正常额隐窝区域气房的三维CT观察

目的 观察正常人额隐窝区域气房的分布类型及测定各类型气房的出现率.方法 对于符合病例选择标准的24例正常人,用64层螺旋CT常规扫描鼻窦,然后在图像工作站上进行轴位重建(层厚0.6 mm,层距0.4 mm),并在相同的条件下进行冠状位、矢状位重建,应用图像分析软件观察额隐窝气房的分布类型,并统计各类的出现率.结果 48侧额隐窝区域三维影像中,鼻丘气房出现率为92%.额气房出现率为54%,其中Ⅰ型29%,Ⅱ型10%,Ⅲ型15%,未见Ⅳ型额气房.额隐窝后组气房出现率为83.3%,其中眶上筛房出现率为35%,额泡气房出现率为15%,筛泡上气房出现率为33.3%.额窦间隔气房出现率为19%.同侧鼻丘气房与额隐窝后组气房的同时出现率为79.2%.结论 多层螺旋CT对分析复杂的额隐窝区域气房及制定手术方案提供很大的帮助.     

多层螺旋CT多平面重组观察额隐窝区域气房的临床意义

目的 应用多层螺旋CT的多平面重组(MPR)技术观察额隐窝区域诸气房,为额窦开放术中准确判断额窦开口提供帮助.方法 选择100例无额窦和额隐窝区域病变的患者行头部螺旋CT扫描,应用MPR技术在横断面、冠状面和矢状面3个重组图像上连续观察额隐窝区域诸气房.结果 100例共200侧中,186侧(93.0%)可见鼻丘气房.88侧(44.0%)可见额气房,其中Ⅰ型占51侧(58.0%),Ⅱ型占23侧(26.1%),Ⅲ型占14侧(15.9%).130侧(65.0%)可见筛泡上气房.23侧(11.5%)可见额筛泡气房.11侧(5.5%)可见眶上筛房.36侧(18.0%)可见额窦间隔气房.结论 运用多层螺旋CT的MPR技术可以多方位连续观察额隐窝区域诸气房,加深对该区域诸气房的理解,为内镜额窦开放术提供有价值的影像信息.     

慢性额窦炎额窦引流系统CT解剖特征及临床价值

目的 探讨慢性额窦炎额窦引流系统CT解剖特征及临床价值。方法 对50例慢性鼻窦炎患者应用螺旋CT作横断面扫描，然后经工作站作冠状和矢状面三维重建。结果 螺旋CT三维成像技术能清楚地显示钩突附着部位和类型，在：100侧钩突中，附着纸样板41侧(41％)、鼻丘后壁11侧(11％)、中鼻甲19侧(19％)、前颅底16侧(16％)、钩突分叉13侧(13％)。在额隐窝气房98侧中，终未气房28侧(28．6％)、鼻丘气房18侧(18．4％)、前筛气房18侧(18．4％)。额窦内气房98侧中，其中额气房22侧(22．4％)、眶上气房38侧(38．8％)、额窦中隔气房(M气房)16侧(32％)。发现不同类型的解剖变异与慢性炎症的关系。结论 慢性额窦炎额窦引流系统CT解剖特征的显示可为术前提供有价值的信息，对开展鼻内镜外科有重要的临床指导意义。     

钩突上端分叉时额隐窝引流途径及周边毗邻关系的CT观察

【摘要】目的：观察当钩突上端分叉时额隐窝引流途径及周边毗邻关系,为更好的理解这一区域的解剖特征提供参考。方法：随机搜集本院行颅面部CT扫描的患者的影像资料,重建出鼻窦横轴面、冠状面及矢状面图像,观察当钩突上端为纸板-中鼻甲型、纸板-颅底型、纸板-颅底-中鼻甲型三种分叉类型时额隐窝的引流途径及周边毗邻关系。根据纳入和排除标准纳入134例钩突上端附着类型病例。结果：134例中,双侧钩突均呈分叉型71人,单侧分叉型63人,纸板-中鼻甲型106侧（51.7%）,纸板-颅底型82侧（40%）,纸板-颅底-中鼻甲型17侧（8.3%）。额隐窝引流共有四种途径：通过筛漏斗、下半月裂引流至中鼻道25.4%;通过钩突与中鼻甲之间直接引流至中鼻道26.3%;通过板间区引流至中鼻道46.8%;通过上半月裂引流至中鼻道1.5%。结论：当钩突上端分叉时,除了筛漏斗、直接中鼻道和上半月裂三种引流途径外,额隐窝还存在板间区这种引流途径。由于额隐窝区解剖的复杂性,充分认识其特征有助于提高鼻内镜额窦开放术的手术成功率。     

慢性鼻窦炎鼻内镜术中应用鼻道-窦口复合体CT三维重建的临床价值

目的 探讨慢性鼻窦炎鼻内镜手术中采取鼻道-窦口复合体CT三维重建的意义。方法 选取本院行鼻窦内镜手术的慢性鼻窦炎患者108例,均对鼻道-窦口复合体开展CT三维重建,分析鼻-鼻窦炎的炎症分布状态以及鼻道-窦口复合体变异伴鼻窦炎情况。结果 108例患者中32.41%出现泡状鼻甲,11.11%出现反常中鼻甲,15.74%出现钩突肥厚,13.89%出现钩突内侧偏移,6.48%出现钩突外侧偏移,4.63%出现钩突气化,10.19%出现Haller气房,11.11%出现鼻丘气房,25.00%出现鼻中隔偏曲。鼻窦炎症分布在前组筛窦占87.04%,后组筛窦占37.04%,上颌窦口占69.44%,上颌窦占63.89%,额隐窝占21.30%,额窦占15.74%,蝶窦占9.26%。108例患者同时存在解剖变异和鼻窦炎总共95例。结论 鼻窦内镜术式中采取鼻道-窦口复合体CT三维重建,能清晰提供出相应位置变异情况和其引起的鼻窦炎,对临床有指导价值。     

心包前上隐窝扩张在肺动脉栓塞CT诊断中的意义

目的:运用MSCT分析肺动脉栓塞患者心包前上隐窝的扩张情况,探讨其与肺动脉栓塞的相关性及其诊断意义。方法:回顾性分析38例肺栓塞患者和40例正常对照组患者的胸部CT图像,分别测定各组病例心包前上隐窝的前后径,计算各组心包前上隐窝前后径均值并作统计学分析。结果:肺动脉栓塞组的心包前上隐窝前后径明显大于正常对照组,肺动脉栓塞组的心包前上隐窝前后径为(12.65±4.10)mm,正常对照组为(6.55±3.81)mm,统计学显示两者均值间差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:肺动脉栓塞患者心包前上隐窝前后径明显增大,两者间有明显的相关性。对于临床怀疑为肺动脉栓塞的患者,心包前上隐窝前后径的增大对肺动脉栓塞的诊断有提示价值。     

多层螺旋CT在窦口-鼻道复合体变异及鼻窦炎的临床应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT后处理技术在显示窦口-鼻道复合体解剖变异及其相关鼻窦炎的临床应用价值。方法收集96例慢性鼻窦炎患者的影像及临床资料,其中鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术20例。通过多层螺旋CT多平面重组,观察窦口-鼻道复合体的解剖变异、鼻窦炎症,以及其在鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术中的临床作用。结果 96例慢性鼻窦炎患者中,窦口-鼻道复合体解剖变异82例(85.4%),其中泡状鼻甲29例(30.21%),反常中鼻甲9例(9.38%);钩突肥厚13例(13.54%),内侧偏移11例(11.46%),外侧偏移4例(4.17%),气化3例(3.13%);Haller气房8例(8.33%);鼻丘气房9例(9.38%)和鼻中隔偏曲24例(25%)。鼻窦炎症显示率为100%,病变分布:前组筛窦84例,后组筛窦36例,上颌窦开口处67例,上颌窦63例,额隐窝19例,额窦14例和蝶窦8例。20例鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术所见与CT显示一致。结论多层螺旋CT后处理技术可清晰显示窦口-鼻道复合体解剖变异以及其所致的鼻窦炎症,对鼻-鼻窦内窥镜手术具有重要的临床指导价值。     

螺旋CT多层面容积重建在腰椎峡部裂中的应用研究

目的:探讨螺旋CT多层面容积重建对腰惟峡部裂的诊断价值。方法:选取行腰椎螺旋CT检查的50例腰痛患者资料,根据椎弓有无峡部裂分成峡部裂组(25例,有峡部裂)和对照组(25例,无峡部裂),所得数据资料行t检验。结果:峡部裂主要发生在L5(18例,占72%),腰椎峡部裂常导致腰椎前滑脱(24例,占96%)。峡部裂组椎管矢状径明显大于对照组椎管矢状径,之间有显著性差异(P<0.01),峡部裂组峡部高小于对照组峡部高,之间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:螺旋CT扫描MPVR重建图像可以从骨性和软组织两个方面为临床提供更多影像学信息。     

腰椎峡部裂的CT诊断、临床意义及其扫描技术的改进

目的探讨CT在腰椎峡部裂诊断中的临床价值及其扫描技术的改进.方法分析了20例腰椎峡部裂的CT表现及其引起的腰神经受压的CT表现.结果CT扫描能显示峡部裂,及其引起的椎管狭窄,侧隐窝及椎间孔狭窄等并发改变.结论CT对峡部裂的诊断以及治疗方式的选择具有重要意义,改进后的扫描技术能更加客观地反映峡部裂的特征.     

高分辨力CT观察中耳通气区分析上鼓室型胆脂瘤的成因

作者对5年来使用高分辨力CT检查并经手术证实的75例上鼓室型胆脂瘤进行分析。男45例、女30例。年龄16～18岁。手术前行高分辨力CT扫描了解咽鼓管上隐窝、中鼓室、鼓室峡前部及后部、上鼓室、乳突窦的气化。判定上述各部位软组织阴影充盈的程度、病变的进展程度均在手术显微镜下进行。但是鼓室峡部和乳突窦口、中鼓室等在CT图象上解剖学境界不明显。分析①鼓室峡前部指鼓膜紧张肌腱后、镫骨上部结构和砧骨长脚前的间隙。②鼓室峡后部指砧骨短脚、镫骨上方结构和镫骨肌腱的周围。③咽鼓管隐窝指上鼓室前骨板前方到鼓膜紧张肌腱上方的间隙。41例使用TCT-60A横断扫描,层厚2mm,间隔1mm。26例使用TCT-900S水平扫描,层厚1mm,间隔1mm。     

多层螺旋CT重组技术对眶下筛房的影像解剖研究

目的 研究眶下筛房的影像解剖学特点,分析其与鼻窦黏膜增厚的相关性,探讨其在慢性鼻窦炎发病中的作用.方法 根据纳入及排除标准,从头面部多层螺旋CT(MSCT)扫描的连续病例中采用随机数字表法抽取260例(520侧)进行回顾性研究,图像数据行多层面重组(MPR)及仿真内镜重组(VR),观察眶下筛房的显示率、起源、分型等情况;分析眶下筛房的存在与鼻窦黏膜增厚的关系;测量上颌窦口区眶下筛房的最大横径、上颌窦口横径,观察眶下筛房炎性征象及上颌窦1:I黏膜碰触情况,应用X2检验和Logistic回归方法与鼻窦黏膜增厚进行相关性研究.结果 (1)260例眶下筛房的显示率:单侧26.1%(68例),双侧对称31.2%(81例),单双侧显示率差异无统计学意义(x2=1.59,P>0.05).左右分侧观察,两侧显示眶下筛房合计230侧,左侧占52.2%(120侧),右侧占47.8%(110侧),左、右侧显示率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.78,P>0.05).(2)眶下筛房的起源:单纯起源于前组筛房124侧(53.9%),单纯起源于后组筛房62侧(27.O%),既有起源于前组筛房、又有起源于后组筛房的眶下筛房44侧(19.1%).(3)眶下筛房的分型:共分3型,起源于前组筛房的以I型为主(160侧),Ⅱ、Ⅲ型少见;起源于后组筛房的Ⅱ(48侧)、Ⅲ型(45侧)更为多见,不同起源的眶下筛房分型差异有统计学意义(x2=193.433,P<0.01).(4)眶下筛房与鼻窦黏膜增厚的关系:眶下筛房鼻窦黏膜增厚165侧,无鼻窦黏膜增厚192侧,差异无统计学意义(X2=1.824,P>0.05).鼻窦黏膜增厚时上颌窦13区眶下筛房的最大横径为(4.48±1.28)mm,未增厚时为(4.54±1.18)mm.二者差异无统计学意义(t=0.273,P>0.05);鼻窦黏膜增厚时上颌窦口径线为(2.63±1.64)mill.未增厚时为(2.28±0.75)mm,上颌窦13径线与鼻窦黏膜增厚无明显相关关系(Wald=2.534.P>0.05);眶下筛房炎性征象与鼻窦黏膜增厚有明显相关关系(Wahl=10.817,P<0.Ol,OR:4.125),上颌窦口黏膜碰触与鼻窦黏膜增厚具有明显相关关系(Wald=6.64,P<0.0l,OR=3.728).结论 MSCT三维重组技术可以满意显示眶下筛房的解剖学特征;在影像分析中,不能简单地把眶下筛房的存在作为慢性鼻窦炎患病的危险因素,应根据不同个体的具体情况分析眶下筛房解剖特征及对窦口鼻道复合体的影响,为临床选择不同的处理方法提供依据.     

The frontal intersinus septal air cell: a new hypothesis of its origin

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Air cells are often seen within the frontal intersinus septum. These cells have traditionally been thought to arise from displaced ethmoid cells from the frontal recess. This study explores the possibility that such cells may actually be diverticula from the frontal sinuses themselves and not of a direct ethmoid origin.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of 200 consecutive CT scans in the coronal and axial planes was performed on patients without a history of recent trauma. The images were interpreted independently by a radiologist and an otolaryngologist. The CT studies were evaluated for the presence of a central intersinus septal air cell. If such a cell was identified, it was further classified as either being completely isolated from both frontal sinuses by a bony rim or as a communicating diverticulum from one of the frontal sinuses. If a central cell was present, it was also assessed for how much of the height of the intersinus septum it involved (lower one-half or full height).RESULTS: There was a complete concordance of the results between the 2 observers. An intersinus septal air cell was seen in 61 (30.5%) of the 200 cases, and 85.3% of these cells were clearly seen to communicate anteromedially with either one of the frontal sinuses or both frontal sinuses (3 cases). In 9 (4.5%) of the 200 cases, the central cell had no demonstrable connection to either frontal sinus. Of the 61 cases with a central cell, 55 (90.16%) of the cells occupied the full height of the septum, and 6 (9.84%) only involved the lower half of the septum.CONCLUSION: Contrary to the present convention that frontal intersinus septal cells originate as displaced ethmoid cells from the frontal recess, we found that most such cells are actually diverticula from the frontal sinuses themselves.

The development of the frontal sinus from the anterior ethmoid labyrinth allows for the presence of extramural ethmoid cells both around and within the frontal sinus proper. These cells, which communicate with the frontal recess, include supraorbital, infrafrontal, and intersinus septal cells. Such cells were identified by anatomic dissection studies in the first part of the 20th century and were subsequently detailed by radiographic imaging in living patients.^1–3The belief that there was a common embryogenesis of the frontal sinus and associated cells by evagination and pneumatization from the frontal recess have resulted in a generally accepted unifying hypothesis of their formation. However, our study challenges the concept that the intersinus septal cell is uniformly of an ethmoid derivation. Rather, we suggest that such a cell may most often represent a diverticulum from the frontal sinus itself.     

单侧椎板切除减压治疗单侧腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症的手术疗效分析

目的：比较单侧椎板切除和保守治疗对中度单侧腿疼的单侧腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症患者的治疗效果,探讨单侧椎板切除在治疗单侧腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症中的临床应用价值。方法：对28例中度单侧腿疼的单侧腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症患者随机分为两组,一组采用单椎板切除减压手术治疗,另外一组行保守治疗,分别在术后6个月、12个月、24个月对患者的腰痛、下肢放射痛、行走耐受性和功能恢复进行评价。结果：术后各期随访单椎板切除减压手术治疗组有效率均高于保守治疗组（P〈0.01）,经统计学处理,两组之间有显著差异。结论：单侧椎板切除减压治疗单侧腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症的减压效果是显著,并且术后的长期效果满意,并可避免因为全椎板切除而产生的并发症,可以作为治疗单侧腰椎管侧隐窝狭窄症的标准手术,在临床上推广。     

Paranasal sinus osteomas: a review of 46 cases

In a survey of 1500 coronal sinonasal CT scans, 46 patients were found to have paranasal sinus osteomas. The overall incidence was 3%, with a predilection for decades 5 and 6 and a male-to-female ratio of 1.31. The frontal sinus was most commonly involved, and of these lesions 37% were in the immediate vicinity of the nasofrontal duct and 21% above and lateral to the ostium. Tumour size varied from a mean diameter of 1.5 mm to 30 mm; however, 17 lesions were 5 mm in size or less. Five matrix patterns were observed. Only two patients were symptomatic and only three osteomas excised. Isotope bone scanning may be a useful screening test with specific follow-up utilising computed tomography.     

Wormald术式联合引流管置入治疗复发性额窦病变疗效分析

目的：探讨Wormald术式联合额窦开口引流管置入治疗复发性额窦病变的疗效。方法复发性额窦病变合并其他鼻窦疾病患者共64例,101侧。经患者知情同意分为治疗组（A组）及对照组（B组）,比较两组疗效。 A组32例（51侧）应用Wormald术式联合引流管置入,B组32例（50侧）行额窦开放术,术前鼻窦CT尤其是矢状位重建明确病变范围、来源及其与重要结构的毗邻关系。结果所有患者术后均随访6个月以上, A组治愈42侧,好转7侧,无效2侧,治愈率为82％;B组治愈35侧,好转8侧,无效7侧,治愈率为70％。两组治愈率差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论 Wormald术式联合额窦开口引流管置入治疗复发性额窦病变疗效确切。     

Do abnormalities of the frontonasal duct cause frontal sinusitis? A CT study in 198 patients.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of the study was to determine the correlation between frontonasal duct abnormalities (narrowing or obstruction caused by hypertrophic mucosa) and frontal sinusitis. This study was based on the hypothesis that abnormalities of the frontonasal duct cause frontal sinusitis by impairing normal drainage of the sinus. MATERIALS AND METHODS. CT studies of 198 consecutive patients with clinical diagnoses of chronic sinusitis were reviewed retrospectively. Criteria for inclusion were (1) no history of sinus surgery or facial trauma and (2) absence of polyps at rhinoscopy. As 37 frontal sinuses were undeveloped, a total of 359 sinuses were evaluated. CT scans were obtained in oblique axial and coronal planes. The following CT features were assessed: (1) the frequency of detection of the frontonasal duct, (2) the appearance of the frontonasal duct: normal vs abnormal (narrowed or obstructed), and (3) the correlations between abnormalities of the frontonasal duct and frontal sinusitis. RESULTS. The frontonasal duct was detected in all 359 cases, either in both CT planes (81%) or only in the axial oblique plane (19%). In 267 (74%) of 359 cases, the duct appeared normal; among these, isolated frontal sinusitis was detected in five cases (2%). In 92 (26%) of 359 cases, the duct was abnormal; it was narrowed in 18 cases (5%) and obstructed in 74 cases (21%). Frontal sinusitis was noted in 78 (85%) of the 92 cases of frontonasal duct abnormalities. The sensitivity and specificity of the correlations between frontonasal duct abnormalities and frontal sinusitis were 98% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSION. Because our results show a strong correlation between abnormalities of the frontonasal duct and frontal sinusitis, it seems highly probable that abnormalities of the frontonasal duct cause frontal sinusitis.     

Lateral laryngopharyngeal diverticulum: anatomical and videofluoroscopic study

The aims were to characterize the anatomical region where the lateral laryngopharyngeal protrusion occurs and to define if this protrusion is a normal or a pathological entity. This protrusion was observed on frontal contrasted radiographs as an addition image on the upper portion of the laryngopharynx. We carried out a plane-by-plane qualitative anatomical study through macroscopic and mesoscopic surgical dissection on 12 pieces and analyzed through a videofluoroscopic method on frontal incidence the pharyngeal phase of the swallowing process of 33 patients who had a lateral laryngopharyngeal protrusion. The anatomical study allowed us to identify the morphological characteristics that configure the high portion of the piriform recess as a weak anatomical point. The videofluoroscopic study allowed us to observe the laryngopharyngeal protrusion and its relation to pharyngeal repletion of the contrast medium. All kinds of the observed protrusions could be classified as lateral laryngopharyngeal diverticula. The lateral diverticula were more frequent in older people. These lateral protrusions can be found on one or both sides, usually with a small volume, without sex or side prevalence. This formation is probably a sign of a pharyngeal transference difficulty associated with a deficient tissue resistance in the weak anatomical point of the high portion of the piriform recess.This work was performed at the Laboratories of Digestive Motility of the Department of Anatomy and Radiology of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.