Extended liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Liver resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma should be designed for individual patients, based on both precise diagnosis of cancer extent and accurate evaluation of hepatic functional reserve. Therefore we have developed various types of hepatic segmentectomy. Combined caudate lobectomy is essential in every patient with separated hepatic confluence. So-called extensive hepatectomy, resection of 50% or more of the hepatic mass, includes right lobectomy and right or left trisegmentectomy. Right lobectomy with caudate lobectomy is indicated when the progression of cancer is predominant in the right anterior and posterior segmental bile ducts. The plane of liver transection is along the Cantlie line, and the left hepatic duct is divided just at the right side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. Right trisegmentectomy with caudate lobectomy is performed in carcinoma which involves the right hepatic ducts in continuity with the left medial segmental bile duct. The umbilical portion of the left portal vein is freed from the umbilical plate by dividing the small portal branches arising from the cranial side of the umbilical portion. Then the left lateral segmental bile ducts are exposed and divided at the left side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein. Left trisegmentectomy with caudate lobectomy is suitable for carcinoma which involves the left intrahepatic bile duct in continuity with the right anterior segmental bile duct. Liver transection is advanced along the right portal fissure. The right posterior segmental bile duct is usually divided distal to the confluence of the inferior and superior branches.     

Small cell carcinoma of the cystic duct: A case report

Small cell carcinoma usually involves the lung and rarely affects the biliary tract, especially the cystic duct. In this article we report a case of small cell carcinoma of the cystic duct in a 46-year-old Japanese man. The patient presented with abdominal pain and jaundice. Imaging showed a small nodule in the cystic duct invading the common bile duct with dilatation of the proximal biliary tree. The hepatic artery and portal vein were free from invasion. Extended right hepatic lobectomy, cholecystectomy, and resection of the extrahepatic proximal bile ducts were performed together with lymph node dissection under the tentative diagnosis of carcinoma of the cystic duct. Histopathologic examination of the resected specimen revealed small cell carcinoma arising in the cystic duct and extending into the common bile duct. The postoperative clinical course was uneventful, and the patient is doing well without any signs of recurrence 1 year after the operation. To our knowledge this is the first documented case of a small cell carcinoma arising in the cystic duct.     

Modified hepatoduodenal ligamentectomy for advanced carcinoma of the biliary tract: The importance of preservation of the replaced left hepatic artery

Hepatoduodenal ligamentectomy (ligamentectomy) is the ultimate surgery for biliary tract carcinoma involving perioperative difficulties such as total hepatic ischemia during revascularization of the hepatic artery and the portal vein, patency of the reconstructed hepatic artery, and high incidence of related operative mortality. In the present study, modified ligamentectomies with extended right hepatic lobectomy, including resection of the caudate lobe, were performed on three patients with advanced biliary tract carcinoma in whom the left hepatic artery had been replaced and the original artery was preserved. In all patients, postoperative courses were uneventful: success of the resection was confirmed by histological examination. This procedure enabled en bloc resection of hepatoduodenal ligament with positive cancer invasion to take place. It was carried out safely without concern for the difficulties described above. In our view, ligamentectomy should be performed in all such cases. Received for publication on June 17, 1998; accepted on June 30, 1998     

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus and bile duct tumor thrombus: A case report

IntroductionWe report the first case of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) and bile duct tumor thrombus (BDTT), where the extrahepatic bile duct was preserved with thrombectomy.Presentation of caseA 70-year-old male. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the tumor extending from the hepatic hilum to the left hepatic duct with complete obstruction of the left hepatic duct and a defect at the left portal vein. We planned to perform extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection, extra hepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction based on the diagnosis of mass-forming ICC with left portal vein and left hepatic duct infiltration (cT3N0M0 Stage III). Intraoperative cholangiography revealed a crab claw-like filling defect at the left hepatic duct, which suggested tumor thrombus. Accordingly, we performed thrombectomy. The margin of the left hepatic duct was tumor negative, so we performed extended left lobectomy, lymph node dissection and thrombectomy. Pathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as ICC (pT4N0M0 Stage IVA, vp3, b3). Tumors in the left hepatic duct and left portal vein proved to be tumor thrombus. The postoperative course was uneventful. He is doing well without recurrence.DiscussionThrombectomy is performed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus. Furthermore, extrahepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction are recommended for ICC. In this case, intraoperative cholangiography was effective for precisely diagnosing. Thrombectomy could reduce surgical stress and prevent complications.ConclusionsThrombectomy can be a valid option for ICC with tumor thrombus, as well as for HCC.     

Indications for combined resection and reconstruction of the hepatic artery in biliary tract carcinoma]

More than 10 years have passed since hepatic artery resection was first performed for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. The safety of this procedure has been established with the introduction of the microsurgery technique. However, the benefits of and indications for this treatment have not yet been clarified. Twenty-three patients underwent vascular resection (portal vein in 7, portal vein + hepatic artery in 9, hepatic artery in 7) among 114 resected patients with biliary tract cancer in our institution. The right hepatic artery was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis in most cases. The curative resection rate was 88.9% in hilar bile duct cancer. However, it was less than 50% in other carcinomas. Cumulative 5-year survival rates of vascular resection patients with hilar bile duct cancer, lower bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma were 14.8%, 25%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates were 38.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, in the stage III + IV patients who did not undergo vascular resection. The longest survival period among patients with hilar bile duct cancer and lower bile duct cancer was 85 months and 65 months, respectively, whereas it was 15 months in gallbladder cancer and 20 months in cholangiocarcinoma patients. No hilar bile duct cancer patient who survived for more than 3 years had lymph node metastasis. The longest surviving cholangiocarcinoma patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. It is concluded that patients with hilar bile duct cancer are good candidates for vascular resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma patients, because vascular resection alone does not result in prolongation of life in these patients.     

腹腔镜下中下段胆管癌根治术中联合肝动脉切除重建的疗效与安全性：附3例报告（附视频）

背景与目的：中下段胆管癌临床上主要以下段胆管癌多见,下段胆管癌一般采用胰十二指肠切除术,中段胆管癌可以采用胰十二指肠切除术或胆管癌根治、胆肠吻合术。中下段胆管癌因胆管紧邻肝动脉和门静脉,因此更容易发生门静脉侵犯,因肝动脉有动脉外鞘,因此肝动脉受侵犯相对较少,但一旦侵犯,因为涉及肝动脉切除吻合重建,具有较高技术难度,常需联合肝动脉切除重建才能实现R0切除。目前肝动脉切除重建在临床逐渐成熟,但腹腔镜下完成肝动脉切除重建经验缺乏,需要进一步积累。因此,本研究对3例完成腹腔镜下联合肝动脉切除重建的胆管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析并评估短期结果,以期为临床实践提供初步经验。方法：回顾性分析2021年11月—2022年11月中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第二附属医院肝胆外科的3例行联合肝动脉切除重建的中下段胆管癌根治术患者的临床资料。结果：3例患者中女性1例,男性2例,年龄分别为61、65、69岁;病例1为胆管中段癌,因肿瘤侵犯右肝动脉和门静脉,且胆管下端切缘阴性,行联合右肝动脉切除重建、门静脉切除重建、胆管癌切除、胆肠吻合术、肝门部胆管整形术、淋巴结清扫术;病例2为胆管下段癌,因肿瘤侵犯替代右肝动...     

Rupture of the hepatic artery after left hemihepatectomy for hilar bile duct carcinoma

Hilar bile duct carcinoma has a poor prognosis, but this has been improved in recent years by an aggressive surgical approach. We treated a 73-year-old woman who had obstructive jaundice due to bile duct carcinoma at the hepatic hilum. The jaundice decreased after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The tumor was resected with the left and caudate lobe of the liver and a part of portal vein. The right hepatic artery was located behind the common hepatic duct, and was suspected to be invaded by the tumor. We dissected the tumor from the arterial wall without carrying out combined resection of the hepatic artery. On the 6th postoperative day, the hepatic artery ruptured and the patient suffered hypovolemic shock. Resection of the hepatic artery and reconstruction were done, but the patient died 2 days later. Histological examination of the resected artery showed that the tumor had been curatively removed by dissection and that no tumor remained at the arterial wall. The rupture of the right hepatic artery was thought to have been caused by damage to the wall during the dissection procedure.     

The development of a pyogenic liver abscess following radical resection of cholangiocellular carcinoma with ligation of the right hepatic artery: Report of a case

We present herein the case of a pyogenic liver abscess developing from hepatic ischemia caused by resection of the right hepatic artery when a left hemihepatectomy with caudate lobectomy and extrahepatic bile duct resection was performed for cholangiocellular carcinoma. Postoperative cholangiography revealed communication between the abscess cavity and the intrahepatic bile duct. The liver abscess was successfully treated by percutaneous transhepatic drainage. Thus, breakdown of the intrahepatic bile duct due to ischemia may play an important role in the development of a pyogenic liver abscess following hepatic arterial occlusion.     

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma—surgical anatomy and curative resection

We have studied the surgical anatomy of the intrahepatic bile duct, hepatic hilus, and caudate lobe based on intraoperative findings and selective cholangiography of surgical patients and resected specimens, and have established the cholangiographic anatomy of the intrahepatic subsegmental bile duct. Thorough knowledge of the three-dimensional anatomy of the subsegmental bile duct, hepatic hilus, and caudate lobe is indispensable for curative surgery of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. We designed and actually performed 15 kinds of hepatic segmentectomies with caudate lobectomy and extrahepatic bile buct resection in 100 consecutive patients, with curative resection being possible in 82 patients. Postoperative survival after curative resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma was better than expected, and the 5-year survival rates for all 82 patients with curative resection and for 55 patients with curative surgery without portal vein resection were 31% and 43%, respectively. Hepatic segmentectomy with caudate lobectomy and extrahepatic bile duct resection should be designed not only in accordance with the preoperative diagnosis of tumor extension into the intrahepatic bile ducts but also so that curative surgery for advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma can be performed.     

Microsurgical technique used in right anterior segmentectomy and pancreatoduodenectomy with reconstruction of the right posterior hepatic artery for widespread bile duct cancer involving the hepatic hilus

A microsurgical technique was used in performing anterior hepatic segmentectomy and pancreatoduodenectomy with reconstruction of the posterior hepatic artery in a 64-year-old man with widespread bile duct cancer from the intrapancreatic bile duct over the hepatic hilus. The anterior hepatic artery was obviously involved and the posterior hepatic artery just behind common hepatic duct was very close to the cancer. Microsurgical anastomosis between the remnant gastroduodenal artery and the posterior hepatic artery at the hepatic hilus made it possible to preserve the posterior segment of the liver and to perform a curative resection of the cancer. The patient had pyrexia because of suprahepatic abscess after the operation, but the abscess drained spontaneously. Postoperative arteriogram showed neither obstruction nor kinking of the reconstructed artery. He was discharged 2 months after surgery and has been enjoying a normal quality of life for 10 months since, with no signs of recurrence. It is suggested that a microsurgical technique is useful for performing an accurate anastomosis with good patency that allows not only a safe but also a highly curative operation for advanced bile duct cancer.     

肝尾状叶手术的应用解剖研究

目的：为肝尾状叶手术提供形态学理论基础。方法：选取42具成人离体尸肝标本，采用雕琢法观测肝尾状叶形态、毗邻及管道。制作6具肝静脉铸型标本，观测尾状叶静脉系统属支及走行。制作1具肝尾状叶生物塑化薄层连续断面标本，并行计算机三维重建，显示尾状叶空间关系。利用3具整尸行单独全尾状叶切除。结果：大体解剖发现尾状叶门脉三管来源分散，行程短，不集中；铸型标本发现尾状叶门静脉有集中分布的优势；成功重建尾状叶及毗邻主要管道空间关系；在整尸上，顺利完成单独全尾状叶切除。结论：肝尾状叶位置特殊，毗邻关系复杂。肝尾状叶切除手术方式应依据病变部位及大小、性质、肝功状况而定，经后下入路游离尾状叶是值得尝试的途径。     

肝门胆管癌根治术中用胃十二指肠动脉行肝动脉重建

目的 总结胃十二指肠动脉代替肝动脉重建在肝门部胆管癌根治术中的应用经验.方法 回顾性分析2004-2008年9例肝门部胆管癌根治术中,胃十二指肠动脉代替肝动脉重建临床资料及随访结果.结果 9例行肝门部胆管癌根治术肝动脉切除超过1 cm,利用胃十二指肠动脉代替肝动脉进行重建,其中1例联合门静脉部分楔形切除,自身大隐静脉移植修复,8例行肝内胆管支撑.9例术后全身炎症反应综合征于2～3 d后明显缓解,1例术后3 d出现上消化道出血治愈,无手术死亡和住院死亡.术后2周彩色超声临测显示重建肝动脉通畅.9例随访1～4年,中位生存期为23(6～32)个月.结论 胃十二指肠动脉能较好地代替肝动脉重建,减少术后并发症的发生.     

Recurrent carcinoma of cystic duct remnant with subcutaneous implantation in abdominal wall

A case of recurrent carcinoma of the cystic duct remnant invading the common bile duct and portal vein with subcutaneous implantation of the abdominal wall is presented. The patient was a 55-year-old woman with an abdominal wall tumor at the site of the surgical scar of a cholecystectomy, performed at a local hospital 5 years ago for symptomatic cholelithiasis. The diagnosis was made by incisional biopsy of the tumor, computed tomography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and angiography. She underwent extended right hepatic lobectomy with en bloc resection of the caudate lobe, extrahepatic bile duct, and portal vein. The abdominal wall tumor was resected concomitantly. Histological examination showed that both the recurrent carcinoma of the cystic duct remnant and the abdominal wall implantation were moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. This recurrence probably could have been prevented if both the macroscopic and microscopic examinations of the resected specimen had been precisely carried out after the previous cholecystectomy and the primary carcinoma identified and treated at that time.     

Unusual Atrophic Change After Repeated Arterial Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report of a Case

We report the case of a 45-year-old man with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who was able to undergo radical surgery after repeated transarterial therapy. Transarterial chemoembolization was repeated three times, and thereafter, transarterial infusion chemotherapy using Lipiodol was performed on the right hepatic artery. Because notable atrophy of the right lobe and compensated hypertrophy of the left lobe were detected after this therapy, an extended right lobectomy could be performed. Histologically, the HCC showed complete necrosis. The remarkable atrophic change of the right lobe was thought to be due to an obstruction of the right portal veins by the spread of inflammation around the bile duct necrosis, in addition to the narrowing of the hepatic artery. A thorough understanding of this phenomenon and the development of methods to clinically apply it in the treatment of cancer patients may thus lead to an increase in the percentage of resectable cases of advanced HCC.     

64排CT胆道和血管三维重建用于肝门部胆管癌术前评估的研究

目的研究64排CT胆道和血管三维重建（CTA）在肝门部胆管癌术前评估中的应用价值和优缺点。方法对2006年3月至2006年12月8例肝门部胆管癌病人进行增强CT扫描并进行肝动脉、门静脉三维重建，判断肝动脉和门静脉侵犯情况。通过PTBD胆道内注入6．9％泛影葡胺，进行CT平扫和阳性法胆道三维重建，判断肝内胆管的侵犯情况。利用上述结果进行Bismuth—Corlette分型和T分期。术前评估结果与手术探查结果进行对比。结果8例病人均可成功进行CT重建肝动脉，门静脉的三维重建。2例肝动脉系统侵犯病人CTA结果与手术探查一致，5例门静脉系统侵犯病人，3例一致。6例病人肝内胆管1—4级分支在胆道三雏重建时能完全显影。2例病人部分显影。7例病人的Bismuth—Corlette分型和6例T分期术前评估结果与手术探查一致。结论64排CT下胆道和血管三维重建，可作为肝门部胆管癌术前评估的常规方法，其应用价值值得进一步的研究和分析。     

Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗(附35例分析)

目的总结Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的手术经验。方法回顾性分析我院1999年1月至2006年12月,行手术切除的35例Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。Ⅲa型16例,行肝门部胆管切除8例,行联合右半肝＋右侧尾状叶切除7例,行联合右半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干左支吻合1例。Ⅲb型19例,行肝门部胆管切除8例,行联合左半肝＋左侧尾状叶切除9例,行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例．行联合左半肝＋尾状叶切除、门静脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合、肝固有动脉分叉部切除主干右支吻合1例。结果本组32例获得随访,随访时间18～113个月。肝门部胆管切除病例术后病理根治性切除率为37．5％,联合肝叶切除病例术后病理根治性切除率73．7％,3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例均获术后病理根治性切除。肝门部胆管切除术后并发症发生率为31．3％,联合肝叶切除组术后并发症发生率为31．6％。3例联合肝叶切除＋血管切除病例术后均无胆肠吻合口漏、肝断面坏死、胆漏等严重并发症。结论联合肝叶切除,必要时行受累分叉部血管切除重建,有益于提高Ⅲ型肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率,且不增加术后并发症的发生率。     

A left hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector for hilar cholangiocarcinoma — the efficacy of PVE (portal vein embolization) in identifying the hepatic subsegment: Report of a case

This report presents a case of a left hepatectomy and a caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector for hilar cholangiocarcinoma using percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PVE). The patient was a 44-year-old man admitted to a local hospital with obstructive jaundice. He was diagnosed to have hilar cholangiocarcinoma and was referred to the hospital for further treatment. Cholangiography revealed stenosis of the left hepatic duct and the hilar bile ducts. The dorsal branch of the right anterior sector joined the right posterior branch and the tumor did not invade to the confluence of these branches. Arteriography and portography reconstructed by multidetector-raw computed tomography revealed the ventral branches of the right anterior sector, which separately diverged from the other right anterior branches. It was therefore necessary to perform a left hepatectomy and caudate lobectomy combined resection of the ventral segment of the right anterior sector to completely remove the tumor. Portal vein embolization was thus performed on the left portal vein and the ventral branches of the right anterior sector. Intraoperatively, when the hepatic artery was temporally clamped, the demarcation between the ventral segment and the dorsal segment of the right anterior sector could be clearly visualized. The planned surgery was performed safely. This case demonstrates that the utilization of PVE is useful for a difficult and intricate hepatectomy, which requires an accurate identification of a hepatic subsegment.     

A case of polypoid carcinoma of the left hepatic duct

A case of polypoid carcinoma of the left hepatic duct in 50-year-old male was reported. Extended left hepatic lobectomy with total caudate lobectomy and resection of the right hepatic duct were performed because the tumor involved the right hepatic duct and bile duct branches of caudate lobe, medial and lateral segment. Papillary growth of the tumor was diagnosed definitely by percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) and computed tomography. The tumor infiltrated the liver parenchyma of medial segment and compressed the middle hepatic vein. These findings were revealed by selective middle hepatic venography preoperatively.     

Carcinoma of the hepatic hilus. Surgical management and the case for resection.

Tumor resection for treatment of carcinoma of the hepatic hilus was preferred over routine palliative decompression at the University Hospital Center, Rennes, France, in 1974. Since then, resection has been performed on 18 patients. In seven of these patients resection proved impractical because of the extension of a neoplasm into the portal vein or liver, therefore palliative decompression was performed. In 11 patients (61%) tumor resection, followed by reconstruction of the biliary tree, was performed successfully. All the resected tumors were adenocarcinomas of the proximal bile ducts. Four patients had simple hepatic duct resection. In two patients duct resection was associated with right lobectomy, in three patients with left lobectomy, in one patient with segmentectomy, and in one patient with excision of the right branch of the hepatic artery. There were two postoperative deaths. The mean survival time for the remaining nine patients is 521 days. Five patients were alive in August 1978, at intervals ranging from 175 to 1180 days after resection. These results contrast favorably with those obtained between 1968 and 1973, during which period nine patients had palliative decompression, with three postoperative deaths and a mean survival time of 164 days for the remaining six patients.     

门静脉动脉化在肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术中的应用

目的 通过对2例肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术后进行肝脏血管重建加门静脉动脉化的应用，探讨此手术方法在提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术中的作用。方法 对2例肝门部胆管癌患者均施行扩大的左半肝加尾状叶切除，1例同时进行门静脉的节段性切除，2例均附加肝动脉的节段性切除，其中1例肝动脉已无法修复，另1例动脉修复不满意，术后造影显示已阻塞。对2例患者均进行门静脉动脉化处理，同时为了防止继发的门静脉高压对肝动脉进行限流。通过2例患者围手术期的观察以及随访，提出对门静脉动脉化的使用及其在肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术中的作用进行分析。结果 2例患者术后恢复均较为顺利，肝功能逐渐恢复正常，未发生早期肝脓肿和胆漏等并发症，随访可见动静脉吻合口通畅，肝脏再生良好。其中1例术后10个多月通过动脉限流目前尚未出现门静脉高压症。结论 在肝门部胆管癌行扩大的半肝切除术时，应用门静脉动脉化有利于术后肝功能的恢复，并有防止肝衰竭、肝脓肿和胆漏的作用，提高了肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率。动脉限流可以防止术后门静脉高压的发生。