医务人员计划接种季节性和甲型H1N1流感疫苗情况调查

2009年甲型H1N1流感在世界范围内的流行,医务人员作为特殊人群[1],流感疫苗是预防和控制流感的最有效途径.多年来我国将医务人员指定为流感疫苗接种的重点人群[2],为此,2009年8月我们对北京市东城区医务人员对计划接种季节性和甲型H1N1流感疫苗等情况进行了调查.     

江苏省甲型H1N1流感裂解疫苗的免疫效果分析

2009年甲型H1N1流感的流行引起了广泛重视,接种疫苗是预防流感流行、降低死亡率和病死率的最有效方法[1],本研究通过比较不同人群甲型H1N1抗体水平变化趋势,初步评估甲型H1N1流感裂解疫苗的免疫效果. 1.对象与方法: (1)研究对象:2009年11月、12月、2010年2月,在江苏省随机选择甲型H1N1流感疫苗接种人群(免疫人群),连续采集同一批人群(共281人)免疫前、免疫后1个月及3个月的血清标本(排除季节性流感疫苗接种者和接种前1个月内有流感样症状者);连续采集甲型H1N1流感确诊病例(发病时间为2009年10月15日至11月15日,经RT-PCR检测确诊为甲型H1N1流感病毒感染[1])同一组病例发病2周内(107例)、发病后1个月(77例)及3个月(52例)的血清标本(排除甲型H1N1流感疫苗和季节性流感疫苗接种者),选择同时期自然人群作为背景资料.     

北京市和天津市在校学生2009～2010年冬春季急性上呼吸道感染病原学监测

目的 监测2009～2010年冬春季北京市和天津市甲型H1N1流感、季节性流感、肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌的流行情况.方法 选择北京市和天津市大中小学生,对急性上呼吸道感染者开展病原学监测,包括甲型流感、季节性流感、肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌.结果 共调查了154例上感病例,其中北京84例,天津70例,甲型流感病毒核酸检测阳性率为4.76％,季节性流感病毒检测阳性率为20.24％,肺炎链球菌检测阳性率为11.69％,流感嗜血杆菌检测阳性率为91.56％.结论 2009～2010年冬春季京津地区在校学生中,并未出现甲型H1N1流感和季节性流感流行高峰,流感嗜血杆菌可能为急性上呼吸道感染的主要病因.     

陕西省甲型H1N1流感人群感染状况调查

目的 分析甲型H1N1流感疫情的时间分布特征和检测抽样人群血凝抗体水平,拟合人群实际感染和免疫状况.方法 对陕西省的甲型H1N1流感全部、重症和死亡病例进行时间分布描述,并在流行高峰后第2、4个月,对9 006名分层整群抽样人群进行甲型H1N1流感血凝抗体检测.结果 甲型H1N1流感的流行经过了输入期、国内流行期、快速放大期、危重病例出现期和流行高峰后期等5个流行过程;流行高峰后,甲型H1N1流感血凝抗体阳性率大城市高于中小城镇和农村,男性高于女性,6～17岁中小学年龄段人群阳性率最高,60岁～人群最低,人群隐性感染率23.40%:感冒对甲型H1N1流感抗体形成的超额贡献率为4.87%;接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗的净阳转率为25.10%,在1:20以上各滴度中,接种组抗体形成率高于非接种组0.75～1.52倍.结论 甲型H1N1流感流行经历了5期过程,人群隐性感染率23.40%,接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗的净阳转率为25.10%.     

流行性感冒疫苗保护效果和成本效益分析

近年来西方发达国家除了继续做好流行性感冒 (流感 )的动态监测外 ,主要把重点放在流感疫苗的研究上 ,并在人群中开展接种流感疫苗预防流感。我国也在 1996年引进了流感疫苗 ,1998年由于北京市发生了Ａ3亚型引起的流感流行 ,人们对流感疫苗的认知度越来越高 ,接种流感疫苗的人数也越来越多。虽然接种流感疫苗预防流感已普遍被人们接受 ,但接种流感疫苗的策略仍有一些问题引起人们的争议 ,其中以流感疫苗的成本效益最为突出。以下通过抽样调查的方法对北京市应用流感疫苗后的保护效果和成本效益进行初步评估。1.材料与方法 :①调查对象 :选择…     

宝鸡市2009～2010年流感监测结果分析

[目的]分析陕西省宝鸡市2009～2010年流感监测结果,为本地区流感防控工作提供科学依据。[方法]统计2009年9月～2010年5月宝鸡市流感监测资料,采用荧光RT-PCR方法进行流感病毒核酸检测,分析实验结果得出流感流行特征。[结果]2009年9月～2010年5月宝鸡市ILI%平均水平为9.90%。检测标本680份,流感病毒核酸检测阳性率为39.12%,以甲型H1N1(30.73%)和B型流感(5.30%)为主。阳性病例数在15～25岁青年和5～15岁的儿童中所占比例最大,分别为47.37%和36.84%。[结论]宝鸡市流感流行主要在秋冬季,呈现双峰特征,2009年9～12月以甲型H1N1流感流行为主,2010年1月～5月以B型流感流行为主。流感在青少年及儿童中容易造成流行,ILI的监测工作能够为流感的流行提供早期预警信号,分析流感流行特征可以为本地区流感的防控工作提供科学依据。     

北京市2009年甲型H 1N 1流感防控效果定量评价

目的 定量评价北京市甲型H1N1流感的防控措施效果,为制定和调整传染病防控策略提供依据.方法 利用北京市2009年甲型H1N1流感流行病学数据,基于传染病传播动力学机制,考虑了甲型H1N1流感的季节性,并引入疫苗接种量,建立定量评价甲型H1N1流感防控效果的数学模型.结果 2009年北京市甲型H1N1流感的平均潜伏期约为1.82 d,平均感染期约为2.08 d, 前中后三期有效再生数分别为1.13、1.65 和 0.96;北京市采取了一系列甲型H1N1 流感防控措施使2009年甲型H1N1流感报告的实际病例数远远小于其自然状态下的累计例数;接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗使2009年累计病例数减少24.08%,且使发病高峰时间推后.结论 北京市采取的一系甲型H1N1流感防控措施整体上显著有效,接种甲型H1N1流感疫苗不仅降低了疫情规模, 还能延迟疫情达到高峰的时间 .     

长葛市人群流感疫苗接种意愿及影响因素分析

流行性感冒即流感是一种传染性较强、传播速度较快的呼吸系统疾病[1].接种流感疫苗是预防流感最有效且最经济的措施,能显著降低接种者感染流感及其相关并发症的风险[2].但是受到多种内在及外在因素的影响,人们接种流感疫苗的主动性不强,接种率不高[3].为了解长葛市居民接种流感疫苗的意愿,分别于2019年和2020年随机抽取长葛市358名居民进行了相关调查,现将结果报道如下.     

2008—2010年沈阳市流行性感冒病原学监测情况

流行性感冒(简称流感)病毒易发生抗原变异,引起流感暴发和流行,因此流感成为第1个进行全球性监测的疾病[1].现将2008-2010年沈阳市流感监测结果报告如下.     

大连市2010-2011年度流感监测结果分析

目的 掌握大连市流感流行状况,为科学制定流感防控措施提供依据.方法 对大连市2010-2011年度流感监测结果进行描述性分析.结果 18家流感监测哨点医院2010年度ILI％总体水平高于2011年度ILI％水平;流感病毒检测平均阳性率为17.75％;三家医疗机构甲型H1N1流感抗体平均阳性率31.50％,儿童医院抗体阳性率明显高于其他2家医疗机构(x2＝23.168,P＜0.005),6～17岁年龄组抗体阳性率(47.86％)高于其它年龄组,且各年龄组之间阳性率有明显差异(x2=54.887,P＜0.005),而性别间、是否接种流感疫苗间的抗体阳性率无统计学差异.结论 2009年新甲1型流感病毒为主,2010-2011年大连市流感优势毒株为BY型;6～17岁组抗体阳性率最高,通过隐性感染而获得抗体的可能性较大;流感病毒流感监测是控制流感流行的一个重要环节,学校、托幼机构及养老院等集体单位是疫情监测的重点场所.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.