Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase I/II dose escalation clinical trial

PURPOSE: A prospective Phase I/II dose escalation study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MTD would be reached via a dose escalation study. After 42 Gy/21 fractions, 4.2 weeks by conventional fractionated irradiation through anteroposterior/posteroanterior fields, the 3D-CRT technique was used as boost. The planned total dose escalation depended on lung volume irradiated. According to the percentage of lung volume receiving >20 Gy, the patients were divided into three subgroups (i.e., <25%, 25%-37%, and >37%). The scheduled dose escalation began with 69 Gy and continued to 78 Gy. The boost doses were delivered at 3 Gy per fraction, once per day, five fractions per week. Each dose level includes 5 patients. Besides radiotherapy, all patients received neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with MVP regimen (Mitomycin, Vindesine, cis-platium). The criterion for stopping further dose escalation was > or =20% of patients with > or =RTOG Grade 3 radiation pneumonitis. RESULTS: Between June 1999 and February 2001, 50 patients had been enrolled in this study, including 4 with Stage II disease, 31 with Stage IIIa disease, and 15 with Stage IIIb disease. The dose escalation plan has been completed. All subgroups reached the highest predetermined dose levels (i.e., 78 Gy for the <25% subgroup, 78 Gy for the 25-37% subgroup, and 75 Gy for the >37% subgroup). Although none of the subgroups developed more than 20% of >/=Grade 3 acute pneumonitis, dose escalation was terminated because long-term follow-up was needed to observe late complications. Median follow-up time (MFT) for the entire group was 18 months (6-37 months). The most common acute complication was esophagitis in 56% of patients with RTOG Grade 1-2, and in 4% with Grade 3. Acute radiation pneumonitis developed in 36% of patients with RTOG Grade 1-2. Only 1 patient had Grade 3 pneumonitis, which was in the 25-37% subgroup at 75 Gy. The hematopoietic toxicity appeared in 58% of patients with Grade 1-2, and 8% with Grade 3. As to late complications, only 30% of patients developed pulmonary fibrosis of RTOG Grade 1-2. The median survival time for the entire group was 18 months. Two-year overall survival, locoregional progression-free rate, and distant metastasis rate were 44%, 40%, and 41%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although MFT was 18 months, it had not yet been declared because a longer follow-up was needed to observe the late complications. The 2-year overall survival of 44% was very encouraging and implied that 3D-CRT combined with chemotherapy would improve the outcome for locally advanced NSCLC.     

食管鳞癌三维适形放疗疗效及预后影响因素分析

目的:观察食管鳞癌三维适形放疗的疗效及预后因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2006年1月至2013年6月首程行三维适形放疗的食管鳞癌患者140例,采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,预后影响因素行Log-Rank法单因素分析和Cox法多因素分析。结果:三维适形放疗是治疗食管癌的有效手段,全组食管癌患者1、3、5年生存率为64.3%、39.3%、23.1%,三个民族之间近远期生存率无明显差异（P>0.05）。3DCRT治疗三个民族中晚期食管癌患者的近远期疗效相似。影响3DCRT治疗效果的单因素是性别、治疗前CT可见食管病变长度、TNM分期、是否联合化疗、GTV体积,60Gy与66Gy两种放疗剂量的患者预后有统计学差异。多因素分析:性别、食管病变长度、T分期、N分期和GTV体积都独立影响食管癌预后。结论:相对50Gy放疗剂量来说,更高剂量的食管癌患者放疗后的预后没有改善,影响生存的因素有食管病变长度、GTV体积、T分期、N分期、序贯化疗。     

37例前列腺癌三维适形放疗的预后分析

目的分析前列腺癌三维适形放疗的疗效及预后因素.方法 对37例前列腺癌患者进行三维适形放疗,24例行三维适形放疗前接受双侧睾丸切除,4例行放疗去势.20例同时服用艾去适内分泌化疗药物9～12个月.采用三维适形放疗技术照射前列腺靶区,5次/周,2 Gy/次.肿瘤中位剂量72 Gy（60～76 Gy）.用Longrank进行单因素,Cox进行多因素分析.结果 中位随访27个月（6～107个月）,随访率为95%.3、5年生存率分别为80%、70%.单因素分析显示年龄、治疗前PSA水平、有无区域淋巴结转移、是否合并远处转移、靶区照射剂量及是否采用综合治疗对生存期有影响.多因素分析显示治疗前PSA水平、靶区照射剂量及是否采取综合治疗3个因素影响预后.结论 前列腺癌三维适形放疗安全有效,治疗前PSA水平、靶区照射剂量及是否采取综合治疗是预后的影响因素.     

食管癌三维适形放射治疗

三维适形放射治疗是目前我国临床运用广泛的精确放射治疗方式之一，尤其近10年来，三维适形放射治疗在提高局控率和生存率方面取得了长足进步。本文对近5年来国内多家医院食管癌三维适形放射治疗方法进行综述，介绍目前食管癌三维适形放射治疗在剂量以及分割方式、适应症选择以及并发症控制、单一的三维适形放射治疗以及多种治疗手段的综合运用上存在不同的见解。     

食管癌三维适形放射治疗剂量学与放射性肺炎发生相互关系的研究

目的:通过食管癌常规放射治疗与三维适形放射治疗的技术对比研究,比较应用不同外照射技术时肿瘤靶区适形指数的差异,以及肺等正常组织受照射容积剂量与放射性肺炎并发症发生概率(NTCP)的关系.方法:应用三维治疗计划系统,对28例胸中段EPC分别设计三种照射技术(A:常规3野;B:适形3野;C:适形5野).比较在同一处方剂量(66 Gy)时肿瘤靶区的适形指数,全肺受照射剂量与肺的NTCP的差异.结果:A、B、C三种照射技术比较:1)靶区的适形指数从0.55±0.09提高至0.76±0.04 和 0.78±0.06.2)肺平均剂量从(16.54±2.35) Gy降低至(13.26±1.93) Gy和(3.38±1.61) Gy;肺的V20从(32.95±6.43)%降低至(23.01±6.25)%和(24.8±4.47)%;肺的V30从(17.25±4.96)% 降低至(12.18±3.66)%和(6.75±2.93)%.3)肺的 NTCP从(6.9±6.86)%降低至(1.14±1.11)%和(1±1.02)%.A、B和C三种照射技术比较差异均有统计学意义,P=0.000.结论:三维适形放射治疗技术的靶区剂量分布较理想,显著降低正常肺的照射体积和剂量,减少放射性肺炎NTCP.     

Radiation-induced liver disease in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for primary liver carcinoma: the risk factors and hepatic radiation tolerance

PURPOSE: To identify risk factors relevant to radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) and to determine the hepatic tolerance to radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The data of 109 primary liver carcinomas (PLC) treated with hypofractionated three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) were analyzed. Seventeen patients were diagnosed with RILD and 13 of 17 died of it. RESULTS: The risk factors for RILD were late T stage, large gross tumor volume, presence of portal vein thrombosis, association with Child-Pugh Grade B cirrhosis, and acute hepatic toxicity. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the severity of hepatic cirrhosis was a unique independent predictor. For Child-Pugh Grade A patients, the hepatic radiation tolerance was as follows: (1) Mean dose to normal liver (MDTNL) of 23 Gy was tolerable. (2) For cumulative dose-volume histogram, the tolerable volume percentages would be less than: V5 of 86%, V10 of 68%, V15 of 59%, V20 of 49%, V25 of 35%, V30 of 28%, V35 of 25%, and V40 of 20%. (3) Tolerable MDTNL could be estimated by MDTNL (Gy) = -1.686 + 0.023 * normal liver volume (cm3). CONCLUSION: The predominant risk factor for RILD was the severity of hepatic cirrhosis. The hepatic tolerance to radiation could be estimated by dosimetric parameters.     

原发性肝癌三维适形放疗的临床研究

目的：观察评价三维适形放射治疗技术（3DCRT）治疗原发性肝癌的有效性和安全性。方法：单试验组、开放性临床研究，共入组44例原发性肝癌，均为病理明确诊断的初治患者，肿瘤直径〈5cm者6例、5～10cm者23例、〉10cm者15例。单次剂量3～4Gy，每周3～4次，DT36～60Gy。按照WHO标准评价客观疗效，正常组织反应按美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组（RTOG）标准评价。结果：44例患者中，可评价疗效患者有43例，其中CR3例，PR25例，NC10例，PD5例，有效率（RR）为65．1％；疾病控制率（DCR）为88．4％。TTP为52～662天，中位TTP为306天，1年生存率为62．8％。主要毒副反应为可逆性近期轻度胃肠道反应和骨髓抑制，放疗中肝脏放射损伤1级3例，1例有乙肝病史患者于放疗结束6个月时出现严重肝功能损害。结论：三维适形放射治疗原发性肝癌能延长生存，提高生活质量，毒副作用可控制。     

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy versus conventional radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal

BACKGROUND:

The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes in patients with anal canal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) who were treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy by either intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or conventional radiotherapy (CRT).

METHODS:

Forty‐six patients who received definitive chemoradiotherapy from January 1993 to August 2009 were included. Forty‐five patients received 5‐fluorouracil with mitomycin C (n = 39) or cisplatin (n = 6). Seventeen (37%) were treated with CRT and 29 (63%) with IMRT. The median dose was 54 Gy in both groups. Median follow‐up was 26 months (CRT) and 32 months (IMRT). T3‐T4 stage (P = .18) and lymph node‐positive disease (P = .6) were similar between groups.

RESULTS:

The CRT group required longer treatment duration (57 days vs 40 days, P < .0001), more treatment breaks (88% vs 34.5%, P = .001), and longer breaks (12 days vs 1.5 days, P < .0001) than patients treated with IMRT. Eleven (65%) patients in the CRT group experienced grade >2 nonhematologic toxicity compared with 6 (21%) patients in the IMRT group (P = .003). The 3‐year overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LRC), and progression‐free survival were 87.8%, 91.9%, and 84.2%, respectively, for the IMRT groups and 51.8%, 56.7%, and 56.7%, respectively, for the CRT group (all P < .01). On multivariate analysis, T stage, use of IMRT, and treatment duration were associated with OS, and T stage and use of IMRT were associated with LRC.

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of IMRT was associated with less toxicity, reduced need for treatment breaks, and excellent LRC and OS compared with CRT in patients with SCCA of the anal canal. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

Concurrent and adjuvant docetaxel with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy plus androgen deprivation for high-risk prostate cancer: Preliminary results of a multicentre phase II trial

Background and purpose

We evaluate the feasibility of concomitant and adjuvant docetaxel combined with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and androgen deprivation in high-risk prostate carcinomas.

Methods

Fifty men with high-risk localized prostate cancer (16), locally advanced (28) or very high-risk prostate cancer (6) were included. Seventy Gy were delivered on prostate and seminal vesicles in 35 fractions, concurrently with weekly docetaxel (20 mg/m²). Three weeks after the completion of 3D-CRT, docetaxel was given for 3 cycles (60 mg/m²), every 3 weeks. Patients had to receive LHRH agonist during 3 years.

Results

The intent to treat analysis shows that four patients out of 15 stopped prematurely the chemotherapy due to grade 3-4 acute toxicity. In the per protocol analysis, 46 patients completed a full-dose chemoradiation regimen representing 413 cycles: five patients experienced a grade 3 toxicity, and 15 patients experienced a grade 2 toxicity. With a median follow-up of 54 months, the 5-year clinical disease-free survival was 66.72% and the 5-year survival was 92.15%.

Conclusions

3D-CRT with androgen deprivation and concurrent weekly docetaxel, followed by three cycles of adjuvant docetaxel may be considered as feasible in high-risk prostate cancer and deserved to be evaluated in a phase III randomized trial.     

食管鳞癌三维适形放疗同步化疗的临床研究

 【摘 要】 目的　观察三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）同步化疗对食管鳞状细胞癌的疗效及不良反应。方法 67例食管鳞状细胞癌患者分为同步放化疗组（观察组）35例、单纯放疗组（对照组）32例,两组均采用3D-CRT,处方剂量2Gy/次,5次/周,总剂量60~66 Gy/30~33次;观察组采用PF方案化疗,28 d为1周期,共2周期,化疗的第1d同步放疗,放疗结束后,再进行2~4周期化疗。结果　观察组、对照组有效率分别为85.7%（30/35）和62.5%（20/32）,1、2、3年生存率分别为82.6%和62.2%、44.4%和69.7%、53.9%和25.0%,中位生存时间分别为33.0和27.0个月,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。急性不良反应主要为放射性食管炎、骨髓抑制、恶心、呕吐。结论 3D-CRT同步化疗治疗食管鳞状细胞癌可取得较好的疗效,不良反应可耐受,有较高的临床可行性。     

Combined chemotherapy with twice-daily radiation therapy for inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus

Background A study with chemotherapy and twice-a-day radiotherapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma was performed to evaluate toxicity and efficacy. Methods Thirty-seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (1, stage IIB; 19, stage III; 17, stage IV) were enrolled. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of 3 cycles with cisplatin (70 mg/m² on day 1) and 96-hour continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (700 mg/m² per day on days 1 to 4). Second and third cycles were initiated on day 22 and day 92, respectively. Radiotherapy was administered twice daily with concomitant boost technique over days 43 to 75, up to a total dose of 60 Gy. Daily fractions were 2.0 Gy for large fields and 1.0 Gy for small fields at 4- to 6-hour intervals. Results Twenty-nine patients (78%) received the full treatment. Of the 36 patients who started radiotherapy, 94% were able to complete the full course. Grade 3+toxicities observed were leukopenia 5%, anemia 14%, thrombocytopenia 5%, vomiting 14%, esophagitis 5%, pulmonary toxicity 5%, cardiac toxicity 3%, hepatic dysfunction 3%, and nephrotoxicity 3%. Of the 36 patients who started radiotherapy, 8 (22%) showed complete response, and 16 (44%) had partial response. The median survival time was 9 months, with a 1-year actuarial survival rate of 33%. Death was due to local-regional tumor manifestations in 18 patients. Conclusion The preliminary analysis showed that this treatment scheme was well tolerated with acceptable toxicity, but local-regional failure remains the principal cause of death. New treatment schemes such as concurrent use of chemotherapy with radiation warrant further investigation.     

食管基底细胞样鳞癌的诊断与治疗

目的 观察食管基底细胞样鳞癌的临床和病理组织学特征,探讨其诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗方法.方法 对23例食管基底细胞样鳞癌患者的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果 食管基底细胞样鳞癌发病年龄较大,临床表现和影像学特点与鳞癌相似,以溃疡型多见;治疗首选手术,术后应结合放化疗.本组23例食管基底细胞样鳞癌患者的1、2和3年生存率分别为60.9%、21.7%和0.结论 食管基底细胞样鳞癌具有恶性程度高、进展快、转移早和预后差等特点,临床上应采用根治性手术并结合术后放化疗的治疗方案.     

Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for locoregionally recurrent lung carcinoma after external beam irradiation: a prospective phase I-II clinical trial

OBJECTIVES: To observe in a clinical trial the feasibility, tolerance, and efficacy of reirradiation by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) for locoregionally recurrent lung carcinoma after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 1999 and March 2001, 23 lung carcinoma patients with locoregional recurrence after EBRT were enrolled in this study. Of the 23 patients, 21 were men and 2 were women (median age 68 years, range 43-79). At the first course of RT, 9 patients had squamous cell carcinoma, 7 adenocarcinoma, and 7 small cell carcinoma. The interval between the first course of RT and recurrence varied from 6 to 42 months (median 13). The median dose of the first course of RT was 66 Gy (range 30-78). Reirradiation was carried out using 3D-CRT and only covered the radiographic lesions. The median dose of reirradiation was 51 Gy (range 46-60), which was delivered by a conventionally fractionated schedule (i.e., 1.8-2.0 Gy/fraction, 5 fractions/wk). The toxicity was assessed according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 15 months (range 2-37). Acute radiation esophagitis occurred in 9% of patients (Grade 1-2). Acute radiation pneumonitis developed in 22% of patients (Grade 1-2). No cases of acute Grade 3 or greater toxicity had been recorded at last follow-up. Pulmonary fibrosis was observed in 26% of patients (Grade 2-3); no other severe late complications have been observed. The 1- and 2-year survival rate was 59% and 21%, respectively. The locoregional progression-free rate at 1 and 2 years was 51% and 42%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Reirradiation using 3D-CRT was tolerated by this group of recurrent lung carcinoma patients without severe complications. The 2-year outcome was encouraging. Reirradiation with 3D-CRT can be considered an option for the management of locoregionally recurrent lung carcinoma.     

食管鳞癌西妥昔单抗联合同期放化疗的初步临床研究

目的 观察西妥昔单抗联合同期放化疗对食管鳞癌的安全性及近期疗效 方法 19例 Ⅰ~Ⅲ 期无远处转移的食管鳞癌患者入组,西妥昔单抗静脉滴注1 次/周, 第1周为400 mg/m²,第2~8周为250 mg/m², 每周联合紫杉醇45 mg/m²和顺铂20 mg/m²。第2~8周调强放疗59.4 Gy分33次。结果 2例 患者因严重不良反应出组, 17例的有效率为100%,其中完全缓解率为71%(12例)。中位随访时间29.3个月, 1年 总生存率、无复发生存率分别为100%,82%。19例 患者主要不良反应为骨髓抑制、黏膜反应、皮疹等,其中≥2级粒细胞减少、放射性食管炎、皮疹发生率分别为89%、84%、58%。2例局部复发, 1例后颈部淋巴结及肺转移。结论 西妥昔单抗联合同期放化疗对食管鳞癌安全有效,值得扩大样本量进行进一步临床研究。     

A phase I/II evaluation of metoclopramide as a radiosensitiser in patients with inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

The feasibility of administering metoclopramide (MCA) as a radiosensitizer has been evaluated in 23 patients with a pathological or cytological diagnosis of a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, clinically evaluated as inoperable. All patients received 40–60 Gy radiotherapy fractionated into 1.8 Gy fractions 5 times per week (Monday–Friday). Two MCA treatment regimens were used: (i) MCA at 2 mg/kg administered by intravenous infusion 1–2 h prior to radiotherapy 3 times per week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday); and (ii) MCA at 1 mg/kg administered by intravenous infusion 1–2 h prior to radiotherapy 5 times per week (Monday–Friday). 11 of the 23 patients treated with radiotherapy and MCA had none to mild pneumonitis or fibrosis and another 8 of the 23 had moderate levels. No patient had their therapy interrupted due to radiation-related side-effects. The MCA-related side-effects were as expected, i.e. 78% of the patients experienced sedation/tiredness and 48% expressed restlessness/anxiety symptoms. Both the total dose and serum levels of MCA were significantly associated to the MCA side-effect profile. Tumour response, duration of tumour response and survival were significantly positively correlated to the total and weekly doses of MCA administered to the patients during their radiotherapy treatment. These favourable phase II data have justified the initiation of a phase II/III randomised multicentred trial being carried out in Europe to evaluate MCA as a radiosensitiser.     

Photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for local failure after chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a phase II study

Local failure at the primary site is a major problem after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Salvage surgery is the only treatment option with curative intent, but it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of salvage photodynamic therapy (PDT) after CRT. Patients with histologically proven local failure limited to the submucosal layer, and without any metastasis after definitive CRT (≥50 Gy) for ESCC were enrolled in the study. PDT began with intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg of porfimer sodium followed 48-72 hr later by excimer dye laser irradiation with a fluence of 75 J/cm2. The primary endpoint was a complete response (CR) to treatment with PDT, and the secondary endpoints were toxicity related to PDT, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Twenty-five patients were enrolled in the study. A CR was attained in 19 of 25 patients treated with PDT (CR rate, 76%; 95% CI, 55-91%). One treatment-related death (4%) caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage at the irradiated site occurred 33 days after PDT. No adverse events greater than grade 3 were related to PDT in the other patients. After a median follow-up of 48 months after PDT, the PFS and OS at 3 years were 40% (95% CI, 21-59%) and 38% (95% CI, 17-60%), respectively. PDT is a potentially curative and tolerable salvage treatment after CRT for carefully selected patients with local failure without any metastasis.     

局部进展期食管鳞癌全新辅助治疗可行方案的探索

新辅助放化疗联合手术为局部进展期食管癌患者的标准治疗方案, 这一治疗方案已得到广泛应用, 其疗效也已得到临床医师的认可。然而, 即使是完成了新辅助放疗和随后的手术治疗, 仍有部分患者在短期内出现局部区域复发和/或远处转移, 其中远处转移成为新辅助放化疗后接受手术患者的主要失败模式, 这从另一方面说明该模式还有进一步改善的必要。借助于直肠癌患者从全新辅助治疗模式中获益的经验, 本文探讨了局部进展期食管癌患者进行全新辅助治疗的可能性及其实施方案。     

RTOG Phase I study on fast neutron teletherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus

From August, 1977, through January, 1981, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group sponsored a Phase I study (RTOG 77-09) on the use of fast neutrons for treating inoperable squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus. A total of 39 evaluable patients were treated with curative intent using either fast neutrons alone or in combination with low LET irradiation as part of a mixed beam fractionation scheme. Actuarial survival curves are presented for both the "neutrons alone" and the "mixed beam" treatment groups. There was no significant survival difference between these groups of patients. The projected survival at two years is less than 10%, which is comparable with megavoltage photon results for an unselected series of patients. The size of the primary lesion and the initial Karnofsky performance status were found to be the most important prognostic indications for prolonged survival. Sixteen of 39 patients were felt to have achieved local clearance of their tumor at some time during their follow-up with the median time until a local recurrence being 17 months. Treatment related complications and patterns of metastatic spread are discussed. In general, it appeared that the response of large tumors to neutron irradiation resulted in necrosis and fistula formation. In many cases this was accompanied by persistent/recurrent tumor within the high dose radiation volume.     

三维适形放疗对Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌肺功能影响的初步观察

目的 探讨Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌三维适形放疗前后肺功能、DVH参数与放射性肺炎发生程度的关系。方法 71例未手术的肺癌患者，男52例，女19例，中位年龄63岁，KPS评分≥80。三维适形放疗前、后1、3个月检查患者肺功能，并观察其放射性肺炎的发生及程度，同时在DVH中得出V20、V30、MLD值。结果 所有患者均完成放疗，剂量为66～70Gy。放射性肺炎发生率为30％，2、3级以上为7％。V20、V20、MLD平均值越大，放射性肺炎程度越高。V20、V30及MLD与CLCO疗前和疗后1、3个月变化及疗后1个月和疗后3个月变化均有相关关系。结论放疗前后肺功能变化、DVH参数和放射性肺炎程度间存在一定相关关系。放疗后1个月与放疗前CLCO数值变化能更好地预测放射性肺炎发生几率；V20、V30、MLD除了与放射性肺炎发生程度相关外，也与放疗前后CLCO、FEV1的变化有关。