年级 归因方式与中学生心理健康的关系研究

采用整群抽样方法,使用多维度-位置多归因因果量表(MMCS)和中学生心理健康量表(MMHI-60)测量613名中学生归因方式与心理健康水平,同时收集被试的年级、年龄、性别等人口学变量,以考察年级、归因方式与中学生心理健康的关系。结果发现:虽然年级、年龄与归因方式及心理健康的部分因子均存在显著的零阶相关,但在控制年龄后,年级与归因方式及心理健康总分及多个维度的偏相关更显著。中学生的归因方式和心理健康存在显著的年级差异,初一学生的外控归因显著低于其他年级,初一学生的心理健康水平在多个维度上也好于其他年级。内控与外控归因与心理健康各维度及其总分均呈正相关。外控归因在年级与心理健康中具有完全中介作用,其中介效应占总效应的比例为78.8%。     

Overt anger in response to victimization: attributional style and organizational norms as moderators

Prior theory and research suggests a positive relation between perceived victimization and overt anger. The authors proposed and tested a theoretical extension of this link by investigating possible moderating effects of individual and contextual variables. A sample of 158 employees of a municipality was used to test hypotheses that the relationship between perceived victimization and overt anger is moderated by hostile attributional style and perceptions of organizational norms. The results showed that the relation between perceptions of direct victimization and overt anger was stronger when the employee had a more rather than less hostile attributional style and when the employee perceived the organizational norms as more rather than less oppositional.     

The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: a meta-analytic review

We performed a series of meta-analyses examining the associations between coping and health-related outcomes in nonclinical adult samples. Results revealed that problem-focused coping was positively correlated with overall health outcomes, whereas confrontive coping, distancing, self-control, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, avoidance, and wishful thinking were each negatively correlated with overall health outcomes. Neither planful problem solving nor positive reappraisal was significantly associated with overall health outcomes in our analyses. However, type of health outcome (i.e., physical vs. psychological) and situational characteristics (i.e., stressor type, controllability, and duration) moderated many of the overall associations.     

Alexithymia,empathy, negative affect and physical symptoms in patients with asthma

Although alexithymia has been found to be associated with physical symptoms in psychosomatic disorders such as asthma, mechanisms linking this association are unknown. However, affective alexithymic features may be associated with physical symptoms in the presence of deficits in affective characteristics such as low empathy and high negative affect. This study aimed to assess direct effects of alexithymic traits on physical symptoms and indirect effects of these subscales through empathy and negative affect (e.g. depressive, anxious and stress symptoms) by controlling for asthma severity in patients with asthma. Three hundred patients with asthma completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale‐20 (TAS‐20), the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales‐21 (DASS‐21) and the Physical Symptoms Inventory (PSI). After controlling for asthma severity, the results showed that alexithymia subscales of the TAS‐20 had no direct effects on physical symptoms, but the difficulty in identifying feelings (DIF) subscale of the TAS‐20 was associated with affective empathy and negative affect. Affective empathy was significantly related to negative affect. Affective empathy and negative affect were associated with physical symptoms. The affective subscale of alexithymia on the TAS‐20, that is DIF, indirectly affected physical symptoms through affective empathy and negative affect. Findings suggest that patients with asthma who have high levels of DIF may show high physical symptoms in the presence of low affective empathy and high negative affect.     

Psychoneuroimmunology: psychological influences on immune function and health

This review focuses on human psychoneuroimmunology studies published in the past decade. Issues discussed include the routes through which psychological factors influence immune function, how a stressor's duration may influence the changes observed, individual difference variables, the ability of interventions to modulate immune function, and the health consequences of psychosocially mediated immune dysregulation. The importance of negative affect and supportive personal relationships are highlighted. Recent data suggest that immune dysregulation may be one core mechanism for a spectrum of conditions associated with aging, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, Type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and frailty and functional decline; production of proinflammatory cytokines that influence these and other conditions can be stimulated directly by negative emotions and indirectly by prolonged infection.     

Interleukin-27 as a negative regulator of human neutrophil function

Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a novel cytokine of the IL-6/12 family with a broad range of immune regulation properties, which has been considered as a potential therapeutic agent for immune diseases and cancers. However, little is known about the effect of IL-27 on human neutrophils before its clinical administration. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-27 on human neutrophil functions including adhesion, reactive oxygen species (ROS)/cytotoxic granule components production, inflammatory cytokines production, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules expression and neutrophils' survival. We showed that IL-27 receptor complex, WSX-1/TCCR and gp130, is constitutively expressed on human neutrophils. In vitro, IL-27 suppressed neutrophil adhesion in response to fMLP, which might depend on the down-regulation of Mac-1. IL-27 also suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced ROS production and attenuated cytotoxic granule components production in the cytoplasm of human neutrophils. In addition, IL-27 enhanced the production of IL-1β but not TNF-α from neutrophils. However, IL-27 failed to regulate the expression of MHC molecules and the survival of human neutrophils. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that IL-27 mainly down-modulates human neutrophil function, which might extend our understanding of the role of IL-27 in the innate immune response.     

Prospective contributions of attributional style and arthritis helplessness to disability in rheumatoid arthritis

This study examined the differential predictive utility of attributional style and arthritis helplessness on self-report and observer-report measures of disability. Forty-two individuals from an outpatient rheumatology clinic were followed over the course of 1 year and completed measures of attributional style, arthritis helplessness, depression, pain, and disability at Time 1 and Time 2. Objective measures of functional disability were completed by a physician’s assistant after routine physical examinations at both time periods. Results revealed that a pessimistic attributional style at Time 1 significantly predicted lower self-rated disability at Time 2. Similarly, greater arthritis helplessness at Time 1 predicted lower physician-rated disability at Time 2. Results are discussed with particular focus on the utility of differential disability assessments and the potential role of cognitive-behavioral interventions in treating individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.     

Blunted cardiovascular reactions are a predictor of negative health outcomes: A prospective cohort study

The study examined whether cardiovascular responses to psychological stress tests predict future anxiety and depression scores 40‐months later. Hemodynamic measures were obtained from 102 healthy adults before, during and after mental arithmetic, a speech task, and a cold pressor task. The 14‐item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was administered at initial testing and at 40‐months follow‐up. At initial testing analyses revealed that high anxiety symptoms were characterized by blunted cardiovascular reactions to acute mental stress, particularly mental arithmetic. Furthermore, after adjustment for baseline blood pressure (BP ), baseline anxiety levels and traditional risk factors, attenuated systolic BP responses to mental arithmetic were associated with future anxiety levels (ΔR ² = .055). These findings suggest that blunted cardiovascular reactions to stress may be an independent risk factor for future anxiety levels.     

Coping and attributional styles as predictors of depression

This study examined how coping styles relate to attributional styles and how the two interact in relation to depression. One hundred seventy-six subjects completed the Ways of Coping Checklist, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Problem-focused coping correlated with stable and global attributions for positive events for men. Emotion-focused coping correlated with internal, stable, and global attributions for negative events for women and internal and global attributions for men. Correlations between depression and attributions as predicted by the reformulated model of helplessness were significant only for women. These results indicate that research on attributional styles should analyze all data separately by gender. While the results show that both coping and attributions accounted for some of the variance in depression for females, coping contributed considerably more unique variance than attributions.     

Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis

Relapse is a central problem in smoking treatment. Data collected at the time of relapse episodes indicate that stress and negative affect (NA) promote relapse, but retrospective data are potentially biased. The authors performed a prospective analysis of stress and NA prior to initial lapses in smokers (N = 215). Day-to-day changes in stress (daily negative and positive events and Perceived Stress Scale scores) and NA (multiple momentary affect ratings) did not predict lapse risk on the following day. However, within the lapse day itself, NA was already significantly increasing hours before lapses, but only for episodes attributed to stress or bad mood. Thus, rapid increases in NA, but not slow-changing shifts in stress and NA, were associated with relapse.     

Self-reported hostility as a function of offense characteristics and response style in a sexual offender population

The Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), the Hostility Toward Women Scale (HTWS), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Social Desirability and Defensiveness scales were examined in a sample of 239 sexual offenders, 23 of whom had previously been studied. Sexual offenders against adolescents and adults had higher BDHI scores than sexual offenders against children. However, multiple regression equations revealed that the MMPI Defensiveness scale accounted for more of the shared variance in both types of self-reported hostility than did the maturity of the subjects' victims or the level of force used in the commission of the sexual offenses. Social desirability was significantly associated with the HTWS but not with the BDHI.     

Marital psychological and physical aggression and children's mental and physical health: direct, mediated, and moderated effects

Relations between marital aggression (psychological and physical) and children's health were examined. Children's emotional insecurity was assessed as a mediator of these relations, with distinctions made between marital aggression against mothers and fathers and ethnicity (African American or European American), socioeconomic status, and child gender examined as moderators of effects. Participants were 251 community-recruited families, with multiple reporters of each construct. Aggression against either parent yielded similar effects for children. Children's emotional insecurity mediated the relation between marital aggression and children's internalizing, externalizing, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. No differences were found in these pathways for African American and European American families or as a function of socioeconomic status or child gender.     

Depression following acute myocardial infarction: a prospective relationship with ongoing health and function

The relationship between baseline depression and health-related quality of life were examined in a cohort of patients after hospitalization due to acute myocardial infarction (N=196). Patients were assessed for presence of mood disturbance, anxiety, and quality of life at the time of hospitalization and again 4 months later. Baseline assessment was used to assign subjects to a depressed or a nondepressed group. Adjusting for preinfarction quality of life, in-hospital anxiety, and demographic variables, depression was prospectively and independently related to reduced global health at 4 months as well as reduced overall mental health-including vitality, psychological health, and social function-and increased role interference from psychological problems.     

A preliminary investigation into theory of mind and attributional style in adults with grandiose delusions

Introduction. A preliminary cognitive model of grandiose delusions has been put forward suggesting that persecutory and grandiose delusions shared distinct, yet overlapping psychological processes. This study aims to test this model and hypothesises that participants experiencing grandiose delusions may demonstrate a theory of mind (ToM) impairment and differences in attributional style compared to a control group.

Methods. A cross-sectional design compared the performance of 18 individuals with grandiose delusions to a control group of 14 participants with depression. ToM was measured using a non-verbal joke appreciation task and a verbal stories task. Attributional style was measured using the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire.

Results. Participants experiencing grandiose delusions performed significantly worse on both ToM tasks compared to controls. Furthermore, these participants provided significantly more atypical answers when explaining the joke behind the ToM cartoons. No differences for subjective funniness ratings or attributional style were found.

Conclusions. This preliminary study indicated participants experiencing grandiose delusions have ToM impairments which may contribute to the maintenance of this symptom.     

Visual-spatial processing and working-memory load as a function of negative and positive psychotic-like experiences

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Patients with schizophrenia show impairments in working-memory and visual-spatial processing, but little is known about the dynamic interplay between the two. To provide insight into this important question, we examined the effect of positive and negative symptom expressions in healthy adults on perceptual processing while concurrently performing a working-memory task that requires the allocations of various degrees of cognitive resources.

Methods: The effect of positive and negative symptom expressions in healthy adults (N?=?91) on perceptual processing was examined in a dual-task paradigm of visual-spatial working memory (VSWM) under three conditions of cognitive load: a baseline condition (with no concurrent working-memory demand), a low VSWM load condition, and a high VSWM load condition.

Results: Participants overall performed more efficiently (i.e., faster) with increasing cognitive load. This facilitation in performance was unrelated to symptom expressions. However, participants with high-negative, low-positive symptom expressions were less accurate in the low VSWM condition compared to the baseline and the high VSWM load conditions.

Conclusions: Attenuated, subclinical expressions of psychosis affect cognitive performance that is impaired in schizophrenia. The “resource limitations hypothesis” may explain the performance of the participants with high-negative symptom expressions. The dual-task of visual-spatial processing and working memory may be beneficial to assessing the cognitive phenotype of individuals with high risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders.     

Translational science in action: hostile attributional style and the development of aggressive behavior problems

A model of the development of hostile attributional style and its role in children's aggressive behavior is proposed, based on the translation of basic science in ethology, neuroscience, social psychology, personality psychology, and developmental psychology. Theory and findings from these domains are reviewed and synthesized in the proposed model, which posits that (a) aggressive behavior and hostile attributions are universal human characteristics, (b) socialization leads to the development of benign attributions, (c) individual differences in attributional style account for differences in aggressive behavior, and (d) interventions to change attributions have the potential to alter antisocial development. Challenges for future research are described.