70岁以上老年患者静脉麻醉下胃肠镜检查的安全性

目的评价芬太尼和异丙酚静脉麻醉在≥70岁老年患者胃肠镜检查中的安全性。方法回顾分析826例采用静脉麻醉下胃肠镜检查且年龄≥70岁老年患者的临床资料,按年龄分成2组：A组,70～80岁,618例,其中接受胃镜检查者342例,肠镜检查者276例;13组,〉80岁,208例,其中接受胃镜检查者112例,肠镜检查者96例。另随机抽取同期接受静脉麻醉下胃肠镜检查的年龄〈70岁的患者600例（胃镜检查者400例,肠镜检查者200例）作对照。总结分析胃肠镜检查情况,比较相同检查方式下各组血压、心率、血氧饱和度（SpO2）变化情况以及不良反应发生情况。结果所有接受静脉麻醉患者均未发生胃肠镜检查穿孔及死亡等严重事件,亦无一例因麻醉并发症终止胃肠镜检查,均能达到胃肠镜检查的满意镇静程度。对应检查方式下,随年龄增加异丙酚用量均减小：胃镜检查时,异丙酚平均剂量A组为（54．22±21．36）mg,B组为（40．22±12．46）mg,对照组为（86．44±34．26）mg;肠镜检查时,A组为（82．56±40．64）mg,B组为（45．36±15．44）mg,对照组为（102．23±46．32）mg。相同检查方式下各组心率、血压变化程度不大,组内前后两观察时点比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;但静脉麻醉对老年患者SpO2影响较大,A组和B组共18例出现SpO2〈90％,主要为唾液误吸入气管引起呛咳所致,予面罩呼吸气囊加压吸氧后短期内恢复。结论在严格控制适应证的条件下,适当剂量麻醉药静脉麻醉下老年患者胃肠镜检查是安全的、可行的。     

850例无痛苦胃镜、结肠镜检查术患者的不良反应评价

目的观察异丙酚静脉麻醉用于胃、肠镜检查时出现的不良反应。方法观察并记录850例无痛苦胃镜、结肠镜检查前、给药后1、5、15分钟时患者收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MBP)、心率(HR)、心电图(ECG)及血氧饱和度(SaO2)等生理指标的变化及出现的不良反应。结果麻醉后行电子胃镜和肠镜检查时存在心血管系统、呼吸系统和神经系统的变化,给予相应处理后可以得到良好控制。结论在胃肠镜检查中异丙酚麻醉存在心血管、呼吸等系统的不良反应,但在专业麻醉师实施麻醉、严格监护和处理下,不会发展成严重不良后果。在异丙酚麻醉下进行胃、肠镜检查无痛苦,安全有效。     

静脉麻醉下胃镜结肠镜检查时间顺序对比观察

目的 了解静脉麻醉下胃镜、结肠镜不同时间顺序检查麻醉药物平均用量、麻醉时间及不良反应.方法 将住院或门诊同时需要进行胃镜和结肠镜检查且自愿选择在静脉麻醉下进行检查的患者165例随机分为2组:A组82例(早晨作胃镜,下午作结肠镜),B组83例(下午先作胃镜,随后作结肠镜),记录麻醉时间、用药平均量和不良反应发生情况.结果 在检查的165例患者中,都能达到胃肠镜检查的满意麻醉、镇静效果,均顺利成功完成了检查.A组有4例在进行结肠镜操作过程中出现呕吐胃内容物,经及时积极处理后完成检查.部分患者在用麻药后出现不自主手足活动或躯体扭动,在小剂量增加丙泊酚后逐渐安静.检查结束后A组5例,B组6例出现精神兴奋,未发生内镜检查穿孔及死亡等严重并发症,未出现因麻醉并发症而终止胃肠镜检查者.A组所用丙泊酚平均量和所用麻醉时间与B组相比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.0005).结论 临床上对于要进行静脉麻醉下胃镜、结肠镜检查的患者,最好先进行胃镜检查,随后立即进行结肠镜联合检查,这是较为科学合理的选择方案.     

老年冠心病患者麻醉胃镜安全性的评估

目的 研究异丙酚和芬太尼联合静脉麻醉运用于老年冠心病患者胃镜检查中的安全性。方法 选择胃镜检查中自愿接受麻醉的老年冠心病患者24例为麻醉胃镜组(A组)，另30例常规胃镜检查的老年冠心病患者为非麻醉胃镜对照组(B组)，A组于镜检前静脉推注异丙酚和芬太尼，检测两组患者在检查前、检查中、检查后的心率、心律、血压、氧饱和度和心电图表现等。结果 麻醉组的各项生理指标较对照组稳定，引起心脏意外的风险明显减少，安全可行。结论 异丙酚和芬太尼联合静脉麻醉运用于老年冠心病患者是安全可行的，但应在有经验的麻醉医师实施和监控下及有抢救条件的胃镜室进行。     

静脉麻醉下联合胃肠镜检查顺序对肠道清洁度的影响

目的探讨静脉麻醉下联合胃肠镜检查中,先做胃镜对肠道清洁度有无不利影响,为合理检查顺序提供参考。方法单中心随机盲法观察性研究。65例患者随机分成A组（先做胃镜后做结肠镜）和B组（先做肠镜后做胃镜组）,根据改良波士顿肠道准备评分标准评估2组肠道清洁度,并比较2组丙泊酚用量、肠镜达盲时间、在操作室总时间、麻醉诱导和恢复时间以及不良事件发生情况。结果2组全结肠清洁度差异无统计学意义（6．724±0．34比6．89±1．50;t=-0．473,P=0．638）,而回盲部清洁度差异有统计学意义（1．21±0．54比1．55±0．73;t=-2．158,P=0．035）。2组间操作时间、丙泊酚用量和不良事件发生率等差异无统计学意义。结论静脉麻醉下联合胃肠镜检查时先肠镜后胃镜组回盲部清洁度优于先胃镜后肠镜组,而全结肠清洁度组间差异无统计学意义。对怀疑回盲部病变的患者,若行联合胃肠镜检查,可考虑优先行肠镜检查。     

198例老年患者无痛胃镜和无痛肠镜检查的临床分析

目的 探讨老年人无痛胃镜及无痛肠镜检查的安全性、可行性及效果.方法 对96例老年无痛胃镜组及102例老年无痛肠镜组,同期和同年龄段普通胃镜组90例及普通肠镜组98例,同期90例青中年无痛胃镜及94例青中年无痛肠镜组,在检查过程中观察患者生命体征、血氧饱和度、患者感受及不良反应. 结果 普通胃镜和普通肠镜组患者血压升高和心率增快的例数明显高于相应的无痛胃镜组及无痛肠镜组,尤其原有高血压及冠心病的患者增高更明显,普通内镜组原有高血压患者检查过程中血压升高者占86.7%～91.3%,而无痛内镜组无1例血压升高;普通内镜组原有冠心病患者检查过程中,心率增快者占90.0%以上,无痛内镜组原有冠心病患者心率增快仅占10%左右,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).无痛内镜老年组与无痛内镜青中年组的各项指标改变,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),各组呼吸加快和血氧饱和度下降,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).不良反应:无痛胃镜组恶心、呕吐、贲门撕裂等不良反应明显低于普通胃镜组(P＜0.05),呃逆、呛咳等稍高于普通胃镜组(P＞0.05),无痛肠镜组的腹痛、腹胀等不良反应明显低于普通肠镜组(P＜0.05),而老年组与青中组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).无痛胃镜及无痛肠镜患者感受明显好于普通组(P＜0.05),检查成功率达100%.结论 老年患者在严密监测下行无痛胃镜及无痛肠镜检查安全、舒适、可行.     

地佐辛联合异丙酚在无痛胃肠镜检查术的应用

目的评价地佐辛联合异丙酚对无痛胃肠镜术的麻醉效果及安全性。方法收集接受无痛胃肠镜检查的患者共232例（胃肠镜136例,肠镜96例）,随机分为观察组与对照组,后者单用异丙酚麻醉,观察组在异丙酚的基础上加用地佐辛。比较两组患者的生命体征、苏醒时间、异丙酚用量以及术后恶心感评分（VAS）等方面的差异。结果与对照组比较,术中观察组患者血压及心率显著低于对照组,而血氧饱和度高于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组的异丙酚用量为（83．39±7．92）mg,显著少于对照组的（121．83±17．74）mg（t=-6．992,P=0．000）;观察组患者VAS评分明显低于对照组（f=1．782,P=0．036）,但两组间的苏醒时间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论地佐辛联合异丙酚应用于无痛胃肠镜的麻醉效果及血液动力学安全性优于单用异丙酚。     

麻醉肠镜在老年患者大肠息肉黏膜切除术中的应用

目的探讨麻醉肠镜在老年患者大肠息肉行黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)中的临床应用价值。方法将306例肠镜下发现大肠息肉的老年患者随机分为两组:麻醉肠镜组(156例);使用异丙酚和芬太尼行静脉麻醉;普通肠镜组(150例):仅给予肠道准备。观察两组患者EMR术前、中、后的血压[包括舒张压(SBP)、收缩压(DBP)]、心率(HR)、末梢血氧饱和度(Sp O2)和两组患者术中反应、并发症、手术操作时间及患者满意度。结果术中麻醉肠镜组SBP、DBP、HR均明显低于普通肠镜组(P均0.05),Sp O2无显著差异(P0.05);术前及术后两组患者SBP、DBP、HR、Sp O2均无显著性差异(P均0.05)。麻醉肠镜组患者满意度高。麻醉组手术操作时间(18.1±6.3)min,普通组(24.4±8.5)min,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论麻醉肠镜下对老年患者大肠息肉行EMR能够缩短操作时间,提高成功率,提高患者满意度,是一种治疗老年患者大肠息肉的简单、安全、有效的方法。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚联合异丙酚用于无痛肠镜检查的临床观察

目的研究盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁)联合异丙酚在无痛肠镜检查中的应用。方法将2006年3月至2006年8月沈阳医学院沈洲医院麻醉科60例患者随机将患者分为2组。A组给予长托宁0.01mg/kg静脉注射,5min后给予异丙酚1～2mg/kg静脉注射,在30～40s内注完。B组单纯给予异丙酚1～2mg/kg静脉注射,在30～40s内注完。待患者进入睡眠状态后,睫毛反射消失,全身肌肉松弛,即可插入肠镜进行检查,检查中根据患者情况必要时追加异丙酚0.5mg/kg以维持麻醉深度。两组一般情况及用药前血压、心率、SpO2、呼吸频率无差异。结果用药后血压、心率、SpO2、呼吸频率在相同时点,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组异丙酚用量、检查时间与B组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论长托宁联合异丙酚用于无痛肠镜的检查可以保证在检查过程中无任何痛苦,提供良好的操作环境,更安全、更可靠。     

异丙酚及其联合芬太尼应用于老年无痛胃镜30例

目的:观察老年人应用异丙酚、芬太尼联合异丙酚两种不同静脉麻醉方法行无痛胃镜检查的优劣性.方法:选取2008-05/2011-02于我院就诊的行胃镜检查的老年患者60例为研究对象,随机分为A、B两组,各30例,分别应用异丙酚、芬太尼联合异丙酚浅静脉麻醉,采用警觉与镇静评分(OAA/S)标准评分<2分为无痛胃镜检查的界值,未达到界值者酌情应用异丙酚10-30mg追加使用.比较分析两组达到无痛检查界值的时间、苏醒时间及定向力恢复时间.以麻醉前20min检查结果为基点,比较分析两组患者检查中5min时心率(heart rate,HR)、血压(blood pressure,BP)、呼吸(respiratory rate RR)、动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood,SPO2)波动情况.结果:本组60例均安静入睡,完成胃镜诊疗,其中于诊疗结束1-5min内苏醒46例,15min内完全清醒14例;A组患者达到无痛检查界值时间19.5min±2.6min及苏醒时间17.5min±2.2min均显著低于B组患者14.9min±3.1min、11.1min±1.7min(P<0.01),两组患者定向力恢复时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者检查中5min时HR、BP、RR、SPO2均有所下降,其中A组HR下降幅度-9.9次/min±5.1次/min高于B组-13.2次/min±4.7次/min(P<0.05),但收缩压下降幅度显著低于B组(P<0.01);两组RR、SPO2、下降幅度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:芬太尼联合异丙酚静脉麻醉对老年人有减轻咽反射刺激的作用,对呼吸、循环系统影响小,是一种安全有效的麻醉方法.     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.