依达拉奉对脑出血大鼠脑组织丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及脑水含量的影响

目的研究依达拉奉对实验性脑出血大鼠氧自由基反应及脑水含量的影响。方法采用立体定向自体血注入法制作实验性脑出血大鼠模型,依达拉奉组在制作模型前后给予依达拉奉腹腔注射;脑出血组大鼠不予干预;脑组织氧自由基丙二醛(MDA)含量测定采用硫代巴比妥酸法,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力测定采用黄嘌呤氧化法,脑水含量测定采用干湿重法。并与假手术大鼠(对照组)比较。结果脑出血组MDA含量较对照组显著增加(P<0.01)、SOD活力显著降低(P<0.01)、脑水含量增加(P<0.05～0.01)。依达拉奉治疗组与脑出血组比较,在脑出血后1d、3d、7dMDA含量均显著降低(P<0.05～0.01),SOD活力显著提高(P<0.05～0.01),脑水含量降低(均P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉能降低实验性脑出血大鼠脑组织MDA含量、提高SOD活力、减轻脑水肿,对实验性脑出血大鼠有脑保护效应。     

依达拉奉对脑出血大鼠脑组织含水量、肿瘤坏死因子-α含量、血清基质金属蛋白酶-9水平和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉对脑出血大鼠脑组织含水量、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量、血清基质金属蛋白酶-9 (MMP-9)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响.方法 36只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑出血模型组和依达拉奉治疗组,每组12只大鼠.采用自体血注入法制作大鼠脑出血模型.依达拉奉治疗组术后予以依达拉奉注射液3 mg/kg腹腔注射治疗,每12 h注射1次,直至处死前12 h.术后72 h时,采用于湿重法检测各组脑组织含水量,双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测脑组织TNF-α含量及血清MMP-9水平,黄嘌呤氧化酶法检测血清SOD活性.结果 与脑出血模型组比较,依达拉奉治疗组及假手术组大鼠脑组织含水量及TNF-α含量明显减少,血清MMP-9水平明显降低,血清SOD活性明显增高(P ＜0.05～0.01).与假手术组比较,依达拉奉治疗组脑组织含水量差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).脑出血模型组大鼠脑组织含水量与血清MMP-9水平呈正相关(r=0.956,P=0.003);与血清SOD活性呈负相关(r=-0.945,P=0.004).结论 依达拉奉能降低脑出血大鼠的脑组织含水量、TNF-α含量和血清MMP-9水平,以及提高SOD的活性;其可能通过这些机制对脑出血大鼠的脑组织起保护作用.     

依达拉奉对大鼠延髓缺血后超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉对大鼠延髓缺血中的影响.方法 将Wistar大鼠分为假手术组、依达拉奉干预组(干预组)、延髓缺血模型组(模型组),采用多点阻断脑动脉方法制造延髓缺血模型.依达拉奉干预组腹腔注射依达拉奉;延髓缺血模型组腹腔注射生理盐水.分别在实验7d、14d时取延髓,检测脑组织的含水量、SOD、MDA水平.结果 延髓缺血模型组脑组织SOD水平下降,脑组织MDA浓度先升高后降低;与延髓缺血模型组相比,干预组SOD下降的幅度小(P＜0.01),MDA浓度降低;干预组脑组织含水量明显低于延髓缺血模型组(P＜0.01).结论 依达拉奉有效清除自由基,对延髓缺血具有明显保护作用.     

依达拉奉对海人酸致痫大鼠海马神经元抗氧化应激能力的影响

目的本实验观察依达拉奉对海人酸(KA)致痫大鼠海马神经元抗氧化应激能力的影响。方法选用成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠66只,体质量240±20g,实验动物随机分为3组:1假手术组(n=6)右侧海马CA3区注入等量的生理盐水;2KA模型组(n=30):右侧海马CA3区注入KA 4μg·kg-1(4μg·μl-1)。3依达拉奉组(n=30):右侧海马CA3区注入KA 4μg·kg-1(4μg·μl-1)后,即刻给予依达拉奉10mg.kg-1.d-1腹腔注射。模型组和依达拉奉组均设定5个时间点,分别为5min、6h、24h、72h、7d,每个时间点6只大鼠,于预订的时间点断头取脑,分离左侧海马,检测脑组织中超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果假手术组各个时间点SOD活性及MDA含量均无明显变化(P>0.05);模型组于KA注射后6h可见SOD活性下降,MDA开始升高,于3d SOD活性降至最低(P<0.01),MDA升至最高(P<0.01),随后SOD活性开始回升,MDA开始下降,于7d时SOD活性恢复至基线水平;依达拉奉组于6⁷2h时间段内SOD活性明显高于模型组(P<0.01或P<0.05),MDA含量明显低于模型组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉有效地升高KA致痫大鼠海马神经元的SOD活性并降低MDA生成,从而提高机体的抗氧化应激能力,减轻神经元的损伤,对神经元具有保护作用。     

大鼠实验性脑出血后脑水肿与MMP-9表达的关系及依达拉奉干预效应的研究

目的 探讨脑出血后脑水肿和MMP-9表达的动态变化及依达拉奉的干预效应.方法 采用立体定向技术制作大鼠脑出血模型,干湿重法测量脑组织含水量和免疫组化法测定脑组织MMP-9的表达.结果 与假手术组比较,脑出血12h时脑组织含水量明显增加(P＜0.05), 72h时达到高峰,随后逐渐下降, 7d时仍高于假手术组(P＜0.05).出血组大鼠脑含水量与血肿周围MMP-9阳性细胞数呈正相关(r=0.846, P=0.034),且差异有统计学意义.(3)治疗组脑含水量和MMP-9阳性细胞数与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义,与出血组比较差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MMP-9参与了脑出血后脑水肿的形成,依达拉奉对脑水肿有抑制作用.     

依达拉奉预处理对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护机制

目的探讨依达拉奉预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护机制。方法将36只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血-再灌注组和依达拉奉组。依达拉奉组术前给予60 mg/(kg.d)的依达拉奉灌胃,共3 d。采用大脑中动脉线栓法制备大鼠缺血-再灌注损伤模型。比较各组神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)含量及脑组织白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量。结果与缺血-再灌注组比较,依达拉奉组的神经功能缺损评分显著下降,脑梗死灶体积显著缩小,血清NSE含量明显降低(均P<0.01);脑组织IL-1β和TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05～0.01)。结论依达拉奉预处理可减少大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤后脑组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达,保护脑组织。     

依达拉奉对局灶性脑缺血大鼠神经功能恢复及海马病理形态学改变的影响

目的 探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经功能恢复及海马病理形态学改变,评价依达拉奉的干预作用.方法 126只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(A组,6只),生理盐水组(B组,MCAO后6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、5d、7d7时点,各6只),依达拉奉处理组(C组,同B组),术后即刻予以依达拉奉干预.行神经功能缺损评分测定;TTC染色观察脑梗死体积改变;用HE染色方法观察病理形态学改变.结果 术后进行神经缺损评分发现,由于麻醉和手术创伤的影响,假手术组术后出现6～24h神经功能减退.与假手术组相比,在6～24h时间段盐水组神经功能下降明显(P＜0.05).依达拉奉组神经功能明显好于盐水组(P＜0.05).术后7d盐水组和依达拉奉组神经功能基本恢复.同时,在依达拉奉组和盐水组中,缺血24h脑梗死体积最大;与盐水组相比,术后6～24h依达拉奉组脑梗死体积明显减小(P＜0.05).HE染色显示术后6h在脑缺血区神经元细胞无明显改变,6h后缺血区脑组织逐渐出现肿胀与坏死;在依达拉奉组,脑水肿和神经元坏死病理损害明显较轻,在假手术组,脑组织无明显改变.结论 依达拉奉具有改善神经功能缺损、缩小脑梗死体积和减轻缺血性病理损害程度的作用;研究还提示依达拉奉对缺血性脑卒中早期神经功能恢复具有十分重要的临床意义.     

依达拉奉对大鼠创伤性脑损伤的早期保护作用

目的探讨大鼠脑创伤后依达拉奉对脑组织的早期保护作用。方法选择雄性成年SD大鼠54只,随机分3组:假手术组18只,仅开骨窗,不损伤;损伤组18只,制大鼠自由落体脑撞击伤模型;依达拉奉组18只,行依达拉奉注射液处理。在伤后24h、48h及72h测量各组脑组织含水量、血脑屏障(BBB)通透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力。结果依达拉奉与损伤组比较,各时间点脑含水量减少、BBB通透性降低、MDA含量降低及SOD活力升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论依达拉奉对创伤性脑损伤早期有保护作用。     

依达拉奉对慢性脑低灌注大鼠脑自由基代谢及海马CA1区HIF-1α表达的影响

目的:观察依达拉奉对慢性脑低灌注大鼠前脑组织SOD、MDA代谢变化及海马CA1区HIF-1α表达的影响,并探讨其意义。方法:实验分假手术组,模型组及依达拉奉组,后两组采用永久性大鼠双侧劲总动脉结扎术(2-vesselocclusion,2VO)制备慢性脑低灌注模型,各组在术后八周后行水迷宫试验后断头,取前脑组织制备成10%脑组织匀浆检测其SOD活性及MDA含量,并采用免疫组化技术观察海马CA1区HIF-1α表达变化。结果:模型组与假手术组相比水迷宫完成时间显著延长(P<0.05),前脑组织SOD活性降低,MDA含量增加(P<0.01),海马CA1区可见HIF-1α少量表达。依达拉奉组较模型组水迷宫结果显著改善(P<0.01),前脑组织SOD活性增加,MDA含量减少(P<0.01),且海马CA1区可见HIF-1α大量表达。结论:慢性脑低灌注可显著损害大鼠空间学习记忆能力,依达拉奉可能通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶和次黄嘌呤氧化酶活性,降低羟自由基的浓度,促进HIF-1α表达等多种途径改善血管性认知障。     

依达拉奉和尼莫地平联合应用对脑缺血大鼠脑组织血管内皮生长因子表达的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉与尼莫地平联合应用对脑缺血大鼠脑组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响.方法 90只Wistar大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照组、脑缺血组、依达拉奉组、尼莫地平组和依达拉奉+尼莫地平组(依尼组),各组又分为缺血12 h、24 h、48 h亚组.用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉堵塞(MCAO)脑缺血模型.制模后1 h,各药物干顶组分别注射依达拉奉3 mg/kg、尼莫地平2 mg/kg和依达拉奉+尼莫地平,正常对照组和脑缺血组大鼠分别腹腔注射生理盐水.各组大鼠分别于预定时间点处死,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测脑组织VEGFmRNA水平.结果 各组缺血24 h、48 h亚组脑组织VEGF mRNA水平明显低于正常对照组(均P＜0.01),各药物干预组脑组织VEGF mRNA水平显著高于脑缺血组(均P＜0.01);依尼组脑组织VEGF mRNA水平又显著高于依达拉奉组和尼莫地平组(均P＜0.01).结论 依达拉奉和尼莫地平能上调缺血脑组织VEGF的表达水平,联合应用效果更好.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。