管内支架置入术，并根据患者血管狭窄程度给予预扩张或后扩张。结果24例患者椎动脉狭窄和基底动脉狭窄的狭窄率从术前平均84％下降到24％，术后均没有缺血性卒中发作。随访13个月，22例患者临床症状消失，2例患者遗有永久性神经功能障碍，其中1例与手术有关，1例与颅内血管远端病变有关。结论椎动脉颅内段和基底动脉狭窄患者，内科治疗无效时，经皮血管内支架置人术可以缓解椎-基底动脉狭窄患者缺血症状，预防卒中再发生。     

血管内支架置入和药物治疗对症状性颅内动脉狭窄的疗效及随访

目的对比分析血管内支架置入治疗和药物治疗颅内动脉狭窄的疗效及中远期随访。方法回顾性分析经全脑数字血管造影检查狭窄程度>50%的颅内动脉狭窄的住院患者86例,将36例行血管内支架置入治疗成功的34例患者作为手术组,52例接受内科药物治疗为药物组。分析2组30d、6、12、24和>24个月的临床及影像学随访结果。结果手术组支架置入成功率94.74%。狭窄率从术前(87.15±7.43)%降至术后(11.32±17.72)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2组远期随访中,12个月、24个月和>24个月后随访同侧脑卒中发病率、总的血管事件发病率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论血管内支架置入治疗颅内动脉狭窄安全有效。远期随访,血管内支架治疗预防同侧脑卒中及总血管事件疗效优于单纯药物治疗。     

鼻咽癌放疗后主动脉弓上动脉狭窄血管内支架置入的疗效分析

目的探讨血管内支架置入治疗鼻咽癌放疗后主动脉弓上动脉狭窄病变的疗效。方法回顾性分析8例鼻咽癌放疗后症状性主动脉弓上动脉中重度狭窄行血管内支架置入术患者的临床资料,观察治疗后脑缺血症状的改善情况。通过颈部血管彩色多普勒血流显像随访。结果 8例患者均经全脑DSA证实,主动脉弓上颅外段共有中重度狭窄动脉24处,其中包括颈内动脉11处,颈总动脉2处,椎动脉10处,锁骨下动脉1处。(1)经血管扩张成形及支架置入后,血管腔残余狭窄率平均20%。术后复查头部CT未见出血。术后定期复查颈部血管彩色多普勒血流显像,显示血管形态良好,血流通畅,未见支架内血栓形成及再狭窄,无过度灌注等不良事件发生。(2)随访1年所有患者无再发脑缺血症状,颈部血管彩色多普勒血流显像未发现明显再狭窄。结论血管内支架置入是鼻咽癌放疗后主动脉弓上动脉狭窄可以选择的治疗方法。     

椎基底动脉支架成形术后支架内再狭窄的相关危险因素分析

目的：探讨椎基底动脉支架成形术后再狭窄（ISR）的危险因素,为防治椎基底动脉内支架成形术术后ISR提供依据。方法选取2008年2月1日至2012年2月1日在我院确诊的椎基底动脉狭窄患者55例,对其椎基底动脉内支架成形术及术后常规彩色多普勒超声（CDI）、计算机断层扫描血管造影（CTA）或数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查,随访结果并进行回顾性分析。使用单因素和Logistic多因素回归分析方法进行了统计学分析。结果55例患者有65处椎基底动脉狭窄,共置入支架65枚,术中1例出现后循环急性梗死,经治疗后好转出院,技术成功率98.18％（54/55）,血管术前狭窄（74.24±12.90）％降至术后（2.69±5.30）％（ P＜0.05）,术后残余狭窄≤20％。平均随访时间为（24.16±13.94）个月（3个月-4年）,CDI随访25例,CTA随访23例,DSA随访7例。共12例患者13处支架（13/65,20％）出现血管直径缩短≥50％的ISR。经多因素Logistic回归显示2型糖尿病、病变血管成角扭曲致ISR发生的相对危险度（RR ）分别为7.59,6.70。结论2型糖尿病、病变血管成角扭曲是椎基底动脉内支架成形术后ISR的独立危险因素。     

血管成形术治疗颅内动脉狭窄的研究进展

颅底骨性结构复杂等解剖因素导致颅内动脉局部迂曲和成角,使得颅内血管成形术比颅外段的治疗更为复杂,并发症也显著增多。1996年,首次报道了血管内支架置入术治疗颅内动脉狭窄。随着血管内治疗技术的发展、支架材料及输送系统等的改进,经皮血管成形术（PTA）治疗颅内动脉狭窄,因其独特的优势及疗效越来越受到人们的重视。我们就颅内动脉狭窄血管内治疗的疗效、相关并发症以及常用支架的类型和特性进行综述如下。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.