大学生的心理健康水平、人格特征与父母养育方式的相关研究

目的 探讨大学生的心理健康水平、人格特征与父母养育方式的关系。方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表(EPQ-RSC)和父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)对196名在校大学生进行集体测试。结果 ①SCL-90和STAI的所有因子与EPQ-RSC的N、P维度正相关显著．与E、L维度负相关显著;②SCL-90的不同因子与父母不良的养方式有不同程度的正相关;③N维度与YF!和YM!负相关显著,与父母不良的养育方式正相关显著;E雏度与YF!和YM!正正关显著。结论 ①大学生的心理健康水平与其人格特征有非常密切的相关关系。②父母不良的养育方式对大学生的心理健康有显著影响。③父母养育方式可以通过作用于青少年的人格特征而对大学生的心理健康产生重要影响。     

中学生心理健康状况与个性及父母养育方式的关系

目的探讨中学生心理健康状况与个性及父母养育方式的关系.方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)对240名在校中学生进行了集体测查,并对其心理健康状况与个性和父母养育方式的关系进行了相关分析.结果学生SCL-90所有因子与个性N(情绪性)维度呈显著正相关,与E(内外向)维度呈显著负相关,敌对因子与P(精神质)维度正相关显著.SCL-90大多数因子与父母养育方式间亦存在不同程度的相关关系.结论个性和父母养育方式对青少年心理健康状况有着重要影响.父母积极的情感表达是子女健康心理的保护因素,而不良个性和父母养育方式失当不利于青少年心理健康发育.     

维汉大学生父母养育方式、人格及心理状况比较

目的：考察维汉大学生人格、心理健康及父母养育方式的差异。方法：用汉语版和维语版父母养育方式问卷（EBMU）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）分别评定汉族大学生962名和维族大学生1006名。结果：①维族大学生父母的情感温暖、理解，偏爱被试明显高于汉族。汉族大学生的父母较维族大学生父母有更多的过份干涉、拒绝否认。②维族大学生与汉族大学生在EPQ上除内外向上有显著差异外，余无差异．③维族大学生在躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神质、其它等因子分上与汉族大学生有显著差异。结论：①维汉大学生父母的养育方式的有明显的不同。②维汉大学生人格特征不同。③维族大学生较汉族有更多的心理症状。     

桂西少数民族大学生人格特征与心理健康的关系研究

探究桂西少数民族大学生人格特征与心理健康的关系。采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和症状自评量表(SCL)-90对600名桂西某高等院校少数民族大学生的人格特征与心理健康状况进行调查并作相关分析。结果显示,EPQ各因子与SCL-90各因子间相关系数显著(内外倾向性与躯体化、精神质与强迫症状之间除外);内外倾向性与SCL-90各因子呈负相关,精神质、神经质与SCL-90各因子呈正相关;人格特征对于心理健康解释率比较大的是人际关系敏感、抑郁和焦虑3个分量表,但差别不大。人格特征与心理健康的关系具有相关性;人格特征对心理健康有一定的预测作用。     

青少年心理健康状况与父母养育方式的相关因素分析

目的探讨青少年心理健康状况与父母养育方式的相关因素。方法使用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对325名14～16岁的青少年进行测查。结果男女性青少年SCL-90各因子得分均高于国内常模；相关分析表明，SCL-90各因子与EMBU的父母亲严厉惩罚，父母过分干涉过度保护、父母亲拒绝否认等项呈显著意义的正相关；父母亲温暖理解与SCL-90各因子呈负相关；父母偏爱与SCL-90中的强迫、人际关系的敏感、抑郁、敌对、恐怖及偏执等因子呈显著意义的正相关；父母离婚与SCL-90中的人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖和偏执等因子显著意义的正相关。结论青少年心理健康状况与父母养育方式有着密切的关系。     

大学新生社交焦虑状况与父母养育方式、人格的相关性研究

目的探讨大学新生的社交焦虑状况与父母养育方式、人格的关系。方法对240名大学新生施测交往焦虑量表、父母养育方式评价量表及艾森克人格问巷。结果大学新生的社交焦虑与父母养育方式评价量表中的父母亲的情感温暖与理解关心、EPQ中内外向呈负相关．与父母亲的拒绝和否认、父母亲的惩罚、严厉、母亲过度干涉、保护、人格中的精神质呈正相关;且父亲的拒绝和否认、母亲的情感温暖与理解关心及EPQ中的神经质和内外向进入回归方程,决定系数分别为0．08和0．19。结论父母养育方式和人格因素对大学新生的社交焦虑均有影响,但影响程度较低。     

中学生心理健康状况与个性及父母养方式的关系

目的：探讨中学生心理健康状况与个性及父母养育方式的关系。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）和父母养育方式问卷（EMBU）对240名在校中学生进行了集体测查，并对其心理健康状况与个性和父母养育方式的关系进行相关分析。结果：学生SCL－90所有因子与个性N（情绪性）维度呈显著正相关，与E（内外向）维度呈显著负上关，敌对因子与P（精神质）维度正相关显著。SCL－90大多数因子与父母养育方式间亦存在不同程度的相关关系。结论：个性和父母养育方式与青少年心理健康状况有着重要影响。父母积极情感表达子女健康心理的保护因素，而不良个性和父母养育方式失当不利于青少年心理健康发育。     

警察心理健康问题及影响因素的调查研究

目的研究警察心理健康问题及影响因素。方法采用自制一般情况问卷、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、成人艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、简易应对方式量表、社会支持量表对200名警察进行问卷调查。结果1警察SCL-90躯体化、强迫、人际关系、敌对、恐怖因子与中国成人常模存在显著性差异(P0.05～P0.01);2警察SCL-90所有因子与EPQ中精神质维度、神经质维度和简易应对方式中消极应对方式呈显著正相关(P0.05～P0.01);与EPQ中内外向维度简易应对方式中社会支持、积极应对方式呈负相关(P0.05～P0.01)。结论1警察的心理健康问题主要表现在躯体化、强迫、敌对三方面,而人际关系、恐怖两方面要优于一般人群;2警察的人格特征、应对方式与其心理健康水平具有一定的相关性,对警察的心理健康有重要影响。     

男性抢劫罪犯的人格特征及其与父母教养方式的相关性研究

目的：通过对男性抢劫罪犯的人格特征，父母教养方式及二者之间的相关性的分析。探讨早期教育及家庭因素对人格发展的影响，从而为干预和预防犯罪提供依据。方法：使用“艾森克人格问卷”“父母养育方式问卷”对113名男性抢劫罪犯及97名正常男性进行对照分析。结果：EPQ显示抢劫罪犯的精神质与神经均高于对照组，而EMBU显示父母偏爱、拒绝，过度保护、处罚严厉等各因子分均明显高于对照组，而父母的惩罚、严厉、拒绝等与精神质、神经质呈显著负相关。结论，不正确的父母养育方式是人格偏差，以致于从事犯罪的危险因素。     

民族院校毕业生人格特征与心理健康关系研究

目的了解民族院校大学毕业生的心理健康和人格特征状况,并探讨二者之间关系。方法采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、心理卫生自评量表(SCL-90)对225名民族院校大学毕业生进行了调查。结果①民族院校大学毕业生的SCL-90人际敏感、焦虑、恐怖因子得分高于普通大学生常模(t=3.13,2.18,1.95,P0.05);②民族院校大学毕业生的EPQ中神经质维度分高于中国常模(t=2.27,P0.05),内外向和精神质维度分均低于中国常模(t=1.81,3.05,P0.05);③民族院校大学毕业生EPQ中神经质维度与SCL-90各因子分均呈正相关,内外向维度与敌对、偏执两因子分呈正相关,精神质维度与偏执因子分呈正相关。结论民族大学毕业生存在着不同程度的心理健康问题,而人格特征与心理健康呈现一定的相关性。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。